Withdrawal (defense mechanism)

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Withdrawal may be viewed as a psychological defence mechanism it is a psychoanalytic term and refers to the tendency to escape from or avoid situations that may be experienced as emotionally or psychologically challenging.

When this strategy is overused personality disorders can develop for example avoidant personality disorder or schizoid personality disorder

See also

• Fugue state
• Narcissistic withdrawal
• Psychic retreat
• Shyness
• Separation reaction
• Solitude

References

Books

• Cheek, J. M., & Krasnoperova, E. N. (1999). Varieties of shyness in adolescence and adulthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Honk, J. v., & Haan, E. H. F. d. (2001). Conscious and unconscious processing of emotional faces. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Rubin, K. H., & Burgess, K. B. (2001). Social withdrawal and anxiety. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Serbin, L. A., Moskowitz, D. S., Schwartzman, A. E., & Ledingham, J. E. (1991). Aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive/withdrawn children in adolescence: Into the next generation. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Papers

• Adams, K. B. (2001). Depressive symptoms, depletion, or developmental change? Withdrawal, apathy, and lack of vigor in the Geriatric Depression Scale: The Gerontologist Vol 41(6) Dec 2001, 768-777.
• Adler, S., & Golan, J. (1981). Lateness as a withdrawal behavior: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 66(5) Oct 1981, 544-554.
• Al-Issa, I. (1976). Creativity and overinclusion in chronic schizophrenia: Psychological Reports Vol 38(3, Pt 1) Jun 1976, 979-982.
• Allan, S., & Gilbert, P. (1997). Submissive behaviour and psychopathology: British Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 36(4) Nov 1997, 467-488.
• Alpert, J. L., & Rosenfield, S. (1981). Consultation and the introduction of social problem-solving groups in schools: Personnel & Guidance Journal Vol 60(1) Sep 1981, 37-41.
• Ando, H., & Yoshimura, I. (1979). Speech skill levels and prevalence of maladaptive behaviors in autistic and mentally retarded children: A statistical study: Child Psychiatry & Human Development Vol 10(2) Win 1979, 85-90.
• Barinov, A. M., Korkina, M. V., Tsivil'ko, M. A., & Kareva, M. A. (1983). The role of dynamic parameters of somato-endocrine disorders in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa: Soviet Neurology & Psychiatry Vol 16(1) Spr 1983, 37-44.
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• Bhatnagar, S., Nowak, N., Babich, L., & Bok, L. (2004). Deletion of the 5-HT-sub-3 receptor differentially affects behavior of males and females in the Porsolt forced swim and defensive withdrawal tests: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 153(2) Aug 2004, 527-535.
• Blau, G. (1998). On the aggregation of individual withdrawal behaviors into larger multi-item constructs: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 19(5) Sep 1998, 437-451.
• Bonaminio, V. (2001). Through Winnicott to Winnicott. Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
• Carstensen, L. L., Fisher, J. E., & Malloy, P. M. (1995). Cognitive and affective characteristics of socially withdrawn nursing home residents: Journal of Clinical Geropsychology Vol 1(3) Jul 1995, 207-218.
• Caughlin, J. P. (2002). The demand/withdraw pattern of communication as a predictor of marital satisfaction over time: Human Communication Research Vol 28(1) Jan 2002, 49-85.
• Chang, L. (2003). Variable effects of children's aggression, social withdrawal, and prosocial leadership as functions of teacher beliefs and behaviors: Child Development Vol 74(2) Mar-Apr 2003, 535-548.
• Corin, E., & Lauzon, G. (1992). Positive withdrawal and the quest for meaning: The reconstruction of experience among schizophrenics: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 55(3) Aug 1992, 266-278.
• Crockenberg, S. C., Leerkes, E. M., & Lekka, S. K. (2007). Pathways from marital aggression to infant emotion regulation: The development of withdrawal in infancy: Infant Behavior & Development Vol 30(1) Feb 2007, 97-113.
• Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 18(4) Jul 1997, 323-349.
• Dekker, S. W. A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1995). The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal study: Australian Psychologist Vol 30(1) Mar 1995, 57-63.
• Diego, M. A., Field, T., & Hernandez-Reif, M. (2001). BIS/BAS scores are correlated with frontal EEG asymmetry in intrusive and withdrawn depressed mothers: Infant Mental Health Journal Vol 22(6) Nov-Dec 2001, 665-675.
• Dollberg, D., Feldman, R., Keren, M., & Guedeney, A. (2006). Sustained Withdrawal Behavior in Clinic-referred and Nonreferred Infants: Infant Mental Health Journal Vol 27(3) May-Jun 2006, 292-309.
• Dykens, E. M., Shah, B., Sagun, J., Beck, T., & King, B. H. (2002). Maladaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with Down's syndrome: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 46(6) Sep 2002, 484-492.
• Eklund, M. B., & Arborelius, L. (2006). Twice daily long maternal separations in Wistar rats decreases anxiety-like behaviour in females but does not affect males: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 172(2) Jul 2006, 278-285.
• Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1996). Children's social goals and self-efficacy perceptions as influences on their responses to ambiguous provocation: Child Development Vol 67(4) Aug 1996, 1329-1344.
• Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1998). Linkages between children's beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression and their behavior: Social Development Vol 7(3) 1998, 321-339.
• Estroff, S. E. (1992). "Positive withdrawal and the quest for meaning: The reconstruction of experience among schizophrenics": Comment: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 55(3) Aug 1992, 279-281.
• Evans, G. W., & Lepore, S. J. (1993). Household crowding and social support: A quasiexperimental analysis: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 65(2) Aug 1993, 308-316.
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• Facuri Lopes, S. C., Ricas, J., & Mancini, M. C. (2008). Evaluation of the psychometrics properties of the alarm distress baby scale among 122 Brazilian children: Infant Mental Health Journal Vol 29(2) Mar-Apr 2008, 153-173.
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• Frieswyk, S. (1977). The assessment of a relationship disposition, "fantasy withdrawal," from Rorschach face sheet data: Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 33(4) Oct 1977, 1132-1140.
• Gamwell, L. (1999). A century of silence: Abstraction and withdrawal in modern art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Gayton, W. F., Thornton, K., & Bassett, J. E. (1982). Utility of the Behavior Problem Checklist with preschool children: Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 38(2) Apr 1982, 325-327.
• Goldstein, J. A. (1971). Investigation of doubling as a technique for involving severely withdrawn patients in group psychotherapy: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol 37(1) Aug 1971, 155-162.
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• Gruber, L. N. (1977). The no-demand, third person interview of the non-verbal patient: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care Vol 15(1) Jan-Mar 1977, 38-39.
• Guedeney, A. (1997). From early withdrawal reaction to infant depression: A baby alone does exist: Infant Mental Health Journal Vol 18(4) Win 1997, 339-349.
• Guedeney, A. (1999). Depression and relational withdrawal in the young child: A critical analysis of the literature and propositions: Psychiatrie de l'Enfant Vol 42(1) 1999, 299-331.
• Guedeney, A. (2005). The position of withdrawal for the infant: Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence Vol 53(1-2) Feb-Mar 2005, 32-35.
• Guedeney, A., Charron, J., Delour, M., & Fermanian, J. (2001). The evaluation of withdrawal behavior in infants during pediatric examinations using the Alarm Distress Scale (ADBB): Psychiatrie de l'Enfant Vol 44(1) 2001, 211-231.
• Gullickson, T., & Ramser, P. (1996). Review of Behavioral Development: Concepts of Approach/Withdrawal and Integrative Levels: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 41 (8), Aug, 1996.
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• Guttmann, J., Ben-Asher, C., & Lazar, A. (1999). Withdrawal threshold in interpersonal conflict among adolescents of divorced parents: Educational Psychology Vol 19(2), 181-190.
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• Hanisch, K. A., Hulin, C. L., & Roznowski, M. (1998). The importance of individuals' repertoires of behaviors: The scientific appropriateness of studying multiple behaviors and general attitudes: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 19(5) Sep 1998, 463-480.
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• Hemingway, M. A., & Smith, C. S. (1999). Organizational climate and occupational stressors as predictors of withdrawal behaviours and injuries in nurses: Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology Vol 72(3) Sep 1999, 285-299.
• Hutchinson, S. (1987). Self-care and job stress: IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship Vol 19(4) Win 1987, 192-196.
• Hymel, S., Bowker, A., & Woody, E. (1993). Aggressive versus withdrawn unpopular children: Variations in peer and self-perceptions in multiple domains: Child Development Vol 64(3) Jun 1993, 879-896.
• Ito, J. (2003). The guideline of the mental health activities for the social withdrawal young adults: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 45(3) Mar 2003, 293-297.
• Johns, G. (1998). Aggregation or aggravation? The relative merits of a broad withdrawal construct: Journal of Organizational Behavior Vol 19(5) Sep 1998, 453-462.
• Johnson, S. B. (1979). Children's fears in the classroom setting: School Psychology Review Vol 8(4) Fal 1979, 382-396.
• Jones, N. A., Field, T., Fox, N. A., Davalos, M., Malphurs, J., Carraway, K., et al. (1997). Infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers: Infant Behavior & Development Vol 20(2) Apr-Jun 1997, 175-186.
• Kaczmarek, M. A., & LeVine, E. S. (1980). Expansion training: A counseling stance for the withdrawn rigid child: Elementary School Guidance & Counseling Vol 15(1) Oct 1980, 31-38.
• Kaiya, H. (2003). Mental disorders showing social withdrawal: Panic disorder: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 45(3) Mar 2003, 255-258.
• Kaplitz, S. E. (1975). Withdrawn, apathetic geriatric patients responsive to methylphenidate: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 23(6) Jun 1975, 271-276.
• Karregat, S., & Steensma, H. (2005). Social justice, psychological withdrawal and absenteeism: Gedrag en Organisatie Vol 18(3) Jun 2005, 139-155.
• Kastner, S., & Podell, D. M. (1991). Psychotherapy as an approach to special education prevention: Perceptions of student behavior: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 61(4) Oct 1991, 563-566.
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• King, G. A., Specht, J. A., Schultz, I., Warr-Leeper, G., Redekop, W., & Risebrough, N. (1997). Social skills training for withdrawn unpopular children with physical disabilities: A preliminary evaluation: Rehabilitation Psychology Vol 42(1) Spr 1997, 47-60.
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• Kobayashi, S., Yoshida, K., Noguchi, H., Tsuchiya, T., & Ito, J. (2003). Research for Parents of Children with "Social Withdrawal": Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 45(7) Jul 2003, 749-756.
• Kohn, M., & Parnes, B. (1974). Social interaction in the classroom: A comparison of apathetic-withdrawn and angry-defiant children: Journal of Genetic Psychology Vol 125(2) Dec 1974, 165-175.
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• Koplow, L. (1983). Feeding the "turtle": Helping the withdrawn child to emerge in the classroom: Exceptional Child Vol 30(2) Jul 1983, 127-132.
• Kuppinger, H. E., Harrington, A., Kaczmerek, H. J., Panos, J. J., & Steinpreis, R. E. (1996). The effects of phencyclidine and amphetamine on social behavior in tether-restrained and freely moving rats: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 4(1) Feb 1996, 77-81.
• Kuramoto, H. (2003). Prognosis of social withdrawal: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 45(3) Mar 2003, 241-245.
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• Lebeis, K. (1998). Avoidance of the human thinking control system and death anxiety: International Journal of Communicative Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy Vol 13(1-2) 1998, 16-18.
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• Lewis, J. M., & Blotcky, M. J. (1987). The withdrawn child: Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality Vol 21(5) May 1987, 94-103.
• Leyn, R. M. (1972). A mother's reaction to her son's fatal illness: Maternal-Child Nursing Journal Vol 1(3) Fal 1972, 231-241.
• Lindeman, M., Harakka, T., & Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. (1997). Age and gender differences in adolescents' reactions to conflict situations: Aggression, prosociality, and withdrawal: Journal of Youth and Adolescence Vol 26(3) Jun 1997, 339-351.
• Li-Ping Tang, T., Kim, J. K., & Shin-Hsiung Tang, D. (2000). Does attitude toward money moderate the relationship between intrinsic job satisfaction and voluntary turnover? : Human Relations Vol 53(2) Feb 2000, 213-245.
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• Myers, B. A. (1987). Patterns of withdrawal and avoidance in developmentally disabled adolescents: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 26(5) Sep 1987, 738-743.
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• Younger, A. J., Schneider, B. H., & Daniels, T. (1991). Aggression and social withdrawal as viewed by children's peers: Conceptual issues in assessment and implications for intervention: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Vol 16(3) Sep 1991, 139-145.
• Younger, A. J., Schneider, B. H., Wadeson, R., Guirguis, M., & Bergeron, N. (2000). A behaviour-based peer-nomination measure of social withdrawal in children: Social Development Vol 9(4) 2000, 544-564.
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Dissertations

• Bauknight, C. B. (1977). Parent-child interaction on the Family Drawing Test as an indication of withdrawn behavior in children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Bowker, A. E. (1996). Coping with daily hassles in the peer group during early adolescence. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Briggs, R. S. (1992). Timid and withdrawn children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Burgess, K. B. (1997). Self-schemas and behavioural adjustment of socially withdrawn children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Carrico, K. L. (1982). An examination of the social networks of normals and schizophrenics: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Chassine, E. A. (1993). A study of the differences between boys from divorced and intact families in relation to anxiety, aggression, and withdrawn behavior: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Childers, G. J. (1990). Relations among aggression, withdrawal, and victimization in peer-rejected children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Cochrane, N. J. (1982). The meanings that some adults derive from their personal withdrawal experiences: A dialogical inquiry: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Crawford, N. L. (1995). The emotional responses of aggressive and withdrawn preschoolers to peer interactions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Cressey, K. N. (2000). Parallel formation processes of job, organization, and occupation withdrawal cognitions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Daniels, T. L. (1996). Development and validation of the Withdrawal and Avoidance in Marriage scale. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Drew, K. D. (1986). Relationship of birth order to sociability in young children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Gooler, L. E. (1996). Coping with work-family conflict: The role of organizational support. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Gray, J. R. (2000). Emotional modulation of working memory. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Harrison, H. M. J. (1998). Modelling the structure of social (mal)adjustment during the developmental period. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Harrist, A. W. (1992). Synchronous and nonsynchronous parent-child interaction: Relations with children's later competence with peers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hart, M. T. (1994). Social-cognitive processing in aggressive/withdrawn, aggressive/nonwithdrawn, and nondeviant children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Hirschfeld, N. B. (1986). Maternal intensity and infant disengagement in face to face play: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Howe, P. A. (1981). Patterns of playroom behavior in disturbed and adjusted preschool children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kassier, M. R. (1979). The effects of televised modeling on selected pro-social behaviors of severely withdrawn children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kim, W.-K. (1998). Social withdrawal and psychological well-being in older adults. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Lepore, S. J. (1992). Residential density and psychological distress: Some social explanations: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Loiacono, R. (1979). Differential response patterns of achievers and non-achievers as a function of locus of control: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• McAffer, V. J. (1992). A longitudinal study of intergenerational transfer of psychosocial risk: Aggressive and withdrawn girls as mothers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• McGuire, M. D. (1984). Attentional functions and information processing in adolescents at behavioral risk for schizophrenia: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Mott, A. L. (2006). The relationship between social withdrawal, friendship, and socioemotional adjustment in children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• O'Hearn, H. G. (1999). Daily patterns of anger and withdrawal in violent and nonviolent couples. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Partridge, R. T. (2000). A developmental contextual model of approach/withdrawal temperament. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Peters, P. L. (2000). Assortative mating among men and women with histories of aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive-withdrawn behaviour. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Raybuck, C. (1991). Attributional and behavioral discriminators of aggressive-withdrawn versus aggressive children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Rigsby, R. K. (1995). An inquiry into the adaptive function of withdrawal: Focusing on depression and abusive relationships. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Ritzema, R. J. (1978). The labeling of mental illness by nonprofessionals: An attributional approach: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Schneider, M. J. (1984). A comparison of aggressive and withdrawn children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Schwartz, D. (1995). The social behavior of bullied children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Smith, K. B. (1996). Homeless school-age children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Stempniak, M. W. (1979). Rating scales of child behavior problems: Halo, sex, and race effects: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Vallejo, J. O. (1986). Withdrawal: A basic positive and negative adaptation in addition to compliance and rebellion: Transactional Analysis Journal Vol 16(2) Apr 1986, 114-119. (1996). A multimethod study of the structure of social withdrawal in middle childhood. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Warden, M. R. (1991). Withdrawal of academic effort: Implications for self-handicapping and self-worth theories: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Ventura-Cook, E. E. (1997). Attachment representations and socioemotional characteristics of lower-income solitary-passive, solitary-nonpassive, and nonwithdrawn preschool children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.