Weaning

A breastfeeding infant

Weaning is the process of gradually introducing a mammal infant, either human or animal, to what will be its adult diet and withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk.

The process takes place only in mammals, as only mammals produce milk. The infant is considered to be fully weaned once it is no longer Breastfeeding (or using bottled substitute). In general, once a mammal is weaned, it is lactose intolerant.

Weaning in humans

Main article: Psychological aspects of breast feeding

Main article: Psychological aspects of weaning

Weaning in animals

See Also

• Baby-led weaning
• Sucking
• Prolactin

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Key texts

Books

• Fouts, H. N. (2004). Social Contexts of Weaning: The Importance of Cross-Cultural Studies. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Galef, B. G., Jr. (1992). Weaning from mother's milk to solid foods: The developmental psychobiology of self-selection of foods by rats. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
• Rozin, P., & Pelchat, M. L. (1988). Memories of mammaries: Adaptations to weaning from milk. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Papers

• Adriani, W., & Laviola, G. (2002). Spontaneous novelty seeking and amphetamine-induced conditioning and sensitization in adult mice: Evidence of dissociation as a function of age at weaning: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 27(2) Aug 2002, 225-236.
• Aguzzolli, M. (1984). Analysis of the observation of a child during the weaning process: PSICO Vol 9(2) Jul-Dec 1984, 134-141.
• Algers, B., Jensen, P., & Steinwall, L. (1990). Behaviour and weight changes at weaning and regrouping of pigs in relation to teat quality: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 26(1-2) Mar 1990, 143-155.
• Alvarenga, T. A. F., Andersen, M. L., Papale, L. A., Antunes, I. B., & Tufik, S. (2005). Influence of long-term food restriction on sleep pattern in male rats: Brain Research Vol 1057(1-2) Sep 2005, 49-56.
• Anderson, A. S., Guthrie, C.-A., Alder, E. M., Forsyth, S., Howie, P. W., & Williams, F. L. R. (2001). Rattling the plate--Reasons and rationales for early weaning: Health Education Research Vol 16(4) Aug 2001, 471-479.
• Arnold, G. W., Wallace, S. R., & Maller, R. A. (1979). Some factors involved in natural weaning processes in sheep: Applied Animal Ethology Vol 5(1) Jan 1979, 43-50.
• Astic, L., & Royet, J. P. (1974). Sleep in the kangaroo-rat (Potorous apicalis): A study in the adult and the young, one month before final leaving of the pouch: Effects of weaning: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 37(5) Nov 1974, 483-489.
• Avery, D. D., Moss, D. E., & Hendrick, S. A. (1976). Food deprivation at weaning and adult behavior elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in the rat: Behavioral Biology Vol 16(2) Feb 1976, 155-160.
• Babbitt, K. J., & Packard, J. M. (1990). Parent-offspring conflict relative to phase of lactation: Animal Behaviour Vol 40(4) Oct 1990, 765-773.
• Babicky, A., Krecek, J., Dlouha, H., & Zicha, J. (1986). Endogenous vasopressin and the weaning period in Brattleboro rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(4) 1986, 631-635.
• Bancroft, G. T., & Bowman, R. (1994). Temporal patterns in diet of nestling white-crowned pigeons: Implications for conservation of frugivorous columbids: Auk Vol 111(4) Oct 1994, 844-852.
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Additional material

Books

• Feldon, J., Lehmann, J., Pryce, C., & Weiss, I. (2000). Rat latent inhibition and prepulse inhibition are sensitive to different manipulations of the social environment: A comprehensive study of the environmental approach to neurodevelpmental models of schizophrenia. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Rosenblatt, J. S. (1974). Some features of early behavioural development in kittens. Oxford, England: U Toronto Press.

Papers

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Dissertations

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• Janke, J. R. (1991). Prediction of breastfeeding attrition: A test of the theory of planned behavior: Dissertation Abstracts International.
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• Nicolson, N. A. (1982). Weaning and the development of independence in olive baboons: Dissertation Abstracts International.
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• Wilson, M. A. (1981). Management factors associated with reproductive performance in two-year-old range heifers: Dissertation Abstracts International.