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Occupational psychology

Industrial & organizational psychology

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Vocational education (or Vocational Education and Training (VET), also called Career and Technical Education (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation, hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as technical education, as the learner directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques or technology.

Generally, vocation and career are used interchangeably. Vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge, characteristic of tertiary education. Vocational education can be at the secondary or post-secondary level and can interact with the apprenticeship system. Increasingly, vocational education can be recognised in terms of recognition of prior learning and partial academic credit towards tertiary education (e.g., at a university) as credit; however, it is rarely considered in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of a higher education.

Up until the end of the twentieth century, vocational education focused on specific trades such as for example, an automobile mechanic or welder, and was therefore associated with the activities of lower social classes. As a consequence, it attracted a level of stigma. Vocational education is related to the age-old apprenticeship system of learning.

However, as the labor market becomes more specialized and economies demand higher levels of skill, governments and businesses are increasingly investing in the future of vocational education through publicly funded training organizations and subsidized apprenticeship or traineeship initiatives for businesses. At the post-secondary level vocational education is typically provided by an institute of technology, or by a local community college.

Vocational education has diversified over the 20th century and now exists in industries such as retail, tourism, information technology, funeral services and cosmetics, as well as in the traditional crafts and cottage industries.

VET internationallyEdit

AustraliaEdit

In Australia vocational education and training is mostly post-secondary and provided through the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system by Registered Training Organisations. This system encompasses both public and private providers in a national training framework consisting of the Australian Quality Training Framework, Australian Qualifications Framework and Industry Training Packages which define the assessment standards for the different vocational qualifications.

Since the states and territories are responsible for most public delivery and all regulation of providers, a central concept of the system is "national recognition" whereby the assessments and awards of any one registered training organisation must be recognised by all others and the decisions of any state or territory training authority must be recognised by the other states and territories. This allows national portability of qualifications and units of competency.

A crucial feature of the Training Package system (which accounts for about 60% of publicly-funded training and almost all apprenticeship training) is that the content of the vocational qualifications is theoretically defined by industry and not by government or training providers. A Training Package is "owned" by one of ten Industries Skills Councils which are responsible for developing and reviewing the qualifications.

The National Centre for Vocational Education Research or NCVER [1] is a not-for-profit company owned by the federal, state and territory ministers responsible for training. It is responsible for collecting, managing, analysing, evaluating and communicating research and statistics about vocational education and training (VET).

Commonwealth of Independent StatesEdit

The largest and the most unified system of vocational education was created in the Soviet Union with the Professional`no-tehnicheskoye uchilische and, Tehnikum. But it became less effective with the transition of the economies of post-Soviet countries to a market economy.

FinlandEdit

In Finland, the vocational education belongs to the secondary education. After the nine-year comprehensive school, almost all students choose either the lukio, which is an institution preparing students for tertiary education, or a vocational school. Both forms of secondary education last three years, and give a formal qualification to enter university or ammattikorkeakoulus, i.e. Finnish polytechnics. In certain fields (e.g. the police school, air traffic control person training), the vocational schools have the completed lukio as an entrance requirement, thus causing the students to complete the secondary education twice.

The education in vocational school is free, and the students from low-income families are eligible for a state student grant. The curriculum is primarily vocational, and the academic part of the curriculum is adapted to the needs of a given course. The vocational schools are mostly maintained by municipalities.

With a completed secondary education one can enter higher vocational schools (ammattikorkeakoulu, or AMK) or universities. Because the vocational school curriculum is work-oriented, its graduates often have difficulty in passing the entrance exams of the universities.

German language areasEdit

Vocational education is an important part of the education systems in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland (including the French speaking part of the country).

For example, in Germany a law (the Berufsausbildungsgesetz) was passed in 1969 which regulated and unified the vocational training system and codified the shared responsibility of the state, the unions, associations and chambers of trade and industry. The system is very popular in modern Germany: in 2001, two thirds of young people aged under 22 began an apprenticeship, and 78% of them completed it, meaning that approximately 51% of all young people under 22 have completed an apprenticeship. One in three companies offered apprenticeships in 2003; in 2004 the government signed a pledge with industrial unions that all companies except very small ones must take on apprentices.

The vocational education systems in the other German speaking countries are very similar to the German system and a vocational qualification from one country is generally also recognized in the other states within this area.

Additionally there is the Fachhochschule (FH) since the 1970s in West Germany and since the 1990s in Austria, former East Germany, Liechtenstein and in Switzerland. Historically, Fachhochschulen were meant as a way of academic qualification for people who went through an apprenticeship, especially in technical professions. This is called Zweiter Bildungsweg (rough literal translation: second educational path), i.e., an alternative to the classical academic career path from Gymnasium (school) to a university. However, nowadays Fachhochschule have become a fixture in German higher education and a considerably percentage of the FH studentes do not have an apprenticeship, but rather enter the FH straight after secondary school. Until recently, Fachhochschulen only offered Diplom (FH) degrees (e.g., a diploma in engineering of social work) in programs which stretched over 7 or 8 semesters, and typically include one semester or so of industrial internship. More recently, many Fachhochschulen switched to a system where they offer Bachelor's and Master's degrees.

New ZealandEdit

New Zealand is served by 41 Industry Training Organsiations(ITO). The unique element is that ITOs purchase training as well as set standards and aggregate industry opinion about skills in the labour market. Industry Training, as organised by ITOs, has expanded from apprenticeships to a more true life long learning situation with, for example, over 10% of trainees aged 50 or over. Moreover much of the training is generic. This challenges the prevailing idea of vocational education and the standard layperson view that it focuses on apprenticeships.

The best source for information in New Zealand is through the Industry Training Federation.[2]

Polytechnics, Private Training Establishments, Wananga and others also deliver vocational training, amongst other areas.

United StatesEdit

In the United States, the approach is varied from state to state. Most of the technical and vocational courses are offered by Community Colleges, though several states have their own institutes of technology which are on an equal accreditational footing with other state universities.

Historically, junior high schools and high schools have offered vocational courses such as home economics, wood and metal shop, typing, business courses, drafting and auto repair, though schools have put more emphasis on academics for all students because of standards based education reform. School to Work is a series of federal and state initiatives to link academics to work, sometimes including spending time during the day on a job site without pay.

Federal involvement is principally carried out through the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act. Accountability requirements tied to the receipt of federal funds under this Act help provide some overall leadership. The Office of Vocational and Adult Education within the US Department of Education also supervises activities funded by the Act.

The Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) is the largest private association dedicated to the advancement of education that prepares youth and adults for careers. Its members include CTE teachers, administrators, and researchers.

India Edit

Vocational training in India is provided on a full time as well as part time basis. Full time programs are generally offered through industrial training institutes. Part time programs are offered through state technical education boards or universities who also offer full-time courses. Vocational training has been successful in India only in industrial training institutes and that too in engineering trades. There are many private institutes in India which offer courses in vocational training and finishing, but most of them have not been recognized by the Government. India is a pioneer in vocational training in Film & Television, and Information Technology.AAFT

United Kingdom Edit

Vocational Training in the United Kingdom has had a new lease of life in the last decade with a shift in emphasis in schools, colleges and businesses towards it. Schools are now beginning to implement vocational programmes, the Government has introduced new funding under the "Train to Gain" contract and the Leitch Review of 2006 made it quite clear that businesses wanting to stay competitive in the global economy would need to improve staff skills through VET.

External linksEdit

Vocational GuidanceEdit

Vocational School ExamplesEdit

Automotive Vocational Schools, a website devoted to vocational schools in the automotive field.
Jschool: Journalism Education & Training, an example of a vocational college in journalism education.
Medical Vocational Schools, a website devoted to vocational schools in the medical field.
Agricultural Vocational Schools, website for the TeachAManToFish network of agricultural vocational schools.

ERIC ArticlesEdit

National and International organisations and agenciesEdit

ReportsEdit

Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000 US National Center for Education Statistics

Case studiesEdit

e-Learning in the Trades: Six case studies of trade skills trainers who are using blended delivery techniques

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{EdPsy}}
 {{PsyPerspective}}
+{{Occupations}}
+[[Image:Donetsk park kovanih figur 02.jpg|right|thumb|A [[blacksmith]] is a traditional trade.]]
-'''Vocational education''' (or ''Vocational Education and Training'' (VET), also called ''Career and Technical Education'' (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-[[academics|academic]] and totooly related to a specific trade, [[employment|occupation]] or ''[[vocation]]'', hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as ''technical education'', as the learner directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques or [[technology]].
+'''Vocational education''' (or ''Vocational Education and Training'' (VET), also called ''Career and Technical Education'' (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-[[academics|academic]] and totally related to a specific trade, [[employment|occupation]] or ''[[vocation]]'', hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as ''technical education'', as the learner directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques or [[technology]].
-Generally, vocation and career are used interchangeably. Vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader [[science|scientific]] field, which might concentrate on [[theory]] and abstract [[concept]]ual knowledge, characteristic of [[tertiary education]]. Vocational education can be at the [[secondary education|secondary]] or [[post-secondary education|post-secondary]] level and can interact with the [[apprenticeship]] system. Increasingly, vocational education can be recognised in terms of [[recognition of prior learning]] and partial [[credit (education)|academic credit]] towards [[tertiary education]] (e.., at a [[university]]) as credit however, it is rarely considered in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of a [[higher education]].
+Generally, vocation and career are used interchangeably. Vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader [[science|scientific]] field, which might concentrate on [[theory]] and abstract [[concept]]ual knowledge, characteristic of [[tertiary education]]. Vocational education can be at the [[secondary education|secondary]] or [[post-secondary education|post-secondary]] level and can interact with the [[apprenticeship]] system. Increasingly, vocational education can be recognised in terms of [[recognition of prior learning]] and partial [[credit (education)|academic credit]] towards [[tertiary education]] (e.g., at a [[university]]) as credit; however, it is rarely considered in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of a [[higher education]].
 Up until the end of the twentieth century, vocational education focused on specific trades such as for example, an automobile [[mechanic]] or [[welder]], and was therefore associated with the activities of lower [[social class]]es. As a consequence, it attracted a level of stigma. Vocational education is related to the age-old [[apprenticeship]] system of learning.
@@ Line 11: / Line 13: @@
 However, as the labor market becomes more specialized and economies demand higher levels of skill, governments and businesses are increasingly investing in the future of vocational education through publicly funded training organizations and subsidized apprenticeship or traineeship initiatives for businesses. At the post-secondary level vocational education is typically provided by an [[institute of technology]], or by a local [[community college]].
-Vocational education has diversified over the [[20th century]] and now exists in [[industry|industries]] such as [[retailer|retail]], [[tourism]], [[information technology]], [[funeral]] services and [[cosmetics]], as well as in the traditional crafts and [[cottage industry|cottage industries]].
+Vocational education has diversified over the 20th century and now exists in [[industry|industries]] such as [[retailer|retail]], [[tourism]], [[information technology]], [[funeral]] services and [[cosmetics]], as well as in the traditional crafts and [[cottage industry|cottage industries]].
 ==VET internationally==
 ==='''Australia===
-In [[Australia]] vocational education and training is post-secondary and provided through the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system and by [[Registered training organisation|Registered Training Organisations]].  This system encompasses both Government and private providers in a nationally recognised quality system based on agreed and consistent assessment standards.
+In [[Australia]] vocational education and training is mostly post-secondary and provided through the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system by [[Registered training organisation|Registered Training Organisations]].  This system encompasses both public and private providers in a national training framework consisting of the [http://www.training.com.au/aqtf2007/ Australian Quality Training Framework], [[Australian Qualifications Framework]] and [http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/training_skills/policy_issues_reviews/key_issues/nts/tpk/ Industry Training Packages] which define the assessment standards for the different vocational qualifications.
+Since the states and territories are responsible for most public delivery and all regulation of providers, a central concept of the system is "national recognition" whereby the assessments and awards of any one registered training organisation must be recognised by all others and the decisions of any state or territory training authority must be recognised by the other states and territories. This allows national portability of qualifications and units of competency.
+A crucial feature of the Training Package system (which accounts for about 60% of publicly-funded training and almost all apprenticeship training) is that the content of the vocational qualifications is theoretically defined by industry and not by government or training providers. A Training Package is "owned" by one of ten Industries Skills Councils which are responsible for developing and reviewing the qualifications.
+The National Centre for Vocational Education Research  or NCVER [http://www.ncver.edu.au] is a not-for-profit company owned by the federal, state and territory ministers responsible for training. It is responsible for collecting, managing, analysing, evaluating and communicating research and statistics about vocational education and training (VET).
 ===Commonwealth of Independent States===
@@ Line 21: / Line 23: @@
 ===Finland===
-There are two kinds of vocational education, secondary and post-secondary. Secondary education at a vocational school (''ammattikoulu'') is usually taken immediately after primary school, at ages of 16-21. Some programmes, however, require a secondary academic degree (''ylioppilastutkinto'', or [[matriculation examination]]). The education is primarily vocational, and little academic general education is given.
+In [[Finland]], the vocational education belongs to the secondary education. After the nine-year comprehensive school, almost all students choose either the ''[[lukio]]'', which is an institution preparing students for tertiary education, or a vocational school. Both forms of secondary education last three years, and give a formal qualification to enter university or ''[[ammattikorkeakoulu]]s'', i.e. Finnish polytechnics. In certain fields (e.g. the police school, [[air traffic control]] person training), the vocational schools have the completed ''lukio'' as an entrance requirement, thus causing the students to complete the secondary education twice.
+The education in vocational school is free, and the students from low-income families are eligible for a state student grant. The curriculum is primarily vocational, and the academic part of the curriculum is adapted to the needs of a given course. The vocational schools are mostly maintained by [[municipalities of Finland|municipalities]].
-With academic or vocational secondary education one can enter higher vocational schools (''ammattikorkeakoulu'', or ''AMK''). AMK degrees take 3,5-4,5 years. Legally, they are not university degrees in Finland, although in foreign countries similar degrees may be called "university level". This is reflected by some Finnish schools giving English titles such as ''Bachelor of Science'', with no Finnish translation.
+With a completed secondary education one can enter higher vocational schools (''ammattikorkeakoulu'', or ''AMK'') or universities. Because the vocational school curriculum is work-oriented, its graduates often have difficulty in passing the [[numerus clausus#Numerus clausus in Finland|entrance exams]] of the universities.
 ===German language areas===
 Vocational education is an important part of the education systems in [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Liechtenstein]] and [[Switzerland]] (including the French speaking part of the country).
-For example, in Germany a law (the ''Berufsausbildungsgesetz'') was passed in [[1969]] which regulated and unified the vocational training system and codified the shared responsibility of the state, the unions, associations and chambers of trade and industry. The system is very popular in modern Germany: in 2001, two thirds of young people aged under 22 began an apprenticeship, and 78% of them completed it, meaning that approximately 51% of all young people under 22 have completed an apprenticeship. One in three companies offered apprenticeships in 2003; in 2004 the government signed a pledge with industrial unions that all companies except very small ones must take on apprentices.
+For example, in Germany a law (the ''Berufsausbildungsgesetz'') was passed in 1969 which regulated and unified the vocational training system and codified the shared responsibility of the state, the unions, associations and chambers of trade and industry. The system is very popular in modern Germany: in 2001, two thirds of young people aged under 22 began an apprenticeship, and 78% of them completed it, meaning that approximately 51% of all young people under 22 have completed an apprenticeship. One in three companies offered apprenticeships in 2003; in 2004 the government signed a pledge with industrial unions that all companies except very small ones must take on apprentices.
 The vocational education systems in the other German speaking countries are very similar to the German system and a vocational qualification from one country is generally also recognized in the other states within this area.
-Additionally there is the ''[[Fachhochschule]]'' since the 1970's in [[West Germany]] and since the 1990's in Austria, former [[East Germany]], Liechtenstein and in Switzerland. This type of institution offers degrees ([[Diplom|Diplom(FH)]], [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree]]s), which are one of the worldwide rare examples of a higher education that is considered in its own form to fall also under the (local) definition of a vocational education.
+Additionally there is the ''[[Fachhochschule]]'' (FH) since the 1970s in [[West Germany]] and since the 1990s in Austria, former [[East Germany]], Liechtenstein and in Switzerland. Historically, Fachhochschulen were meant as a way of academic qualification for people who went through an apprenticeship, especially in technical professions. This is called ''Zweiter Bildungsweg'' (rough literal translation: second educational path), i.e., an alternative to the classical academic career path from [[Gymnasium (school)]] to a university. However, nowadays Fachhochschule have become a fixture in German higher education and a considerably percentage of the FH studentes do not have an apprenticeship, but rather enter the FH straight after secondary school. Until recently, Fachhochschulen only offered [[Diplom|Diplom (FH)]] degrees (e.g., a diploma in engineering of social work) in programs which stretched over 7 or 8 semesters, and typically include one semester or so of industrial internship. More recently, many Fachhochschulen switched to a system where they offer [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree]]s.
 ===New Zealand===
 New Zealand is served by 41 Industry Training Organsiations(ITO).  The unique element is that ITOs purchase training as well as set standards and aggregate industry opinion about skills in the labour market.  Industry Training, as organised by ITOs, has expanded from apprenticeships to a more true life long learning situation with, for example, over 10% of trainees aged 50 or over.  Moreover much of the training is generic.  This challenges the prevailing idea of vocational education and the standard layperson view that it focuses on apprenticeships.
-The best source for information in New Zealand is through the Industry Training Federation: www.itf.org.nz.
+The best source for information in New Zealand is through the Industry Training Federation.[http://www.itf.org.nz]
 Polytechnics, Private Training Establishments, Wananga and others also deliver vocational training, amongst other areas.
@@ Line 44: / Line 46: @@
 In the United States, the approach is varied from state to state. Most of the technical and vocational courses are offered by [[Community Colleges]], though several states have their own institutes of technology which are on an equal accreditational footing with other state universities.
-Historically,  junior high schools and high schools have offered vocational courses such as [[home economics]], wood and metal shop, typing, business courses, drafting and auto repair, though schools have put more emphasis on academics for all students because of [[standards based education reform]]. [[School to Work]] is a series of federal and state initiatives to link academics to work, sometimes including spending time during the day on a job site without pay.
+Historically,  junior high schools and high schools have offered vocational courses such as [[home economics]], wood and metal shop, typing, business courses, drafting and auto repair, though schools have put more emphasis on academics for all students because of [[standards based education reform]]. School to Work is a series of federal and state initiatives to link academics to work, sometimes including spending time during the day on a job site without pay.
 Federal involvement is principally carried out through the [[Carl D. Perkins]] Career and Technical Education Act. Accountability requirements tied to the receipt of federal funds under this Act help provide some overall leadership. The [[Office of Vocational and Adult Education]] within the US [[United States Department of Education|Department of Education]] also supervises activities funded by the Act.
@@ Line 50: / Line 52: @@
 The [[Association for Career and Technical Education]] (ACTE) is the largest private association dedicated to the advancement of education that prepares youth and adults for careers. Its members include CTE teachers, administrators, and researchers.
-==Readings==
+=== India ===
+Vocational training in India is provided on a full time as well as part time basis. Full time programs are generally offered through [[industrial training institutes]]. Part time programs are offered through state technical education boards or universities who also offer full-time courses. Vocational training has been successful in [[India]] only in industrial training institutes and that too in engineering trades. There are many private institutes in India which offer courses in vocational training and finishing, but most of them have not been recognized by the Government. India is a pioneer in vocational training in Film & Television, and Information Technology.[[AAFT]]
+=== United Kingdom ===
+Vocational Training in the United Kingdom has had a new lease of life in the last decade with a shift in emphasis in schools, colleges and businesses towards it. Schools are now beginning to implement vocational programmes, the Government has introduced new funding under the "Train to Gain" contract and the Leitch Review of 2006 made it quite clear that businesses wanting to stay competitive in the global economy would need to improve staff skills through VET.
+==Further reading==
 *Achilles, C. M.; Lintz, M.N.; and Wayson, W.W. "Observations on Building Public Confidence in Education." EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION AND POLICY ANALYSIS 11 no. 3 (1989): 275-284.
 *Banach, Banach, and Cassidy. THE ABC COMPLETE BOOK OF SCHOOL MARKETING. Ray Township, MI: Author, 1996.
@@ Line 63: / Line 65: @@
 *Tuttle, F.T. "Let's Get Serious about Image-Building." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November-December 1987): 11.
 *"What Do People Think of Us?" TECHNIQUES 72, no. 6 (September 1997): 14-15.
+*[[Asian Academy Of Film & Television]]
 ==See also==
 {{Education by subject}}
-{{Education stages}}
+*[[Apprenticeship]]
 *[[Community college]]
+*[[Cooperative education]]
 *[[Constructivism (learning theory)]]
-*[[Vocational school]]
-*[[Vocational university]]
 *[[Family and consumer science]]
 *[[Finishing school]]
 *[[Further education]]
+*[[IEK]]: Vocational education schools in [[Greece]].
 *[[Institute of technology]]
 *[[Technical and Further Education]] ([[Australia]])
 *[[Training]]
-*[[IEK]]: Vocational education schools in [[Greece]].
+*[[Vocational school]]
+*[[Vocational Training (TVET)Consultants]]
+*[[Vocational university]]
 *[[Widening participation]] (UK)
@@ Line 84: / Line 87: @@
 *[http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/services/votech.htm Choosing a Career or Vocational School]
 *[http://www.collegesearchengine.net/article/How-to-Decide-Between-a-4-year-College-and-Trade-School/1/ How to Decide Between a 4-Year College and a Trade School]
+*[http://www.teachers.tv/vocationaleducation/ Teachers TV Vocational Education Programmes and Resources]
 ===Vocational School Examples===
@@ Line 89: / Line 93: @@
 *[http://www.jschool.com.au Jschool: Journalism Education & Training], an example of a vocational college in journalism education.
 *[http://medvotech.nurseuniverse.com/ Medical Vocational Schools], a website devoted to vocational schools in the medical field.
-*[http://www.teachamantofish.org.uk/  Agricultural Vocational Schools], website for the <b>Teach</b>A<b>Man</b>To<b>Fish</b> network of agricultural vocational schools.
+*[http://www.teachamantofish.org.uk/  Agricultural Vocational Schools], website for the '''Teach'''A'''Man'''To'''Fish''' network of agricultural vocational schools.
 ===ERIC Articles===
@@ Line 104: / Line 108: @@
 *[http://www.cedefop.eu.int European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP)]
 *[http://www.efvet.org European Forum of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (EFVET)]
-*[http://www.bibb.de/en/welcome.htm German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB)]
+*[http://www.bibb.de/en/index.htm German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB)]
-*[http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=5854&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]
+*[http://www.unevoc.unesco.org UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training]
 *[http://www.dfes.gov.uk/index.htm UK Department for Education and Skills]
 *[http://www.lsneducation.org.uk/ Learning and Skills Network (England)]
 *[http://www.niace.org.uk National Institute for Adult and Continuing Education (UK)]
-*[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Departments/ED Scottish Executive Education Department]
+*[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Education Scottish Executive Education Department]
 *[http://www.doleta.gov/atels_bat/ US Dept of Labor of Employment and Training Administration - Office of Apprenticeship Training, Employer and Labor Services (OATELS)]
 *[http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/index.html US Dept of Education - Office of Vocational and Adult Education]
@@ Line 117: / Line 121: @@
 ===Reports===
 *[http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2000/2000029.pdf Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000] US National Center for Education Statistics
+===Case studies===
+*[http://trades.flexiblelearning.net.au/ e-Learning in the Trades: Six case studies of trade skills  trainers who are using blended delivery techniques]
 [[Category:Alternative education]]
+[[Category:Curriculum]]
 [[Category:Vocational education| ]]
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