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{{Clinpsy}}
  
{{Clinpsy}}
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'''Visual agnosia''' is the inability of the [[human eye|brain]] to recognize or understand visual stimuli. An individual with visual agnosia has otherwise normal visual functioning and can see, but is unable to interpret or recognize what he or she is seeing. There is also no deficit in general mental ability (Rothi, Mack, & Heilman 1986). A simple test can be run to identify if this is indeed the issue. These tests usually consist of showing the person pictures of common inanimate objects, famous people, and famous places. When there is a generally low ability to recognize the photographs, visual agnosia is likely; and it will be more evident what subtype the individual has depending on which pictures are easier or more difficult to identify.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Charnallet|first=A|coauthors=S. Carbonnel, D. David, O. Moreaud|title=Associative visual agnosia: A case study|journal=Behavioural Neurology|year=2008|volume=19|pages=41–44|pmid=18413915|issue=1-2}}</ref> Visual agnosia is often due to bilateral damage in the posterior [[occipital lobe|occipital]] and/or [[temporal lobe]](s) in the brain.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Karnath H. O., Rüter J., Mandler A., Himmelbach M. | year = 2009 | title = The anatomy of object recognition—Visual form agnosia caused by medial occipitotemporal stroke | url = | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 29 | issue = 18| pages = 5854–5862 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5192-08.2009 }}</ref>
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'''Visual agnosia''' or '''optic agnosia''' is the inability of the [[brain]] to make sense of or make use of some part of otherwise normal visual stimulus, and is typified by the inability to [[object recognition|recognize familiar objects]] or [[Face recognition|faces]]. This is distinct from [[blindness]], which is a lack of sensory input to the brain due to damage to the [[eye]] or [[optic nerve]].
 
   
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The specific symptoms can vary depending on the cause of the [[agnosia]]. Some sufferers are unable to copy drawings but are able to manipulate objects with good dexterity {{ref|Waterloo}}. Commonly, patients can describe objects in their visual field in great detail, including such aspects as color, texture and shape but are unable to recognize them. Similarly, patients can often describe familiar objects from memory despite their visual problems {{ref|Austin}}.
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The specific symptoms can vary depending on the cause of the [[agnosia]]. Some sufferers are unable to copy drawings, but are able to manipulate objects with good dexterity.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Milner AD |title=Vision without knowledge |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=352 |issue=1358 |pages=1249–56 |year=1997 |month=August |pmid=9304691 |pmc=1692005 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1997.0107 |url=}}</ref><ref>[http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ventral/visual_agnosia.htm Visual Agnosia - A Disorder of the Ventral Stream], Student Web Pages, Department of Applied Health Sciences, [[University of Waterloo]]</ref> Commonly, patients can describe objects in their visual field in great detail, including such aspects as color, texture and shape, but are unable to recognize them. Similarly, patients can often describe familiar objects from memory despite their visual problems.<ref>Candace N. Palmer. [http://hubel.sfasu.edu/courseinfo/SL02/visual_agnosia.htm An Examination of Visual Agnosia], [[Stephen F. Austin State University]]</ref>
   
 
Careful analysis of the nature of visual agnosia has led to improved understanding of the brain's role in normal vision.
  
Careful analysis of the nature of visual agnosia has led to improved understanding of the brain's role in normal vision.
   
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== Classification ==
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The two major types of visual agnosia are apperceptive and associative visual [[agnosia]]. Failure in high-level object recognition despite normal [[visual perception|vision]] is apperceptive visual agnosia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shelton PA, Bowers D, Duara R, Heilman KM |title=Apperceptive visual agnosia: a case study |journal=Brain Cogn. |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |year=1996 |doi=10.1006/brcg.1994.1019 |pmid=8043261}}</ref> Associative visual agnosias are categorized by inability to identify objects due to impaired access to stored [[semantic]] information about the objects.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anaki D, Kaufman Y, Freedman M, Moscovitch M |title=Associative (prosop)agnosia without (apparent) perceptual deficits: a case-study |journal=Neuropsychologia. |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=1658–71 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.003 |pmid=17320120}}</ref> Patients with apperceptive visual agnosias cannot draw or copy drawings, whereas patients with associative visual agnosias appear to retain the [[Biological neural network|neural circuits]] necessary for object recognition without being aware of this ability. Associative visual agnosia is likely the result of disruption of connections between visual [[perception]] and [[Language|verbal]] systems.<ref>Carlson, Neil R. "Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex''. Physiology of Behavior, 9. Boston, Mass., USA: [[Pearson Education, Inc.]], 2007. ISBN 0-205-46724-5.</ref>
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Known clinical variants of visual agnosia include prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces), pure word blindness (inability to recognize words), agnosias for colors (inability to differentiate colors), agnosias for the environment (inability to recognize landmarks etc.) and simultanagosia (inability to sort out multiple objects in a visual scene).<ref>Biran I. and Coslett H.B. (2003). Visual Agnosia.Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 3(6):508 - 512. ISSN 1528-4042. {{doi|10.1007/s11910-003-0055-4}}</ref>
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=== Categories and subtypes of visual agnosia ===
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The two main categories of visual agnosia are:
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*[[Apperceptive agnosia|Apperceptive visual agnosia]], an impaired recognition of objects.<ref name="Wolfe"/> Individuals who have apperceptive visual agnosia would never make a complete, conscious percept.<ref name="Ferreira,1998">{{cite journal |author=Ferreira CT, Ceccaldi M, Giusiano B, Poncet M |title=Separate visual pathways for perception of actions and objects: evidence from a case of apperceptive visual agnosia |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=382–5 |year=1998 |month=September |pmid=9728957 |pmc=2170224 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.65.3.382 |url=}}</ref>
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*[[Associative visual agnosia]], an impaired ability to recognize how to use an object, after the object has been correctly identified.<ref name="Wolfe"/> The percept is created, but it would have no meaning for individuals who have an associative visual agnosia.<ref name="Ferreira,1998"/>
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:;Subtypes of Associative Visual Agnosia:
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:*[[Achromatopsia]], an impaired recognition of [[color]].<ref name=Wolfe>{{cite book|last=Wolfe|first=Jeremy|title=Sensation & Perception 3rd ed.|year=2012|isbn=978-0-87893-876-6|pages=507}}</ref>
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:*[[Prosopagnosia]], an impaired recognition of human faces.<ref name="Wolfe"/> These patients know that they are looking at a face, but cannot recognize whose, even if it is someone they know well.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/>
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:*Orientation Agnosia: can recognize objects, but have lost knowledge of orientation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Della Sala S, Turnbull O, Beschin N, Perini M |title=Orientation agnosia in pentagon copying |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=129–30 |year=2002 |month=January |pmid=11784847 |pmc=1737693 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.72.1.129 |url=}}</ref>
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:*Pantomime Agnosia: inability to understand pantomimes (gestures). It appears that the inferior cortical visual cortex is critical in recognizing pantomimes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rothi LJ, Mack L, Heilman KM |title=Pantomime agnosia |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=451–4 |year=1986 |month=April |pmid=3701356 |pmc=1028777 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.49.4.451 |url=http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/49/4/451.full.pdf}}</ref>
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== Symptoms==
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While most cases of visual agnosia are seen in older adults who have had extensive brain damage, there are also cases of young children with less brain damage during developmental years acquiring the symptoms.<ref name=Funnel>{{cite journal|last=Funnel|first=Elaine|coauthors=John Wilding|title=Development of a vocabulary of object shapes in a child with a very-early-acquired visual agnosia: A unique case|journal=The Quarterly Journal Of Experimental Psychology|year=2011|volume=64|series=2|pages=261–282|doi=10.1080/17470218.2010.498922}}</ref> Commonly, visual agnosia presents as an inability to recognize an object by its shape, in the absence of other explanations, such as vision problems. This is most easily seen in prosopagnosia, where the individual can clearly see the faces of those people nearby, but is unable to draw the mental connections and recognize the person. Another common manifestation of visual agnosia is a difficulty to identify objects that look similar in shape, difficulty with line drawings that lack much detail, and recognizing objects that are shown from less common views.<ref name=Funnel />
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Visual agnosia occurs after damage to the visual association cortex.<ref name="Carlson, 2010">{{cite book |author=Carlson, Neil R. |title=Physiology of behavior |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston, Mass |year=2010 |pages= |isbn=0-205-66627-2 |oclc=263605380 |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> This occurs even when no damage has been done to the eyes or optic tract that leads visual information into the brain. Visual agnosia is caused by damage to parts of the ventral stream of vision.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/> The ventral stream is also known as the "what pathway of vision" because this pathway allows the individual to identify they objects they see. The other stream is the dorsal stream or "where/how" pathway; and this pathway remains undisturbed, allowing individuals with visual agnosia to show relatively normal visually guided behavior.<ref name=Goodale1991>{{cite journal |author=Goodale MA, Milner AD, Jakobson LS, Carey DP |title=A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them |journal=Nature |volume=349 |issue=6305 |pages=154–6 |year=1991 |pmid=1986306 |doi=10.1038/349154a0}}</ref><ref name=Goodale1992>{{cite journal |author=Goodale MA, Milner AD |title=Separate visual pathways for perception and action |journal=Trends Neurosci. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=20–5 |year=1992 |pmid=1374953 |doi=10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8}}</ref> Damage to specific areas of the ventral stream impair the ability to recognize certain categories of visual information.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/>
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==Assessment==
  
==Assessment==
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==Neuroantomy==
  
==Neuroantomy==
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Visual agnosia occurs due to damage in the association areas of the visual cortex. The lateral occipital complex appears to respond to many different types of objects.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/> Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces) is due to damage of the fusiform face area (FFA). Studies with functional imaging show that there is a certain area specialized for facial recognition, known as the fusiform face area, in the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/> However, this area is not exclusive to faces; recognition of other objects of expertise are also processed in this area. The extrastriate body cortex (EBA) was found to be activated by photographs, silhouettes, or stick drawings of human bodies.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/> The parahippocampal place area (PPA) of the limbic cortex has been found to be activated by the sight of scenes and backgrounds.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/> Cerebral achromatopsia (the inability to discriminate between different hues) is caused by damage to the V8 area of the visual association cortex.<ref name="Carlson, 2010"/>
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Visual agnosia is often due to damage, such as stroke, in posterior [[parietal lobe]] in the [[right hemisphere]] of the brain. The specific symptoms can vary depending on the cause of the [[agnosia]]. Some sufferers are unable to copy drawings, but are able to manipulate objects with good dexterity.{{ref|Waterloo}} Commonly patients can describe objects in their visual field in great detail, including such aspects as color, texture, and shape, but are unable to recognize them. Similarly, patients can often describe familiar objects from memory despite their visual problems. {{ref|Austin}}
  
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The left hemisphere seems to play a critical role in recognizing the meaning of common objects.<ref>{{cite journal |author=McCarthy RA, Warrington EK |title=Visual associative agnosia: a clinico-anatomical study of a single case |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1233–40 |year=1986 |month=November |pmid=3794729 |pmc=1029070 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.49.11.1233 |url=http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/49/11/1233.full.pdf}}</ref>
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The careful analysis of the nature of visual agnosia has led to improved understanding of how normal vision works.
  
The careful analysis of the nature of visual agnosia has led to improved understanding of how normal vision works.
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==See also==
  
==See also==
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*[[Agnosia]]
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*[[Anosognosia]]
 
*[[Blindness]]
  
*[[Blindness]]
 
*[[Color agnosia]]
  
*[[Color agnosia]]
 
*[[Klüver-Bucy syndrome]]
  
*[[Klüver-Bucy syndrome]]
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*[[Prosopagnosia]]
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*[[Topographical disorientation]]
   
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==References & Bibliography==
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==References ==
 
<references/>
  
<references/>
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==Further reading==
 
==Key texts==
 
==Key texts==
 
===Books===
  
===Books===

Latest revision as of 20:16, 21 November 2012

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Visual agnosia is the inability of the brain to recognize or understand visual stimuli. An individual with visual agnosia has otherwise normal visual functioning and can see, but is unable to interpret or recognize what he or she is seeing. There is also no deficit in general mental ability (Rothi, Mack, & Heilman 1986). A simple test can be run to identify if this is indeed the issue. These tests usually consist of showing the person pictures of common inanimate objects, famous people, and famous places. When there is a generally low ability to recognize the photographs, visual agnosia is likely; and it will be more evident what subtype the individual has depending on which pictures are easier or more difficult to identify.[1] Visual agnosia is often due to bilateral damage in the posterior occipital and/or temporal lobe(s) in the brain.[2]

The specific symptoms can vary depending on the cause of the agnosia. Some sufferers are unable to copy drawings, but are able to manipulate objects with good dexterity.[3][4] Commonly, patients can describe objects in their visual field in great detail, including such aspects as color, texture and shape, but are unable to recognize them. Similarly, patients can often describe familiar objects from memory despite their visual problems.[5]

Careful analysis of the nature of visual agnosia has led to improved understanding of the brain's role in normal vision.

Classification

The two major types of visual agnosia are apperceptive and associative visual agnosia. Failure in high-level object recognition despite normal vision is apperceptive visual agnosia.[6] Associative visual agnosias are categorized by inability to identify objects due to impaired access to stored semantic information about the objects.[7] Patients with apperceptive visual agnosias cannot draw or copy drawings, whereas patients with associative visual agnosias appear to retain the neural circuits necessary for object recognition without being aware of this ability. Associative visual agnosia is likely the result of disruption of connections between visual perception and verbal systems.[8]

Known clinical variants of visual agnosia include prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces), pure word blindness (inability to recognize words), agnosias for colors (inability to differentiate colors), agnosias for the environment (inability to recognize landmarks etc.) and simultanagosia (inability to sort out multiple objects in a visual scene).[9]

Categories and subtypes of visual agnosia

The two main categories of visual agnosia are:

  • Apperceptive visual agnosia, an impaired recognition of objects.[10] Individuals who have apperceptive visual agnosia would never make a complete, conscious percept.[11]
  • Associative visual agnosia, an impaired ability to recognize how to use an object, after the object has been correctly identified.[10] The percept is created, but it would have no meaning for individuals who have an associative visual agnosia.[11]
Subtypes of Associative Visual Agnosia
  • Achromatopsia, an impaired recognition of color.[10]
  • Prosopagnosia, an impaired recognition of human faces.[10] These patients know that they are looking at a face, but cannot recognize whose, even if it is someone they know well.[12]
  • Orientation Agnosia: can recognize objects, but have lost knowledge of orientation.[13]
  • Pantomime Agnosia: inability to understand pantomimes (gestures). It appears that the inferior cortical visual cortex is critical in recognizing pantomimes.[14]

Symptoms

While most cases of visual agnosia are seen in older adults who have had extensive brain damage, there are also cases of young children with less brain damage during developmental years acquiring the symptoms.[15] Commonly, visual agnosia presents as an inability to recognize an object by its shape, in the absence of other explanations, such as vision problems. This is most easily seen in prosopagnosia, where the individual can clearly see the faces of those people nearby, but is unable to draw the mental connections and recognize the person. Another common manifestation of visual agnosia is a difficulty to identify objects that look similar in shape, difficulty with line drawings that lack much detail, and recognizing objects that are shown from less common views.[15]

Visual agnosia occurs after damage to the visual association cortex.[12] This occurs even when no damage has been done to the eyes or optic tract that leads visual information into the brain. Visual agnosia is caused by damage to parts of the ventral stream of vision.[12] The ventral stream is also known as the "what pathway of vision" because this pathway allows the individual to identify they objects they see. The other stream is the dorsal stream or "where/how" pathway; and this pathway remains undisturbed, allowing individuals with visual agnosia to show relatively normal visually guided behavior.[16][17] Damage to specific areas of the ventral stream impair the ability to recognize certain categories of visual information.[12]


Assessment

Neuroantomy

Visual agnosia occurs due to damage in the association areas of the visual cortex. The lateral occipital complex appears to respond to many different types of objects.[12] Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces) is due to damage of the fusiform face area (FFA). Studies with functional imaging show that there is a certain area specialized for facial recognition, known as the fusiform face area, in the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe.[12] However, this area is not exclusive to faces; recognition of other objects of expertise are also processed in this area. The extrastriate body cortex (EBA) was found to be activated by photographs, silhouettes, or stick drawings of human bodies.[12] The parahippocampal place area (PPA) of the limbic cortex has been found to be activated by the sight of scenes and backgrounds.[12] Cerebral achromatopsia (the inability to discriminate between different hues) is caused by damage to the V8 area of the visual association cortex.[12] The left hemisphere seems to play a critical role in recognizing the meaning of common objects.[18]


The careful analysis of the nature of visual agnosia has led to improved understanding of how normal vision works.

Visual agnosia in popular culture

See also


References

  1. ↑ Charnallet, A, S. Carbonnel, D. David, O. Moreaud (2008). Associative visual agnosia: A case study. Behavioural Neurology 19 (1-2): 41–44.
  2. ↑ Karnath H. O., Rüter J., Mandler A., Himmelbach M. (2009). The anatomy of object recognition—Visual form agnosia caused by medial occipitotemporal stroke. The Journal of Neuroscience 29 (18): 5854–5862.
  3. ↑ Milner AD (August 1997). Vision without knowledge. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 352 (1358): 1249–56.
  4. ↑ Visual Agnosia - A Disorder of the Ventral Stream, Student Web Pages, Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo
  5. ↑ Candace N. Palmer. An Examination of Visual Agnosia, Stephen F. Austin State University
  6. ↑ Shelton PA, Bowers D, Duara R, Heilman KM (1996). Apperceptive visual agnosia: a case study. Brain Cogn. 25 (1): 1–23.
  7. ↑ Anaki D, Kaufman Y, Freedman M, Moscovitch M (2007). Associative (prosop)agnosia without (apparent) perceptual deficits: a case-study. Neuropsychologia. 48 (8): 1658–71.
  8. ↑ Carlson, Neil R. "Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex. Physiology of Behavior, 9. Boston, Mass., USA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007. ISBN 0-205-46724-5.
  9. ↑ Biran I. and Coslett H.B. (2003). Visual Agnosia.Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 3(6):508 - 512. ISSN 1528-4042. DOI:10.1007/s11910-003-0055-4
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Wolfe, Jeremy (2012). Sensation & Perception 3rd ed., 507.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ferreira CT, Ceccaldi M, Giusiano B, Poncet M (September 1998). Separate visual pathways for perception of actions and objects: evidence from a case of apperceptive visual agnosia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 65 (3): 382–5.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Carlson, Neil R. (2010). Physiology of behavior, Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon.
  13. ↑ Della Sala S, Turnbull O, Beschin N, Perini M (January 2002). Orientation agnosia in pentagon copying. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 72 (1): 129–30.
  14. ↑ Rothi LJ, Mack L, Heilman KM (April 1986). Pantomime agnosia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 49 (4): 451–4.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Funnel, Elaine, John Wilding (2011). Development of a vocabulary of object shapes in a child with a very-early-acquired visual agnosia: A unique case. The Quarterly Journal Of Experimental Psychology 64: 261–282.
  16. ↑ Goodale MA, Milner AD, Jakobson LS, Carey DP (1991). A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them. Nature 349 (6305): 154–6.
  17. ↑ Goodale MA, Milner AD (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci. 15 (1): 20–5.
  18. ↑ McCarthy RA, Warrington EK (November 1986). Visual associative agnosia: a clinico-anatomical study of a single case. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 49 (11): 1233–40.

Further reading

Key texts

Books

Papers

  • Giersch, A., Humphreys, G. W., Boucart, M. & Kovacs, I. (2000) The computation of occluded contours in visual agnosia: Evidence for early computation prior to shape binding and figure-ground coding. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 731-759.
  • Rumiati, R. I. & Humphreys, G. W. (1997). Visual object agnosia without alexia or prosopagnosia: Arguments for separate processing mechanisms. Visual Cognition, 4, 207-218.
  • Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., Donnelly, N., Freeman, T. A. C., Boucart, M. & Muller, H. M. (1994) Intermediate visual processing and visual agnosia. In M. J. Farah & G. Ratcliff (Eds.), The Neuropsychology of High-level Vision. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
  • Humphreys, G. W. (1994) The cognitive neuropsychology of vision: A hierarchical analysis of visual agnosia. In B. Weekes, C. Haslam, J. Ewing & U. Johns (Eds.), Cognitive Functioning in Health, Disease and Disorder. Academic Press: Sydney.
  • Rumiati, R. I., Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J. & Bateman, A. (1994). Visual object agnosia without prosopagnosia or alexia: Evidence for hierarchical theories of visual recognition. In V. Bruce & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.) Object and Face Recognition. London: Erlbaum.
  • Humphreys G. W. & Riddoch, M. J. (1993) Object agnosias. In C. Kennard (Ed.), Balliere's Clinical Neurology: Visual Perceptual Deficits. London: Balliere Tindall
  • Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J., Quinlan, P. T., Price, C. J. & Donnelly, N. (1992) Parallel pattern processing in visual agnosia. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 46, 377-416.
  • Riddoch, M. J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1988) Visual agnosia: Anatomical and functional accounts. In C. Kennard & F. Clifford-Rose (Eds.), Physiological Aspects of Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology: The Mansell-Bequest Symposium. London: Churchill-Livingstone.
  • Humphreys, G. W. & Riddoch, M. J. (1987) The fractionation of agnosia. In G. W. Humphreys & M. J. Riddoch (Eds.), Visual Object Processing: A Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach. London:Erlbaum.
  • Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J. & Quinlan, P. T. (1985) Interactive processes in perceptual organization: Evidence from visual agnosia. In M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin (Eds.), Attention & Performance XI. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.

Additional material

Books

Papers

  • Google Scholar
  • Chainay, H. & Humphreys, G. W. (2001) The real object advantage in agnosia: Evidence of a role for shading and depth in object recognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 18, 175-191.
  • Riddoch, M. J., Humphreys, G. W., Hardy, E., Blott, W. & Smith, A.(2002). Visual And Spatial Short-Term Memory In Visual Agnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology.


Case studies

  • Riddoch, M. J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1987) A case of integrative visual agnosia. Brain, 110, 1431-1462.
  • Bromley, J., Humphreys, G. W., Javadnia, A., Riddoch, M. J. & Ruddock, K. H. (1986) Pattern discrimination in a human subject suffering visual agnosia. Journal of Physiology, 377, 67.
  • Riddoch, M. J., Humphreys, G. W., Gannon, T., Blott, W. & Jones, V. (1999). Memories are made of this: The effects of time on stored visual knowledge in a case of visual agnosia. Brain, 122, 537-559.


External Links

  1. ^  http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ventral/visual_agnosia.htm
  2. ^  http://hubel.sfasu.edu/courseinfo/SL02/visual_agnosia.htm
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