Ventral posterolateral nucleus

Latest revision as of 18:54, 15 November 2013

Brain: Ventral posterolateral nucleus
File:ThalamicNuclei.svg
Thalamic nuclei: MNG = Midline nuclear group AN = Anterior nuclear group MD = Medial dorsal nucleus VNG = Ventral nuclear group VA = Ventral anterior nucleus VL = Ventral lateral nucleus VPL = Ventral posterolateral nucleus VPM = Ventral posteromedial nucleus LNG = Lateral nuclear group PUL = Pulvinar MTh = Metathalamus LG = Lateral geniculate nucleus MG = Medial geniculate nucleus
File:Thalamus-schematic.svg
Thalamic nuclei
Latin	nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami
Gray's	subject #
Part of
Components
Artery
Vein
BrainInfo/UW	hier-327
MeSH	[1]

The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. Together with the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM), ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI) and ventromedial posterior nucleus (VMpo), it constitutes the ventral posterior nucleus.

Input and output

The VPL receives information from the neospinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. It then projects this sensory information to Brodmann's Areas 3, 1 and 2 in the postcentral gyrus. Collectively, Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2 make up the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain.

Additional images

v·d·e

Human brain: diencephalon (TA A14.1.08, GA 9.807)

Epithalamus


Surface	Pineal body · Habenula · Habenular trigone · Habenular commissure
Grey matter	Pretectal area · Habenular nuclei · Subcommissural organ

Thalamus

Surface

Stria medullaris of thalamus · Thalamic reticular nucleus · Taenia thalami

Grey matter/
nuclei

paired: AN · Ventral (VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL) · Lateral (LD, LP, Pulvinar) · Metathalamus (MG, LG)

midline: MD · Intralaminar (Centromedian) · Midline nuclear group · Interthalamic adhesion

White matter

Mammillothalamic fasciculus · Pallidothalamic tracts (Ansa lenticularis, Lenticular fasciculus, Thalamic fasciculus) · PCML (Medial lemniscus, Trigeminal lemniscus) · Spinothalamic tract · Lateral lemniscus · Dentatothalamic tract · Acoustic radiation · Optic radiation · Subthalamic fasciculus · Anterior trigeminothalamic tract

Medullary laminae

Hypothalamus

Surface

Median eminence/Tuber cinereum · Mammillary body · Infundibulum

Grey matter

Autonomic zones

Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) · Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)

Endocrine

posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic (oxytocin/vasopressin)

other: parvocellular/Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) · Preoptic (GnRH) · Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)

Emotion

Lateral (hunger) · Ventromedial (satiety) · Dorsomedial (rage)

White matter

afferent (SN → Medial forebrain bundle) · efferent (Mammillothalamic fasciculus → AN, Stria terminalis → Amygdala, Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus → SC)

Pituitary

Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular

Subthalamus

Subthalamic nucleus · Zona incerta

Ventricular system:
Third ventricle

recesses: (Optic recess, Infundibular recess, Suprapineal recess, Pineal recess)

Hypothalamic sulcus · Tela chorioidea of third ventricle

Subfornical organ

Apertures: Interventricular/Monro

Posterior commissure

v·d·e

Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi

Sensory/
ascending

PCML

1°: Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus

2°: → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)

3°: → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus

Anterolateral/
pain

Fast/lateral

1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)

2° (Spinotectal tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)

Slow/medial

1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)

Motor/
descending

Pyramidal

flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction

Extrapyramidal

flexion: Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles

flexion: Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract

extension: Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract

extension: Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract

Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck

Basal ganglia

direct: 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)

indirect: 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)

nigrostriatal pathway: Pars compacta → Striatum

Cerebellar

Afferent

Vestibular nucleus → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell

Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell

Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei

Efferent

Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex

Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex

Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nucleus

Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar

Unc. prop.

lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)

upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)

Reflex arc

lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)

upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)

{| class="navbox collapsible nowraplinks" style="margin:auto; "

[. v]·[. d]·[. e]

M: CNS

anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

[. v]·[. d]·[. e]

M: PNS

anat(h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys(r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1B)

v·d·e

Auditory and vestibular pathways

Auditory

inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve ^VIII →

pons: Cochlear nuclei (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei →

midbrain: Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi →

thalamus: Medial geniculate nuclei →

cerebrum: Acoustic radiation → Primary auditory cortex

Vestibular

inner ear: Vestibular nerve ^VIII →

pons: Vestibular nuclei (Medial vestibular nucleus, Lateral vestibular nucleus)

cerebellum: Flocculonodular lobe

spinal cord: Vestibulospinal tract (Medial vestibulospinal tract, Lateral vestibulospinal tract)

thalamus: Ventral posterolateral nucleus

cerebrum: Vestibular cortex

Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers

{| class="navbox collapsible nowraplinks" style="margin:auto; "

[. v]·[. d]·[. e]

M: EAR

anat (e/p)/phys/devp

noco/cong, epon

proc, drug (S2)

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox Brain|
-  Name            = {{PAGENAME}} |
+  Name            = Ventral posterolateral nucleus |
   Latin           = nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami |
   GraySubject     = |
   GrayPage        = |
-  Image           = ThalamicNuclei.png |
+  Image           = ThalamicNuclei.svg|
-  Caption         = Thalamic nuclei: <BR>MNG = [[Midline nuclear group]]<BR>AN = [[Anterior nuclei of thalamus|Anterior nuclear group]]<BR> MD = [[Medial dorsal nucleus]]<BR> VNG = [[Ventral nuclear group]]<BR> VA = [[Ventral anterior nucleus]]<BR> VL = [[Ventral lateral nucleus]]<BR> VPL = [[Ventral posterolateral nucleus]]<BR> VPM = [[Ventral posteromedial nucleus]]<BR> LNG = [[Lateral nuclear group]]<BR> PUL = [[Pulvinar]]<BR> MTh = [[Metathalamus]]<BR> LG = [[Lateral geniculate nucleus]]<BR> MG = [[Medial geniculate nucleus]]|
+  Caption         = Thalamic nuclei: <BR>MNG = [[Midline nuclear group]]<BR>AN = [[Anterior nuclei of thalamus|Anterior nuclear group]]<BR> MD = [[Medial dorsal nucleus]]<BR> VNG = [[Ventral nuclear group]]<BR> VA = [[Ventral anterior nucleus]]<BR> VL = [[Ventral lateral nucleus]]<BR> VPL = Ventral posterolateral nucleus<BR> VPM = [[Ventral posteromedial nucleus]]<BR> LNG = [[Lateral nuclear group]]<BR> PUL = [[pulvinar nuclei|Pulvinar]]<BR> MTh = [[Metathalamus]]<BR> LG = [[Lateral geniculate nucleus]]<BR> MG = [[Medial geniculate nucleus]]|
-  Image2          = |
+  Image2          = Thalamus-schematic.svg |
-  Caption2        = |
+  Caption2        = Thalamic nuclei |
   IsPartOf        = |
   Components      = |
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
   MeshName        =  |
   MeshNumber      = |
+ NeuroLex = Ventral posterolateral nucleus
+| NeuroLexID = birnlex_737 |
   DorlandsPre     = n_11 |
   DorlandsSuf     = 12584011  |
 }}
-The '''ventral posterolateral nucleus''' (VPL) is a nucleus of the [[thalamus]].
+The '''ventral posterolateral nucleus''' (VPL) is a nucleus of the [[thalamus]]. Together with the [[ventral posteromedial nucleus]] (VPM), [[ventral posterior inferior nucleus]] (VPI) and [[ventromedial posterior nucleus]] (VMpo), it constitutes the [[ventral posterior nucleus]].
 ==Input and output==
-It projects to the [[postcentral gyrus]] and receives information from the [[spinothalamic tract]] and the [[medial lemniscus]] of the [[posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway]].
+The VPL receives information from the [[neospinothalamic tract]] and the [[medial lemniscus]] of the [[posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway]].  It then projects this sensory information to [[Brodmann_areas_3,_1_and_2#Brodmann_areas_3.2C_1_and_2|Brodmann's Areas 3, 1 and 2]] in the [[postcentral gyrus]].  Collectively, Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2 make up the primary [[somatosensory system|somatosensory]] cortex of the brain.
 ==Additional images==
 <gallery>
- Image:Territoriostalamo.jpg|Thalamus
+ File:Territoriostalamo.svg|Thalamus
  Image:Gray759.png|The sensory tract.
 </gallery>
+{{Diencephalon}}
+{{Neural tracts}}
+{{Auditory and vestibular pathways}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus}}
+[[Category:Cerebrum]]
+[[Category:Nuclei]]
+{{enWP|Ventral posterolateral nucleus}}

Changes: Ventral posterolateral nucleus

Latest revision as of 18:54, 15 November 2013

Input and output

Additional images