Vandalism

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Other fields of psychology: AI · Computer · Consulting · Consumer · Engineering · Environmental · Forensic · Military · Sport · Transpersonal · Index

---

This article needs rewriting to enhance its relevance to psychologists..
Please help to improve this page yourself if you can..

Vandalism is a conspicuous defacement or destruction of a structure, a symbol or anything else that goes against the will of the owner/governing body, and usually constitutes a crime. Historically, it has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest". Therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Vandalism is only a meaningful concept in a culture that recognizes history and archaeology. Like other similar terms (Barbarian/barbary, and Philistine), the term Vandal was originally an ethnic slur referring to the Vandals, who under Geiseric sacked Rome in 455. The Vandals, like the Philistines, no longer exist as an identifiable ethnic group.

The term in its modern acceptance was coined in January 1794 during the French Revolution, by Henri Gregoire, constitutional bishop of Blois, in his report directed to the Republican Convention, where he used word Vandalisme to describe some aspects of the behaviour of the republican army. Gustave Courbet's attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the Vendôme column, a symbol of the past Napoleon III authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23 1871. "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture" wrote Pierre Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche.

Vandalism as crime

Private citizens commit vandalism when they wilfully damage or deface the property of others or the commons. Some vandalism qualifies as culture jamming or sniggling — it is artistic in nature as well as being carried out illegally or without the property owner's permission. Examples include at least some graffiti art, billboard liberation and possibly crop circles, Criminal vandalism has many forms, graffiti on public property is common in many inner cities as part of a gang culture, however other more devastating forms such as those involved with public unrest, such as rioting, involve the wilful destruction of public and private property, Vandalism per se is often considered one of the least serious common crimes, but it can become quite serious when committed extensively, violently or as an expression of hatred and intimidation.

Examples of vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, arson, spray painting others' properties, tagging, placing glue into locks, tire slashing, ransacking a place and flooding someones house by clogging a sink and leaving the water on.

The destruction of glass windows and doors is a common form of vandalism.

In the case of vandalism to private property, the owner — the victim, may feel that they were specifically targeted by the perpetrator(s) — this is not necessarily the case. An example of such a crime would be the wilful destruction of a car window for no obvious purpose save to give the perpetrator(s) possibly a few seconds of entertainment, with no consideration, or empathy for the detriment to the state of mind or inconvenience of the victim.

Reasoning for such actions can be attributed to anger, envy or spontaneous, opportunistic behaviour — possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in gang cultures, or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed, the mentality of which can be akin to happy slapping. The large scale prevalence of gang graffiti in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there — so much so that it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again.

In view of its incivility, punishment for vandalism can be particularly severe in some countries. In Singapore, for example, a person who attempts to cause or commits an act of vandalism may be liable to imprisonment for up to 3 years and in conjunction may be punished with caning. The act of vandalism in UK is construed as an environmental crime and may be dealt with an ASBO (Anti-Social Behavior Order).

Former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani made a crackdown on vandalism a centerpiece of his anti-crime agenda in the 1990s, asserting that a strong campaign against nonviolent "quality of life" crimes such as vandalism would cause a corresponding decrease in violent crime. However much credit can be given to Giuliani's anti-vandalism crusade, FBI statistics claim that New York's crime rate plummeted during his tenure.

Vandalism as art

For more details on this topic, see Graffiti.

Graffiti is a very common form of vandalism; in some places it is tolerated.

A bust of Germanicus Caesar, probably vandalized by Christians. Note the cross incised on the statue's forehead and the broken off nose. See iconoclasm.

Though vandalism in itself is illegal, it is often also an integral part of modern popular culture. French painter Gustave Courbet's attempt to disassemble the Vendôme column during the 1871 Paris Commune was probably one of the first artistic vandalist acts, celebrated at least since Dada performances during World War I. The Vendôme column was considered a symbol of the past Napoleon III empire, and dismantled as such.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the "fight against culture", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a "senseless" manner (the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture. In this case, culture can't be legitimised by art achievements, and Nietzsche writes: "I {also} know what it means: fighting against culture". After quoting him, Klossowski writes: "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture"

As destruction of monument, vandalism can only have sense in a culture respecting history, archeology - Nietzsche spoke of monumental history. As destruction of monumental history, vandalism was assured a long life (as Herostratus proved): Performance art could make such a claim, as well as Hakim Bey's poetic terrorism or Destroy 2000 Years of Culture from Atari Teenage Riot. Gustave Courbet's declaration stated:

"Attendu que la colonne Vendôme est un monument dénué de toute valeur artistique, tendant à perpétuer par son expression les idées de guerre et de conquête qui étaient dans la dynastie impériale, mais que réprouve le sentiment d’une nation républicaine, [le citoyen Courbet] émet le vœu que le gouvernement de la Défense nationale veuille bien l’autoriser à déboulonner cette colonne."

("As the Vendôme column is formally considered a monument devoid of any artistic value, tending to perpetuate with its expression ideas of war and conquest of the past imperial dynasty, that are reprobated by a republican nation's sentiment, citizen Courbet is to emit his wish that the National Defense government will allow him to dismantle this column.")

Hence, painter Courbet justified the dismantlement of the Vendôme column on political grounds, downgrading its artistic value. Vandalism poses the problem of the value of art compared to life's hardships: Courbet thought that the political values transmitted by this work of art neutralized its artistic value. Anyway, his project wasn't followed, however, on April 12, 1871, the dismantlement of the imperial symbol was voted by the Commune, and the column taken down on May 8. After the assault on the Paris Commune by Adolphe Thiers, Gustave Courbet was condemned to pay part of the expenses. As any good vandal, he preferred flying away to Switzerland.

Tags, designs, and styles of writing are commonplace on clothing and are an influence on many of the corporate logos with which we are familiar. Many skateparks and similar youth-oriented venues are decorated with commissioned graffiti-style artwork, and in many others patrons are welcome to leave their own. There is still, however, a very fine line between vandalism as an artform, as a political statement, and as a crime. An excellent example of one who walks this threefold line is Bristol born guerrilla-artist Banksy, who is revered as a cult artistic figure by many, but seen by others as a criminal.

See also

• Arson

Key texts

Books

• Brennan, P., Mednick, S., & Kandel, E. (1991). Congenital determinants of violent and property offending. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
• Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., & Cohen, P. (1995). Stage of drug use, aggression, and theft/vandalism: Shared and unshared risks. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Conoley, J. C., & Goldstein, A. P. (2004). The Known, Unknown, and Future of Violence Reduction. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Goldstein, A. P. (1996). The psychology of vandalism. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Goldstein, A. P. (2004). Controlling Vandalism: The Person-Environment Duet. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Graham, F. (1987). Probability of detection and institutional vandalism. London, England: Her Majesty's Stationery Office Books.
• Harootunian, B. (1986). School violence and vandalism. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
• Keith, C. (1990). Assault by fellow citizens. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
• LaNuez, D., & Jermier, J. M. (1994). Sabotage by managers and technocrats: Neglected patterns of resistance at work. Florence, KY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
• Mayer, G. R., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (2002). Interventions for Vandalism and Aggression. Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.
• Moser, G. (1988). Vandalism in urban public telephones. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Wiesenthal, D. L. (1990). Psychological aspects of vandalism. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Papers

• Allen, V. L., & Greenberger, D. B. (1978). An aesthetic theory of vandalism: Crime & Delinquency Vol 24(3) Jul 1978, 309-321.
• Baker, T. E., & Wolfer, L. (2003). The crime triangle: Alcohol, drug use, and vandalism: Police Practice & Research: An International Journal Vol 4(1) Mar 2003, 47-61.
• Baron, S. W. (2007). Street youth, gender, financial strain, and crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew's extension to general strain theory: Deviant Behavior Vol 28(3) May 2007, 273-302.
• Beck, J., & Lieberman, H. J. (1986). Behavioral-clinical administration in the real world: Crisis intervention in a large community residence: Behavioural Psychotherapy Vol 14(3) Jul 1986, 258-262.
• Boehnke, K., Hefler, G., Merkens, H., & Hagan, J. (1998). Right-wing extremism among adolescents: The impact of academic success and parental control: Zeitschrift fur Padagogische Psychologie/ German Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 12(4) Dec 1998, 236-249.
• Brewer, D. D., & Miller, M. L. (1990). Bombing and burning: The social organization and values of Hip Hop graffiti writers and implications for policy: Deviant Behavior Vol 11(4) Oct-Dec 1990, 345-369.
• Brown, G., & Devlin, A. S. (2003). Vandalism: Environmental and Social Factors: Journal of College Student Development Vol 44(4) Jul-Aug 2003, 502-516.
• Brown, W. K. (1978). Graffiti, identity and the delinquent gang: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 22(1) 1978, 46-48.
• Buck, A. J., Hakim, S., Swanson, C., & Rattner, A. (2003). Vandalism of vending machines: Factors that attract professionals and amateurs: Journal of Criminal Justice Vol 31(1) Jan-Feb 2003, 85-95.
• Burrell, N. A., & Vogl, S. M. (1990). Turf-side conflict mediation for students: Mediation Quarterly Vol 7(3) Spr 1990, 237-250.
• Bursik, R. J., & Baba, Y. (1986). Individual variations in crime-related decisions: Social Science Research Vol 15(1) Mar 1986, 71-81.
• Carrasco, M., Barker, E. D., Tremblay, R. E., & Vitaro, F. (2006). Eysenck's personality dimensions as predictors of male adolescent trajectories of physical aggression, theft and vandalism: Personality and Individual Differences Vol 41(7) Nov 2006, 1309-1320.
• Cohen, D. A., Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Scribner, R., Miu, A., Scott, M., Robinson, P., et al. (2006). Alcohol outlets, gonorrhea, and the Los Angeles civil unrest: A longitudinal analysis: Social Science & Medicine Vol 62(12) Jun 2006, 3062-3071.
• Cordess, C., & Turcan, M. (1993). Art vandalism: British Journal of Criminology Vol 33(1) Win 1993, 95-102.
• Coslin, P. G. (1989). Adolescence and vandalisms: Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle Vol 18(4) Oct-Dec 1989, 351-364.
• Craw, P. J., Leland, L. S., Jr., Bussell, M. G., Munday, S. J., & Walsh, K. (2006). The Mural as Graffiti Deterrence: Environment and Behavior Vol 38(3) May 2006, 422-434.
• Danaher, D., & Williamson, J. D. (1983). "New town blues": Planning versus mutual: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 29(2) Sum 1983, 147-152.
• Darley, J. M., & Huff, C. W. (1990). Heightened damage assessment as a result of the intentionality of the damage-causing act: British Journal of Social Psychology Vol 29(2) Jun 1990, 181-188.
• Davis, K. (2003). Street gangs: Utilizing their roll calls for investigative and research purposes: Journal of Gang Research Vol 10(3) Spr 2003, 25-36.
• DeMore, S. W., Fisher, J. D., & Baron, R. M. (1988). The equity-control model as a predictor of vandalism among college students: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 18(1) Jan 1988, 80-91.
• Ellis, J. A., Ray, J. A., & Coleman, R. (1983). Factors affecting school vandalism: Social Work in Education Vol 5(4) Jul 1983, 258-272.
• Ellis, J. R., & Pourchot, L. L. (1980). School violence: The new perception of positive approaches: Journal of the Association for the Study of Perception Vol 15(1) Spr 1980, 14-21.
• Epstein, Y. M. (1985). Harmful Acts: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 30 (12), Dec, 1985.
• Eskilson, A., Wiley, M. G., Muehlbauer, G., & Dodder, L. (1986). Parental pressure, self-esteem and adolescent reported deviance: Bending the twig too far: Adolescence Vol 21(83) Fal 1986, 501-515.
• Fine, S., & Louie, D. (1979). Juvenile firesetters: Do the agencies help? : American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 136(4-A) Apr 1979, 433-435.
• Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. K. (2001). Factors in the underreporting of crimes against juveniles: Child Maltreatment Vol 6(3) Aug 2001, 219-229.
• Fisher, J. D., & Baron, R. M. (1982). An equity-based model of vandalism: Population & Environment: Behavioral & Social Issues Vol 5(3) Fal 1982, 182-200.
• Garcia, J., & McWhirter, J. J. (1997). Review of The Psychology of Vandalism: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 42 (5), May, 1997.
• Genz, A., Kruger, E., & Dost, B. (1988). Aggressive behavior in the psychiatric clinic: Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie Vol 40(9) Sep 1988, 542-550.
• Green, J. A. (2003). The writing on the stall: Gender and graffiti: Journal of Language and Social Psychology Vol 22(3) Sep 2003, 282-296.
• Gyasi Obeng, S. (2000). Speaking the unspeakable: Discursive strategies to express language attitudes in Legon (Ghana) graffiti: Research on Language and Social Interaction Vol 33(3) 2000, 291-319.
• Halsey, M., & Young, A. (2006). 'Our desires are ungovernable': Writing graffiti in urban space: Theoretical Criminology Vol 10(3) Aug 2006, 275-306.
• Herbert, R. L. (1990). Arson and vandalism in schools: What can the educational psychologist do? : AEP (Association of Educational Psychologists) Journal Vol 6(2) Jul 1990, 65-70.
• Hochstetler, A., Copes, H., & DeLisi, M. (2002). Differential association in group and solo offending: Journal of Criminal Justice Vol 30(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 559-566.
• Horowitz, T., & Tobaly, D. (2003). School vandalism: individual and social context: Adolescence Vol 38(149) Spr 2003, 131-139.
• Howard, J. L. (1978). Factors in school vandalism: Journal of Research & Development in Education Vol 11(2) Win 1978, 53-63.
• Ihalainen, O. (1989). A good conscience is the best pillow? Sleep disorders in prison: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 43(3) 1989, 199-202.
• Klein, R. L., Leong, G. B., & Silva, J. A. (1996). Employee sabotage in the workplace: A biopsychosocial model: Journal of Forensic Sciences Vol 41(1) Jan 1996, 52-55.
• Klockhaus, R., & Habermann-Morbey, B. (1984). Property damage in schools and school environment: Zeitschrift fur Entwicklungspsychologie und Padagogische Psychologie Vol 16(1) 1984, 47-56.
• Klockhaus, R., & Habermann-Morbey, B. (1985). Vandalism at schools for vocational training: Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht Vol 32(2) 1985, 109-116.
• Knapp, F., & McClure, L. F. (1978). Quasi-experimental evaluation of a quality of life intervention: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 6(3) Jul 1978, 280-290.
• Koch, J.-J. (1986). Vandalism: Social and environmental psychology aspects of destructive behavior: Gruppendynamik Vol 17(1) Mar 1986, 65-82.
• Kube, E., & Schuster, L. (1985). Vandalism in an urban environment: Importance, scope, and context of the phenomenon: Possible preventive measures: Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique Vol 38(2) Apr-Jun 1985, 139-161.
• Landsheer, J. A., & Hart, H. t. (1999). Age and adolescent delinquency: The changing relationship among age, delinquent attitude, and delinquent activity: Criminal Justice and Behavior Vol 26(3) Sep 1999, 373-388.
• Legendre, C. (1989). Street delirium: Psychologie Medicale Vol 21(6) May 1989, 727-731.
• Levine, E. M., & Kozak, C. (1979). Drug and alcohol use, delinquency, and vandalism among upper middle class pre- and post-adolescents: Journal of Youth and Adolescence Vol 8(1) Mar 1979, 91-101.
• Lott, R. S., Kerrick, J. M., & Cohen, S. A. (1996). Clinical and economic aspects of risperidone treatment in adults with mental retardation and behavioral disturbance: Psychopharmacology Bulletin Vol 32(4) 1996, 721-729.
• Lowenstein, L. F. (1986). Vandalism in schools: Causes, prevention and treatment: Health at School Vol 2(3) Nov 1986, 72-73.
• Lucca Irizarry, N., & Pacheco Maldonado, A. M. (1983). The study of graffiti as a source for research on developmental social psychology: A review of the literature: Perspectivas en Psicologia Vol 2(1-2) Jan-Aug 1983, 57-82.
• Ludick, Q., & Roos, V. (2007). Threats to enabling contexts: Exploring adolescents' experiences of aggression: Journal of Psychology in Africa Vol 17(1-2) 2007, 29-38.
• Luengo, M. A., Otero, J. M., Carrillo-de-la-Pena, M. T., & Miron, L. (1994). Dimensions of antisocial behaviour in juvenile delinquency: A study of personality variables: Psychology, Crime & Law Vol 1(1) Jul 1994, 27-37.
• Lundervold, D., & Bourland, G. (1988). Quantitative analysis of treatment of aggression, self-injury, and property destruction: Behavior Modification Vol 12(4) Oct 1988, 590-617.
• Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1980). Realism and eyewitness identification research: Law and Human Behavior Vol 4(4) 1980, 347-358.
• Mansel, J., & Hurrelmann, K. (1998). Aggressive and delinquent behavior of adolescents over time: Findings of self-reports in 1988, 1990 and 1996: Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie Vol 50(1) Mar 1998, 78-109.
• Mayer, G. R., Butterworth, T., Komoto, T., & Benoit, R. (1983). The influence of the school principal on the consultant's effectiveness: Elementary School Guidance & Counseling Vol 17(4) Apr 1983, 274-279.
• Mayer, G. R., Butterworth, T., Nafpaktitis, M., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1983). Preventing school vandalism and improving discipline: A three-year study: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Vol 16(4) Win 1983, 355-369.
• Mayer, G. R., Nafpaktitis, M., Butterworth, T., & Hollingsworth, P. (1987). A search for the elusive setting events of school vandalism: A correlational study: Education & Treatment of Children Vol 10(3) Aug 1987, 259-270.
• McMenemy, P., & Cornish, I. M. (1993). Gender differences in the judged acceptability of graffiti: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 77(2) Oct 1993, 622.
• Mecir, J. (1980). Children systematically damaging clothes and furnishings: Cesko-Slovenska Psychiatrie Vol 76(6) Dec 1980, 421-424.
• Mihinova, B. (2000). Motivational background of normative convictions: Studia Psychologica Vol 42(3) 2000, 193-196.
• Miron, L., Otero, J. M., & Luengo, A. (1988). A study of the influence of family interactions on different kinds of deviant behavior in male adolescents: Analisis y Modificacion de Conducta Vol 14(39) 1988, 5-23.
• Moser, G., & Levy-Leboyer, C. (1985). Inadequate environment and situation control: Is a malfunctioning phone always an occasion for aggression? : Environment and Behavior Vol 17(4) Jul 1985, 520-533.
• Mueller, M. M., Moore, J. W., Doggett, R. A., & Tingstrom, D. H. (2000). The effectiveness of contingency-specific and contingency-nonspecific prompts in controlling bathroom graffiti: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Vol 33(1) Spr 2000, 89-92.
• Nagao, D. H., & Davis, J. H. (1980). The effects of prior experience on mock juror case judgments: Social Psychology Quarterly Vol 43(2) Jun 1980, 190-199.
• Nordmarker, A., Norlander, T., & Archer, T. (2000). The effects of alcohol intake and induced frustration upon art vandalism: Social Behavior and Personality Vol 28(1) 2000, 15-28.
• Northman, J. E. (1984). Community consultation effecting the development of social policy: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 12(1) Jan 1984, 43-52.
• Oggins, J. (2007). "Reversing Vandalism": Coping themes in a library's community art exhibit: The Arts in Psychotherapy Vol 34(3) 2007, 263-276.
• Otta, E., Santana, P. R., Lafraia, L. M., Hoshino, R. L., & et al. (1996). Musa latrinalis: Gender differences in restroom graffiti: Psychological Reports Vol 78(3, Pt 1) Jun 1996, 871-880.
• Rabaglietti, E., Ciairano, S., & Bonino, S. (2007). Deviant behaviours of the adolescents, parents and peers: A longitudinal study: Eta Evolutiva No 87 Jun 2007, 4-17.
• Rosenfeld, L. B. (1977). Setting the stage for learning: Theory Into Practice Vol 16(3) Jun 1977, 167-173.
• Ross, C. E., & Jang, S. J. (2000). Neighborhood disorder, fear, and mistrust: The buffering role of social ties with neighbors: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 28(4) Aug 2000, 401-420.
• Roth, N. (2004). The 'Lugna Gatan' project--an example of enterprise in crime prevention work: Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy Vol 11(3) Jun 2004, 193-198.
• Ruback, R. B., & Patnaik, R. (1989). Crowding, perceived control, and the destruction of property: Psychological Studies Vol 34(1) Mar 1989, 1-14.
• Ruchkin, J. P. (1977). Does school crime need the attention of policemen or educators? : Teachers College Record Vol 79(2) Dec 1977, 225-243.
• Samdahl, D. M., & Christensen, H. H. (1985). Environmental cues and vandalism: An exploratory study of picnic table carving: Environment and Behavior Vol 17(4) Jul 1985, 445-458.
• Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., de Kemp, R. A. T., Harakeh, Z., & Overbeek, G. (2007). Differential parental treatment, sibling relationships and delinquency in adolescence: Journal of Youth and Adolescence Vol 36(5) Jul 2007, 661-671.
• Schreer, G. E., & Strichartz, J. M. (1997). Private restroom graffiti: An analysis of controversial social issues on two college campuses: Psychological Reports Vol 81(3, Pt 1) Dec 1997, 1067-1074.
• Sommer, R. (1987). Crime and vandalism in university residence halls: A confirmation of defensible space theory: Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 7(1) Mar 1987, 1-12.
• Spelman, W. (2004). Optimal Targeting of Incivility-Reduction Strategies: Journal of Quantitative Criminology Vol 20(1) Mar 2004, 63-88.
• Stefanko, M. S. (1990). Rates of secondary school vandalism and violence: Trends, demographic differences and the effects of the attitudes and behaviors of principals: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Stevenson, R. J., Lind, B., & Weatherburn, D. (1999). Property damage and public disorder: Their relationship with sales of alcohol in New South Wales, Australia: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 54(2) Apr 1999, 163-170.
• Strachan, J. G. (1981). Conspicuous firesetting in children: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 138 Jan 1981, 26-29.
• Taylor, G. (1983). Project PRIDE: An anti-vandalism program: Canadian Journal of Criminology Vol 25(1) Jan 1983, 91-94.
• Terrell, F., & Taylor, J. (1980). Self concept of juveniles who commit Black on Black crimes: Corrective & Social Psychiatry & Journal of Behavior Technology, Methods & Therapy Vol 26(3) 1980, 107-109.
• Tobias, J. J. (1977). Suburban school vandalism: A growing concern: Journal of Police Science & Administration Vol 5(1) Mar 1977, 112-114.
• Turai, T. (1985). Crimes against social property in the mirror of a criminal psychological examination: Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle Vol 42(2) 1985, 112-127.
• Tygart, C. (1988). Public school vandalism: Toward a synthesis of theories and transition to paradigm analysis: Adolescence Vol 23(89) Spr 1988, 187-200.
• van Wilsem, J., Wittebrood, K., & de Graaf, N. D. (2006). Socioeconomic Dynamics of Neighborhoods and the Risk of Crime Victimization: A Multilevel Study of Improving, Declining, and Stable Areas in the Netherlands: Social Problems Vol 53(2) May 2006, 226-247.
• Vander Stoep, G. A., & Gramann, J. H. (1987). The effect of verbal appeals and incentives on depreciative behavior among youthful park visitors: Journal of Leisure Research Vol 19(2) 1987, 69-83.
• Waite, D., Keller, A., McGarvey, E. L., Wieckowski, E., Pinkerton, R., & Brown, G. L. (2005). Juvenile Sex Offender Re-Arrest Rates for Sexual, Violent Nonsexual and Property Crimes: A 10-Year Follow-Up: Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment Vol 17(3) Jul 2005, 313-331.
• Walsh, A. (1987). Cognitive functioning and delinquency: Property versus violent offenses: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 31(3) 1987, 285-289.
• Watson, T. S. (1996). A prompt plus delayed contingency procedure for reducing bathroom graffiti: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Vol 29(1) Spr 1996, 121-124.
• Wenner, A. (1999). The C.H.O.I.C.E. Program: Reducing damage by increasing involvement: International Journal of Reality Therapy Vol 18(2) Spr 1999, 47-51.
• West, R., Drummond, C., & Eames, K. (1990). Alcohol consumption, problem drinking and anti-social behaviour in a sample of college students: British Journal of Addiction Vol 85(4) Apr 1990, 479-486.
• Wikstrom, P.-O. H. (1991). Housing tenure, social class and offending: The individual-level relationship in childhood and youth: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 1(1) 1991, 69-89.
• Wilson, J. Z. (2008). Racist and political extremist graffiti in Australian prisons, 1970s to 1990s: Howard Journal of Criminal Justice Vol 47(1) Feb 2008, 52-66.
• Zwier, G., & Vaughan, G. M. (1984). Three ideological orientations in school vandalism research: Review of Educational Research Vol 54(2) Sum 1984, 263-292.

Additional material

Books

• McLoughlin, C. S. (1987). Parent-teacher conferencing. Springfield, IL, England: Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
• Norris, F. H., Kaniasty, K., & Thompson, M. P. (1997). The psychological consequences of crime: Findings from a longitudinal population-based study. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Thomas, R. M. (2006). Violence in American's schools: Understanding, prevention, and responses. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Weiss, J. C. (2005). Working with Victims of Hate Crimes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Wikstrom, P.-O. H. (1991). Urban crime, criminals, and victims: The Swedish experience in an Anglo-American comparative perspective. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag Publishing.

Papers

• Google Scholar
• Palmer, C. J. (1996). Violence and other forms of victimization in residence halls: Perspectives of resident assistants: Journal of College Student Development Vol 37(3) May-Jun 1996, 268-277.

Dissertations

• Arnold, A. A. (1976). Vandalism in an inner city school administrative complex: Its relationship to educational consumers' perceptions of their schools: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Broski, D. J. (1978). Ohio school vandalism: Characteristics and preventive measures: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Butler, J. R. (1981). The role of interpretation as a motivating agent toward park resource protection: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Christensen, H. H. (1978). Bystander reactions to illegal behavior in a forested recreation area: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Goslin, J. C. (1985). Vandalism: A perception of secondary principals of Oakland County, state of Michigan: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Griffin, P. A. (1983). An analysis of the school principal's ability to recognize and resolve conflict and its effect on school violence and vandalism: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Harvey, P. L. (1984). Moral development and residence hall vandalism: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hearne, M. D. (1979). A social learning theory approach to staff development and teacher behavior, student behavior, and reading achievement: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hemenway, L. A. (1981). Violence and vandalism in schools: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• McBride, A. (1980). The perceived effects of discontinued extraclass activities on public schools: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Miller, N. (1986). A study of vandalism in selected Georgia urban school districts: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Murillo, R. B. (1977). Vandalism and school attitudes: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Pascale, J. G. (1986). An analysis of the impact of peripheral recreation and education curricula, demographics and adjunct measures on vandalism at randomly selected public school facilities within Fairfax County, Virginia: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Porter, G. V. (1980). The control of vandalism in urban recreational facilities: A revision of the defensible space model: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Rose, F. S. (1978). The effect of violence and vandalism on the completion of the educational process: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Snow, H. W. (1983). Attitudes toward the environment and vandalism in relation to ego development during late adolescence: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Sohn, A. T. (1983). An analysis of school and classroom discipline practices and their relationship to school property loss: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Stretton, E. H. (1977). A study of school vandalism in junior high schools and middle schools in the state of Indiana: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Ullman, D. L. (1989). Neuropsychological correlates of assaultive behavior among incarcerated males: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Whitt, L. A. (1982). The effect of posters, feedback, and incentives on vandalism in a residential setting: Dissertation Abstracts International.