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Toy selection, the choosing of toys to play with reflects childhood play development
The relationship with gender
The relationship with disability
Animal studies
See also
References & Bibliography
Key texts
Books
- Goldstein, J. H. (1992). Sex differences in aggressive play and toy preference. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Hartmann, W., & Brougere, G. (2004). Toy Culture in Preschool Education and Children's Toy Preferences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Papers
- Alexander, G. M. (2003). An evolutionary perspective of sex-typed toy preferences: Pink, blue, and the brain: Archives of Sexual Behavior Vol 32(1) Feb 2003, 7-14.
- Alexander, G. M. (2006). Associations among gender-linked toy preferences, spatial ability, and digit ratio: Evidence from eye-tracking analysis: Archives of Sexual Behavior Vol 35(6) Dec 2006, 699-709.
- Alexander, G. M., & Hines, M. (2002). Sex differences in response to children's toys in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus): Evolution and Human Behavior Vol 23(6) Nov 2002, 467-479.
- Allen, V. L., & Allen, P. S. (1974). On the attractiveness of forbidden objects: Developmental Psychology Vol 10(6) Nov 1974, 871-873.
- Almqvist, B. (1989). Age and gender differences in children's Christmas requests: Play & Culture Vol 2(1) Feb 1989, 2-19.
- Apple, J. K., & Craig, J. V. (1992). The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 35(2) Nov 1992, 149-155.
- Artar, M. (2006). Traditional toys in turkey: Comparison in a rural and urban setting: Cadernos de Psicologia e Educacao Paideia Vol 16(33) Jan-Apr 2006, 37-42.
- Berenbaum, S. A., & Hines, M. (1992). Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences: Psychological Science Vol 3(3) May 1992, 203-206.
- Blakemore, J. E., LaRue, A. A., & Olejnik, A. B. (1979). Sex-appropriate toy preference and the ability to conceptualize toys as sex-role related: Developmental Psychology Vol 15(3) May 1979, 339-340.
- Bradbard, M. R., & Parkman, S. A. (1984). Gender differences in preschool children's toy requests: Journal of Genetic Psychology Vol 145(2) Dec 1984, 283-284.
- Caldera, Y. M., & Sciaraffa, M. A. (1998). Parent-toddler play with feminine toys: Are all dolls the same? : Sex Roles Vol 39(9-10) Nov 1998, 657-668.
- Cameron, E., Eisenberg, N., & Tryon, K. (1985). The relations between sex-typed play and preschoolers' social behavior: Sex Roles Vol 12(5-6) Mar 1985, 601-615.
- Carter, D. B., & Levy, G. D. (1988). Cognitive aspects of early sex-role development: The influence of gender schemas on preschoolers' memories and preferences for sex-typed toys and activities: Child Development Vol 59(3) Jun 1988, 782-792.
- Christensen, K. E., & Stockdale, D. F. (1991). Predictors of toy selection criteria of preschool children's parents: Children's Environments Quarterly Vol 8(1) 1991, 25-36.
- Cobb, N. J., Stevens-Long, J., & Goldstein, S. (1982). The influence of televised models on toy preference in children: Sex Roles Vol 8(10) Oct 1982, 1075-1080.
- Costanzo, P. R., Grumet, J. F., & Brehm, S. S. (1974). The effects of choice and source of constraint on children's attributions of preference: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol 10(4) Jul 1974, 352-364.
- Coury, K., & Wolfgang, C. (1984). An overview of the measurement methods of toy and play preference studies: Early Child Development and Care Vol 14(3-4) Mar 1984, 217-232.
- Daldry, A. D., & Russell, P. A. (1982). Sex differences in the behavior of preschool children with novel and familiar toys: Journal of Genetic Psychology Vol 141(1) Sep 1982, 3-6.
- Didden, R., & de Moor, J. (2004). Preference Assessment in Toddlers With Mild Developmental and Physical Disabilities: A Comparative Study: Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Vol 16(1) Mar 2004, 107-116.
- DiLeo, J. C., Moely, B. E., & Sulzer, J. L. (1979). Frequency and modifiability of children's preferences for sex-typed toys, games, and occupations: Child Study Journal Vol 9(2) 1979, 141-159.
- Doering, R. W., Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & MacIntyre, R. B. (1989). Effects of neutral toys on sex-typed play in children with gender identity disorder: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol 17(5) Oct 1989, 563-574.
- Downs, A. C. (1983). Letters to Santa Claus: Elementary school-age children's sex-typed toy preferences in a natural setting: Sex Roles Vol 9(2) Feb 1983, 159-163.
- Drewes, A. A. (2008). Bobo revisited: What the research says: International Journal of Play Therapy Vol 17(1) Sum 2008, 52-65.
- Drewes, A. A. (2008). "Bobo revisited: What the research says": Correction to Drewes (2008): International Journal of Play Therapy Vol 17(2) Fal 2008, 101.
- Eaton, W. O., von Bargen, D., & Keats, J. G. (1981). Gender understanding and dimensions of preschooler toy choice: Sex stereotype versus activity level: Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement Vol 13(3) Jul 1981, 203-209.
- Eckerman, C. O., & Rheingold, H. L. (1974). Infants' exploratory responses to toys and people: Developmental Psychology Vol 10(2) Mar 1974, 255-259.
- Eisenberg, N., Tryon, K., & Cameron, E. (1984). The relation of preschoolers' peer interaction to their sex-typed toy choices: Child Development Vol 55(3) Jun 1984, 1044-1050.
- Eisenberg-Berg, N., Boothby, R., & Matson, T. (1979). Correlates of preschool girls' feminine and masculine toy preferences: Developmental Psychology Vol 15(3) May 1979, 354-355.
- Eisenberg-Berg, N., Murray, E., & Hite, T. (1982). Children's reasoning regarding sex-typed toy choices: Child Development Vol 53(1) Feb 1982, 81-86.
- Fagot, B. I., Leinbach, M. D., & Hagan, R. (1986). Gender labeling and the adoption of sex-typed behaviors: Developmental Psychology Vol 22(4) Jul 1986, 440-443.
- Fallon, M. A., & Harris, M. B. (1989). Factors influencing the selection of toys for handicapped and normally developing preschool children: Journal of Genetic Psychology Vol 150(2) Jun 1989, 125-134.
- Faulkender, P. J. (1980). Categorical habituation with sex-typed toy stimuli in older and younger preschoolers: Child Development Vol 51(2) Jun 1980, 515-519.
- Favell, J. E., & Cannon, P. R. (1977). Evaluation of entertainment materials for severely retarded persons: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 81(4) Jan 1977, 357-361.
- Feeney, S., & Magarick, M. (1984). Choosing good toys for young children: Young Children Vol 40(1) Nov 1984, 21-25.
- Ferrara, C., & Hill, S. D. (1980). The responsiveness of autistic children to the predictability of social and nonsocial toys: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Vol 10(1) Mar 1980, 51-57.
- Fisher-Thompson, D. (1993). Adult toy purchases for children: Factors affecting sex-typed toy selection: Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology Vol 14(3) Jul-Sep 1993, 385-406.
- Fisher-Thompson, D., & Burke, T. A. (1998). Experimenter influences and children's cross-gender behavior: Sex Roles Vol 39(9-10) Nov 1998, 669-684.
- Fisher-Thompson, D., Sausa, A. D., & Wright, T. F. (1995). Toy selection for children: Personality and toy request influences: Sex Roles Vol 33(3-4) Aug 1995, 239-255.
- Frasher, R. S., Nurss, J. R., & Brogan, D. R. (1980). Children's toy preferences revisited: Implications for early childhood education: Child Care Quarterly Vol 9(1) Spr 1980, 26-31.
- Goldman, J. A., Smith, J., & Keller, E. D. (1982). Sex-role preference in young children: What are we measuring? : Journal of Genetic Psychology Vol 141(1) Sep 1982, 83-92.
- Gopaul-Mc.Nicol, S.-a. (1988). Racial identification and racial preference of Black preschool children in New York and Trinidad: Journal of Black Psychology Vol 14(2) Feb 1988, 65-68.
- Gramza, A. F. (1976). Responses to manipulability of a play object: Psychological Reports Vol 38(3, Pt 2) Jun 1976, 1109-1110.
- Green, R., Fuller, M., Rutley, B. R., & Hendler, J. (1972). Playroom toy preferences of fifteen masculine and fifteen feminine boys: Behavior Therapy Vol 3(3) Jul 1972, 425-429.
- Green, V. A., Bigler, R., & Catherwood, D. (2004). The Variability and Flexibility of Gender-Typed Toy Play: A Close Look at Children's Behavioral Responses to Counterstereotypic Models: Sex Roles Vol 51(7-8) 2004, 371-386.
- Guillemaut, J. (1982). Games and children: General introduction: Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence Vol 30(7-8) Jul-Aug 1982, 369-372.
- Harris, S., Kasari, C., & Sigman, M. D. (1996). Joint attention and language gains in children with Down syndrome: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 100(6) May 1996, 608-619.
- Hassett, J. M., Siebert, E. R., & Wallen, K. (2008). Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children: Hormones and Behavior Vol 54(3) Aug 2008, 359-364.
- Hellendoorn, J., & Harinck, F. J. H. (1995). War toy play and aggression in kindergartners: Kind en Adolescent Vol 16(4) Nov 1995, 228-243.
- Henderson, B. A., & Berenbaum, S. A. (1997). Sex-typed play in opposite-sex twins: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 31(2) Sep 1997, 115-123.
- Henderson, B. B. (1981). Exploration by preschool children: Peer interaction and individual differences: Merrill-Palmer Quarterly Vol 27(3) Jul 1981, 241-255.
- Hendrickson, J. M., Strain, P. S., Tremblay, A., & Shores, R. E. (1981). Relationship between toy and material use and the occurrence of social interactive behaviors by normally developing preschool children: Psychology in the Schools Vol 18(4) Oct 1981, 500-504.
- Hines, M., & Alexander, G. M. (2008). Monkeys, girls, boys and toys: A confirmation letter regarding "Sex differences in toy preferences: Striking parallels between monkeys and humans." Hormones and Behavior Vol 54(3) Aug 2008, 478-479.
- Hom, H. L., & Maxwell, F. R. (1979). Methodological considerations in the forbidden toy paradigm: Developmental Psychology Vol 15(6) Nov 1979, 654-655.
- Hunter, M. A., Ames, E. W., & Koopman, R. (1983). Effects of stimulus complexity and familiarization time on infant preferences for novel and familiar stimuli: Developmental Psychology Vol 19(3) May 1983, 338-352.
- Hunter, M. A., Ross, H. S., & Ames, E. W. (1982). Preferences for familiar or novel toys: Effect of familiarization time in 1-year-olds: Developmental Psychology Vol 18(4) Jul 1982, 519-529.
- Idle, T., Wood, E., & Desmarais, S. (1993). Gender role socialization in toy play situations: Mothers and fathers with their sons and daughters: Sex Roles Vol 28(11-12) Jun 1993, 679-691.
- Jacklin, C. N., Maccoby, E. E., & Dick, A. E. (1973). Barrier behavior and toy preference: Sex differences (and their absence) in the year-old child: Child Development Vol 44(1) Mar 1973, 196-200.
- Joiner, R. W. (1998). The effect of gender on children's software preferences: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning Vol 14(3) Sep 1998, 195-198.
- Jones, M. L., Favell, J. E., Lattimore, J., & Risley, T. R. (1984). Improving independent engagement of nonambulatory multihandicapped persons through the systematic analysis of leisure materials: Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities Vol 4(4) 1984, 313-332.
- Kaplan, M. G., & McCornack, B. L. (1982). Toy choices and social behavior in noncompetitive, same- and opposite-sex preschool dyads: Child Study Journal Vol 12(4) 1982, 237-247.
- Karniol, R., & Ross, M. (1976). The development of causal attributions in social perception: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 34(3) Sep 1976, 455-464.
- Karpoe, K. P., & Olney, R. L. (1983). The effect of boys' or girls' toys on sex-typed play in preadolescents: Sex Roles Vol 9(4) Apr 1983, 507-518.
- Katz, P. A., & Zalk, S. R. (1974). Doll preferences: An index of racial attitudes? : Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 66(5) Oct 1974, 663-668.
- Landreth, G. L. (1978). Children communicate through play: TPGA (Texas Personnel & Guidance Association) Journal Vol 6(1) Spr 1978, 41-42.
- Langley, M. B. (1985). Selecting, adapting, and applying toys as learning tools for handicapped children: Topics in Early Childhood Special Education Vol 5(3) Fal 1985, 101-118.
- Le Maner, G., & Deleau, M. (1995). Choice of toys and peer interactions: Social behaviors of 24-month-old children in same-sex dyads and mixed-sex dyads: Enfance No 4 1995, 417-434.
- Lederman, E. (1986). Developmental toys and equipment: A practical guide to selection and utilization. Springfield, IL, England: Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
- Leung, L. (1979). Sex-role adoption in free play among Hong Kong kindergarten children: Bulletin of the Hong Kong Psychological Society No 2 Jan 1979, 33-35.
- Libet, A. Q., & Forehand, R. (1979). A component analysis of positive practice overcorrection: An examination of re-educative effects: Psychological Record Vol 29(2) Spr 1979, 219-229.
- Linford, M. D., & Linford, A. G. (1977). Validity of the stimulus familiarization effect under varied choice instruction situations for young children: Psychological Reports Vol 41(1) Aug 1977, 251-254.
- Liss, M. B. (1979). Variables influencing modeling and sex-typed play: Psychological Reports Vol 44(3, Pt 2) Jun 1979, 1107-1115.
- Liss, M. B. (1981). Patterns of toy play: An analysis of sex differences: Sex Roles Vol 7(11) Nov 1981, 1143-1150.
- Lloyd, B., Duveen, G., & Smith, C. (1988). Social representations of gender and young children's play: A replication: British Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol 6(1) Mar 1988, 83-88.
- Lloyd, B., & Smith, C. (1985). The social representation of gender and young children's play: British Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol 3(1) Mar 1985, 65-73.
- Lobel, T. E., & Menashri, J. (1993). Relations of conceptions of gender-role transgressions and gender constancy to gender-typed toy preferences: Developmental Psychology Vol 29(1) Jan 1993, 150-155.
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Additional material
Books
- Niel, B., & Landreth, G. L. (2001). Have toys--will travel: A traveling play therapist in the school setting. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
- Roberts, G. C., & Black, K. N. (1973). The effect of naming and object permanence on toy preferences. Oxford, England: Alfred A Knopf.
Papers
- Google Scholar
- Acosta-Alzuru, C., & Kreshel, P. J. (2002). "I'm an American girl...Whatever that means": Girls consuming Pleasant Company's American girl identity: Journal of Communication Vol 52(1) Mar 2002, 139-161.
- Ashton, E. (1983). Measures of play behavior: The influence of sex-role stereotyped children's books: Sex Roles Vol 9(1) Jan 1983, 43-47.
- Baer, R. A., & Detrich, R. (1990). Tacting and manding in correspondence training: Effects of child selection of verbalization: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 54(1) Jul 1990, 23-30.
- Barrett, K. C., Campos, J. J., & Emde, R. N. (1996). Infants' use of conflicting emotion signals: Cognition & Emotion Vol 10(2) Mar 1996, 113-135.
- Beisel, D. (1984). Thoughts on the Cabbage Patch Kids: Journal of Psychohistory Vol 12(1) Sum 1984, 133-142.
- Bell, N. J., & Carver, W. (1980). A reevaluation of gender label effects: Expectant mothers' responses to infants: Child Development Vol 51(3) Sep 1980, 925-927.
- Burkhard, B., Rachlin, H., & Schrader, S. (1978). Reinforcement and punishment in a closed system: Learning and Motivation Vol 9(4) Nov 1978, 392-410.
- Cook, A. S., & Culp, R. E. (1981). Mutual play of mothers with their Down's syndrome and normal infants: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research Vol 4(4) Dec 1981, 542-544.
- de Freitas Ribeiro, A. (1989). Correspondence in children's self-report: Tacting and manding aspects: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 51(3) May 1989, 361-367.
Dissertations
- Adubato, S. A. (1985). Father involvement, sex typing, and the toy play of children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Boston, M. B. (1985). Sex role models, implicit expectations, and sex typed behavior choice in 18 to 24 and 36 to 42 month old children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Burkhard, B. J. (1977). Contingent behavior in children: An economic approach to Premack's theory of reinforcement: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Chi, S. A. (1992). A comparison of the effects of play materials on preschool children's social play behaviors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Chiang, L. (1986). Developmental differences in children's use of play materials: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Christmas, E. E. (1975). Children's interactions with social and nonsocial behavior objects in a multi-age evening care setting: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Conover, D. K. (1973). Object preference and resulting movement behaviors of three to seven year old custodial and trainable retarded boys: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Doering, R. W. (1982). Parental reinforcement of gender-typed behaviours in boys with atypical gender identity: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Flood, B. (1975). The effects of an infant environment on infant social interrelationships and infant relationships with the physical environment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Frasher, R. S. (1975). Modification of children's toy preferences: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Fridy, J. L. (1986). Unstructured materials: A contextual approach to the attentional deficits of developmentally delayed preschool children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Gopaul-McNicol, S.-A. A. (1987). A cross-cultural study of the effects of modeling, reinforcement and color meaning word association on doll color preference of Black preschool children and White preschool children in New York and Trinidad: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Grumet, J. F. (1975). Effects of adult and peer sanctions on children's attributions of preference: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Guinn, M. F. (1985). Gender type toy preferences of native American, non-native American preschool children in day care, non-day care settings: Dissertation Abstracts International
- Liss, M. B. (1977). The effects of televised modeling cues on children's sex-typed toy preferences: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- May, B. W. (1978). Color preference for Black and White infants and young children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Merbler, J. B. (1977). The effects of elaborated play, linguistic marking, and object preference on the performance of infants on Piagetian object permanence tasks: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Moller, L. C. (1993). Toddler peer preferences: The role of gender awareness, sex-typed toy preferences and compatible play styles: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Moody, M. E. (1977). Developmental trends in children's imitation of parental sex-appropriate, sex-inappropriate, and non-sex-typed behavior: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- O'Brien, M. (1983). Sex-typed toy play in toddlers: Origin and development: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Olson, K. M. (1993). Preference and choice: Effects on play behavior of children with and without disabilities: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Parker, A. M. (1992). Toy preference and play of developmentally delayed boys and girls: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Pennell, G. E. (1999). Doing gender with Santa: Gender-typing in children's toy preferences. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
- Robinson, C. C. (1983). The effects of sex-typed labeling in conjunction with sex-typed modeling upon preschool children's toy preference behavior: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Roggman, L. A. (1989). Age differences in the goals of play: Toy preferences and organization of visual attention by 10-month-olds, 15-month-olds, and 29-month-olds: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Ross, H. S. (1972). Novelty and complexity as determinants of exploratory behavior in 12-month-old infants: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
- Schmid, J. L. (1973). The choice and use of toys by Montessori preschoolers: The relation with sex, age, SES and conceptual tempo: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Schneider, J. W. (1993). An investigation of focused attention in opioid-exposed toddlers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Silverstein, J. M. (1992). The effects of modeling, reinforcement, and word associations on doll preferences of Black and White preschoolers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
- Steiner, L. L. (1980). A study of female kindergarten teachers' sex-role attitudes and their effect on kindergarten girls' sex-typed toy preferences: Dissertation Abstracts International.