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'''Theanine''' is an [[amino acid]] commonly found in [[tea]] (infusions of ''Camellia sinensis''). Theanine is related to a [[glutamine]], and can cross the [[blood-brain barrier]].<ref name="yokogoshi">{{cite journal |author=Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M, Mochizuki M, Terashima T |title=Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats |journal=Neurochem Res |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=667-73 |year=1998 |id=PMID 9566605}}</ref> Because it can enter the brain, theanine has [[psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] properties.<ref name="gomez">{{cite journal |author=Gomez-Ramirez M |title=The Deployment of Intersensory Selective Attention: A High-density Electrical Mapping Study of the Effects of Theanine |journal=Clin Neuropharmacol |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=25-38 |year= |id=PMID 17272967}}</ref> Theanine has been shown to reduce mental and physical [[Stress (medicine)|stress]]<ref name="kimura">{{cite journal |author=Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja L, Ohira H |title=L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses |journal=Biol Psychol |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=39-45 |year=2007 |id=PMID 16930802}}</ref> and may produce feelings of relaxation.<ref name="lu">{{cite journal |author=Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C, Liley D, Harrison B, Bartholomeusz C, Phan K, Nathan P |title=The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans |journal=Hum Psychopharmacol |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=457-65 |year=2004 |id=PMID 15378679}}</ref> |
'''Theanine''' is an [[amino acid]] commonly found in [[tea]] (infusions of ''Camellia sinensis''). Theanine is related to a [[glutamine]], and can cross the [[blood-brain barrier]].<ref name="yokogoshi">{{cite journal |author=Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M, Mochizuki M, Terashima T |title=Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats |journal=Neurochem Res |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=667-73 |year=1998 |id=PMID 9566605}}</ref> Because it can enter the brain, theanine has [[psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] properties.<ref name="gomez">{{cite journal |author=Gomez-Ramirez M |title=The Deployment of Intersensory Selective Attention: A High-density Electrical Mapping Study of the Effects of Theanine |journal=Clin Neuropharmacol |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=25-38 |year= |id=PMID 17272967}}</ref> Theanine has been shown to reduce mental and physical [[Stress (medicine)|stress]]<ref name="kimura">{{cite journal |author=Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja L, Ohira H |title=L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses |journal=Biol Psychol |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=39-45 |year=2007 |id=PMID 16930802}}</ref> and may produce feelings of relaxation.<ref name="lu">{{cite journal |author=Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C, Liley D, Harrison B, Bartholomeusz C, Phan K, Nathan P |title=The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans |journal=Hum Psychopharmacol |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=457-65 |year=2004 |id=PMID 15378679}}</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 21:34, 1 June 2007
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|
Theanine chemical structure | |
| 2-Amino-4-(ethylcarbamoyl)butyric acid IUPAC name | |
| CAS number 3081-61-6 |
ATC code [[ATC_code_{{{ATC_prefix}}}|{{{ATC_prefix}}}]]{{{ATC_suffix}}} |
| PubChem 228398 |
DrugBank {{{DrugBank}}} |
| Chemical formula | {{{chemical_formula}}} |
| Molecular weight | 174.20 g/mol |
| Bioavailability | {{{bioavailability}}} |
| Metabolism | |
| Elimination half-life | {{{elimination_half-life}}} |
| Excretion | |
| Pregnancy category | {{{pregnancy_category}}} |
| Legal status | Legal everywhere |
| Routes of administration | Oral |
Theanine is an amino acid commonly found in tea (infusions of Camellia sinensis). Theanine is related to a glutamine, and can cross the blood-brain barrier.[1] Because it can enter the brain, theanine has psychoactive properties.[2] Theanine has been shown to reduce mental and physical stress[3] and may produce feelings of relaxation.[4]
Theanine is speculated to produce these effects by increasing the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. Theanine increases brain serotonin, dopamine, GABA levels and has micromolar affinities for AMPA, Kainate and NMDA receptors.[5] It has also been found that injecting spontaneously hypertensive mice with theanine significantly lowered levels of 5-hydroxyindole in the brain.[6] Researchers also speculate that it may inhibit glutamic acid excitotoxicity.[5] Theanine also promotes alpha wave production in the brain.[2]
Studies on test rats have shown that even repeated, extremely high doses of theanine cause little to no harmful psychological or physical effects.[7]
L-theanine may help the body's immune response when fighting infection by boosting the disease-fighting capacity of gamma delta T cells. The study, released in 2003 by the Brigham and Women's Hospital, included a four-week trial with 11 coffee drinkers and 10 tea drinkers, who consumed 600 milliliters of coffee or black tea daily. Blood sample analysis found that the production of anti-bacterial proteins was up to five times higher in the tea-drinkers, an indicator of a stronger immune response.[8]
See also
- gamma-Glutamylmethylamide
References
- ↑ Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M, Mochizuki M, Terashima T (1998). Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Neurochem Res 23 (5): 667-73. PMID 9566605.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gomez-Ramirez M. The Deployment of Intersensory Selective Attention: A High-density Electrical Mapping Study of the Effects of Theanine. Clin Neuropharmacol 30 (1): 25-38. PMID 17272967.
- ↑ Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja L, Ohira H (2007). L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biol Psychol 74 (1): 39-45. PMID 16930802.
- ↑ Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C, Liley D, Harrison B, Bartholomeusz C, Phan K, Nathan P (2004). The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol 19 (7): 457-65. PMID 15378679.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nathan P, Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C (2006). The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent. J Herb Pharmacother 6 (2): 21-30. PMID 17182482.
- ↑ Yokogoshi H, Kato Y, Sagesaka YM, Takihara-Matsuura T, Kakuda T, Takeuchi N (1995). Reduction effect of theanine on blood pressure and brain 5-hydroxyindoles in spontaneously hypertensive rats.. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 59 (4): 615-618. PMID 7539642.
- ↑ Borzelleca J, Peters D, Hall W (2006). A 13-week dietary toxicity and toxicokinetic study with L-theanine in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 44 (7): 1158-66. PMID 16759779.
- ↑ Kamath A, Wang L, Das H, Li L, Reinhold V, Bukowski J (2003). Antigens in tea-beverage prime human Vgamma 2Vdelta 2 T cells in vitro and in vivo for memory and nonmemory antibacterial cytokine responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (10): 6009-14. PMID 12719524.
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