Education
 

Self-medication

From Psychology Wiki

(Redirected from Self medication)

Community portal · Tasks to do · News · Help

Clinical · Educational · Ind&Org · Other fields · Professional · Transpersonal · World

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language
Personality | Philosophy | Research Methods | Social | Statistics

Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·

This article is in need of attention from a psychologist/academic expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you are qualified.
.

Self-medication is the use of drugs, sometimes prescription drug sometimes illicit, to treat a perceived or real malady, often of a psychological nature without consultation with medical personnel.

Over-the-counter drugs are a form of self medication. The buyer diagnoses their own illness and buys a specific nonprescription drug to treat it. The World Self-Medication Industry (WSMI) define self-medication as the treatment of common health problems with medicines especially designed and labeled for use without medical supervision and approved as safe and effective for such use.

A person may also self-medicate by taking more or less than the recommended dose of a drug.

Some mental illness sufferers attempt to correct their illnesses by use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, or other mind-altering drugs. While this may provide immediate relief of some symptoms such as anxiety, it may evoke and/or exacerbate some symptoms of several kinds of mental illnesses that are already latently present, and may lead to addiction/dependence, among other side effects of long-term use of the drug.

The theory that drug dependence or addiction results from self-medication for the distress caused by a pre-existing condition was introduced in 1974 by David F. Duncan and Edward J. Khantzian in independent publications. This theory has come to be known as the self-medication hypothesis. For example, sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder are prone to self-medication, as well as many individual without this diagnosis which have suffered from (mental) trauma.

Occasionally an individual will attempt self-medication for physical illnesses. For example, it is believed that Kurt Cobain's use of heroin partially stemmed from a painful stomach condition.

The current phenomenon in many Western societies of the widespread usage of vitamins, herbs, and other over-the-counter "supplements"--usually without the advice, supervision, or even knowledge of any licensed health professional--is another possible example of self-medication. Some observers of health behavior and medical affairs have speculated that this trend may arise from the desire of laymen to feel more in control of their own health--rather than relying on the traditional medical establishment, whose motives are sometimes seen as suspect. The extraordinary increases in the cost of traditional health care in recent decades--doctors, hospitals, prescriptions, etc.-- causes some individuals to desperately try to find more affordable alternatives to treat or prevent their own afflictions, though this pursuit sometimes proves to be ineffective and expensive.

Contents

[edit] Self medication with alcohol

[edit] Self medication and drugs of addiction

[edit] See also

[edit] References & Bibliography

[edit] Key texts

[edit] Books

  • Albanese, M. J., & Khantzian, E. J. (2002). Self-medication theory and modified dynamic group therapy. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Crawley, B. (1993). Self-medication and the elderly. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Harchik, A. E. (1994). Self-medication skills. Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes Publishing.
  • Weiss, R. D., & Mirin, S. M. (1997). Substance abuse as an attempt at self-medication. New York, NY: New York University Press.

[edit] Papers

  • Achalu, ED (2002).The self-medication hypothesis: a review of the two major theories and the research evidence. SMH: Recent Developments on the Self-Medication Hypothesis, 1(10), id1. [1]
  • Blenkinsopp A, Bradley C (1996). Over the counter drugs: the future for self medication. British Medical Journal, 312, 835.
  • Duncan DF (1974a). Reinforcement of drug abuse: Implications for prevention. Clinical Toxicology Bulletin, 4(2), 69.
  • Duncan DF (1974b). Drug abuse as a coping mechanism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(6), 724.
  • Duncan DF (1975).The acquisition, maintenance and treatment of polydrug dependence: A public health model. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 7(2), 201.
  • Hughes CM, McElnay JC, Fleming GF (2001). Benefits and risks of self medication. Drug Safety, 24, 1027
  • Khantzian, EJ, Mack JE, Schatzberg AF (1974). Heroin use as an attempt to cope: clinical observations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(2), 160.
  • Khantzian EJ (1985). The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(11), 1259.
  • Khantzian EJ (1990) Self-regulation and self-medication factors in alcoholism and the addictions. similarities and differences. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 8, 255.
  • Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications: Harvard Review of Psychiatry Vol 4(5) Jan-Feb 1997, 231-244.
  • Khantzian, E. J. (2003). The Self-Medication Hypothesis Revisited: The Dually Diagnosed Patient: Primary Psychiatry Vol 10(9) Sep 2003, 47-48, 53-54.
  • Khantzian, E. J. (2003). Understanding Addictive Vulnerability: An Evolving Psychodynamic Perspective: Neuro-Psychoanalysis Vol 5(1) 2003, 5-21.
  • Khantzian, E. J. (2003). "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability: An Evolving Psychodynamic Perspective": Response to Commentaries: Neuro-Psychoanalysis Vol 5(1) 2003, 53-56.
  • Wazaify M, Shields E, Hughes CM, McElnay JC (2005). Societal perspectives on over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. Family Practice, 22: 170-176.

[edit] Additional material

[edit] Books

  • Blazer, D. G. (2004). Alcohol and Drug Problems. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
  • Cheney, C. D. (1996). Medical nonadherence: A behavior analysis. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Huffman, M. A., & Wrangham, R. W. (1994). Diversity of medicinal plant use by chimpanzees in the wild. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Rand, C. S., & Weeks, K. (1998). Measuring adherence with medication regimens in clinical care and research. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

[edit] Papers

  • Adu-Sarkodie, Y. A. (1997). Antimicrobial self medication in patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: International Journal of STD & AIDS Vol 8(7) Jul 1997, 456-458.
  • Aguilar, M. C., Gurpegui, M., Diaz, F. J., & De Leon, J. (2005). Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia: Naturalistic study of complex interactions: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 186(3) Mar 2005, 215-221.
  • Aharonovich, E., Nguyen, H. T., & Nunes, E. V. (2001). Anger and depressive states among treatment-seeking drug abusers: Testing the psychopharmacological specificity hypothesis: The American Journal on Addictions Vol 10(4) Fal 2001, 327-334.
  • Alao, A. O., Westmoreland, N., & Jindal, S. (2003). Drug addiction in sickle cell disease: Case report: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine Vol 33(1) 2003, 97-101.
  • Ambrosio, E., Martin, S., Garcia-Lecumberri, C., & Crespo, J. A. (1999). The neurobiology of cannabinoid dependence: Sex differences and potential interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems: Life Sciences Vol 65(6-7) Jul 1999, 687-694.
  • Ankri, J., Beaufils, B., Ledisert, D., & Henrard, J. C. (1997). Behaviors toward medicine practiced at home by elderly people with chronic illnesses: Social Science & Medicine Vol 44(3) Feb 1997, 337-345.
  • Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Fjordback, L., Brandholdt, J., Foldager, L., Sher, L., et al. (2007). Testing the self-medication hyppthesis of depression and aggression in cannabis-dependent subjects: Psychological Medicine Vol 37(7) Jul 2007, 935-945.
  • Arikan, Z., Kuruoglu, A. C., & Aslan, S. (2002). Panic Disorder In Alcohol Dependency: A Retrospective Study: Bagimlik Dergisi Vol 3(1) Apr 2002, 9-14.
  • Artz, M. B., Harnack, L. J., Duval, S. J., Armstrong, C., Arnett, D. K., & Luepker, R. V. (2006). Use of Nonprescription Medications for Perceived Cardiovascular Health: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 30(1) Jan 2006, 78-81.
  • Audrain, J., Lerman, C., Gomez-Caminero, A., Boyd, N. R., & Orleans, C. T. (1998). The role of trait anxiety in nicotine dependence: Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research Vol 3(1) 1998, 29-42.
  • Babalola, O. O., & Lamikanra, A. (2007). The response of students to malaria and malaria therapy in a university in southwest Nigeria: Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy Vol 3(3) Sep 2007, 351-362.
  • Bagshaw, R. J., Shaw, L. M., August, T., Young, M. L., & et al. (1993). Unregulated self-medication in an ambulatory surgery population: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 64(4) Apr 1993, 324-326.
  • Baillod, R. A. (1995). Home dialysis: Lessons in patient education: Patient Education and Counseling Vol 26(1-3) Sep 1995, 17-24.
  • Balon, R. (2007). Psychiatrist attitudes toward self-treatment of their own depression: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Vol 76(5) Aug 2007, 306-310.
  • Barrett, A. J. (2005). Rationalizing risk? The use of non-prescribed substances in severe and enduring mental illness: Journal of Substance Use Vol 10(6) Dec 2005, 341-346.
  • Bartlome, J. A. (1992). Analysis of the factors influencing females' intention to self-medicate for vulvovaginal candidiasis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Bassols, A., Bosch, F., & Banos, J.-E. (2002). How does the general population treat their pain? A survey in Catalonia, Spain: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 23(4) Apr 2002, 318-328.
  • Batel, P. (2000). Addiction and schizophrenia: European Psychiatry Vol 15(2) Mar 2000, 115-122.
  • Berner, M. M., Kriston, L., Sitta, P., & Harter, M. (2008). Treatment of depressive symptoms and attitudes towards treatment options in a representative German general population sample: International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice Vol 12(1) Mar 2008, 5-10.
  • Berzanskyte, A., Valinteliene, R., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M., Gurevicius, R., & Grigoryan, L. (2006). Self-medication with antibiotics in Lithuania: International Journal of Occupational Medicine & Environmental Health Vol 19(4) 2006, 246-253.
  • Blume, A. W., Schmaling, K. B., & Marlatt, G. A. (2000). Revisiting the self-medication hypothesis from a behavioral perspective: Cognitive and Behavioral Practice Vol 7(4) Fal 2000, 379-384.
  • Bolton, J., Cox, B., Clara, I., & Sareen, J. (2006). Use of Alcohol and Drugs to Self-Medicate Anxiety Disorders in a Nationally Representative Sample: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 194(11) Nov 2006, 818-825.
  • Boyer, E. W., Babu, K. M., Adkins, J. E., McCurdy, C. R., & Halpern, J. H. (2008). Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth): Addiction Vol 103(6) Jun 2008, 1048-1050.
  • Bradley, C. P., Riaz, A., Tobias, R. S., Kenkre, J. E., & Dassu, D. Y. (1998). Patient attitudes to over-the-counter drugs and possible professional responses to self-medication: Family Practice Vol 15(1) Feb 1998, 44-50.
  • Brower, K. J., Aldrich, M. S., Robinson, E. A. R., Zucker, R. A., & Greden, J. F. (2001). Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 158(3) Mar 2001, 399-404.
  • Burak, L. J., & Damico, A. (2000). College students' use of widely advertised medications: Journal of American College Health Vol 49(3) Nov 2000, 118-121.
  • Bush, D. E. A., DeSousa, N. J., & Vaccarino, F. J. (1999). Self-administration of intravenous amphetamine: Effect of nucleus accumbens CCK-sub(B ) receptor activation on fixed-ratio responding: Psychopharmacology Vol 147(3) Dec 1999, 331-334.
  • Butz, A. M., Eggleston, P., Huss, K., Kolodner, K., Vargas, P., & Rand, C. (2001). Children with asthma and nebulizer use: Parental asthma self-care practices and beliefs: Journal of Asthma Vol 38(7) 2001, 565-573.
  • Carrai, V., Borgognini-Tarli, S. M., Huffman, M. A., & Bardi, M. (2003). Increase in tannin consumption by sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) females during the birth season: A case for self-medication in prosimians? : Primates Vol 44(1) Jan 2003, 61-66.
  • Carrigan, M. H., & Randall, C. L. (2003). Self-medication in social phobia: A review of the alcohol literature: Addictive Behaviors Vol 28(2) Mar 2003, 269-284.
  • Castaneda, R. (1994). Empirical assessment of the self-medication hypothesis among dually diagnosed inpatients: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 35(3) May-Jun 1994, 180-184.
  • Castaneda, R., Galanter, M., & Franco, H. (1989). Self-medication among addicts with primary psychiatric disorders: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 30(1) Jan-Feb 1989, 80-83.
  • Charupatanapong, N. (1996). Knowledge, perceived risks, and self-medication practices of the low-income elderly: Journal of Geriatric Drug Therapy Vol 11(1) 1996, 17-35.
  • Chevrette, J., Stellar, J. R., Hesse, G. W., & Markou, A. (2002). Both the shell of the nucleus accumbens and the central nucleus of the amygdala support amphetamine self-administration in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 71(3) Mar 2002, 501-507.
  • Chutuape, M. A. D., & de Wit, H. (1995). Preferences for ethanol and diazepam in anxious individuals: An evaluation of the self-medication hypothesis: Psychopharmacology Vol 121(1) Sep 1995, 91-103.
  • Clary, C., Dever, A., & Schweizer, E. (1992). Psychiatric inpatients' knowledge of medication at hospital discharge: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(2) Feb 1992, 140-144.
  • Colder, C. R. (2001). Life stress, physiological and subjective indexes of negative emotionality, and coping reasons for drinking: Is there evidence for a self-medication model of alcohol use? : Psychology of Addictive Behaviors Vol 15(3) Sep 2001, 237-245.
  • Coleman, S. A., & Davies, J. B. (1993). Alfentanil for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Pain Vol 52(3) Mar 1993, 372.
  • Colland, V. T., van Essen-Zandvliet, L. E. M., Lans, C., Denteneer, A., Westers, P., & Brackel, H. J. L. (2004). Poor adherence to self-medication instructions in children with asthma and their parents: Patient Education and Counseling Vol 55(3) Dec 2004, 416-421.
  • Collingsworth, S., Gould, D., & Wainwright, S. P. (1997). Patient self-administration of medication: A review of the literature: International Journal of Nursing Studies Vol 34(4) Aug 1997, 256-269.
  • Coons, S. J., Johnson, M., & Chandler, M. H. (1992). Sources of self-treatment information and use of home remedies and over-the-counter medications among older adults: Journal of Geriatric Drug Therapy Vol 7(1) 1992, 71-82.
  • Corrigan, P. W., Wallace, C. J., Schade, M. L., & Green, M. F. (1994). Learning medication self-management skills in schizophrenia: Relationships with cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms: Behavior Therapy Vol 25(1) Win 1994, 5-15.
  • Cosgrove, K. P., & Carroll, M. E. (2003). Effects of a non-drug reinforcer, saccharin, on oral self-administration of phencyclidine in male and female rhesus monkeys: Psychopharmacology Vol 170(1) Oct 2003, 9-16.
  • Covic, T., Tyson, G., Spencer, D., & Howe, G. (2006). Depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients: Demographic, clinical, and psychological predictors: Journal of Psychosomatic Research Vol 60(5) May 2006, 469-476.
  • Cox, B. J., Swinson, R. P., Shulman, I. D., Kuch, K., & et al. (1993). Gender effects and alcohol use in panic disorder with agoraphobia: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 31(4) May 1993, 413-416.
  • Crow, S., Mitchell, J., & Kendall, D. (1997). Levothyroxine abuse and bulimia nervosa: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Vol 38(2) Mar-Apr 1997, 151-153.
  • Dallman, M. F., Pecoraro, N. C., & la Fleur, S. E. (2005). Chronic stress and comfort foods: Self-medication and abdominal obesity: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Vol 19(4) Jul 2005, 275-280.
  • Dansak, D. A. (1997). Medical use of recreational drugs by AIDS patients: Journal of Addictive Diseases Vol 16(3) 1997, 25-30.
  • Das, V., & Das, R. K. (2006). Urban Health and Pharmaceutical Consumption in Delhi, India: Journal of Biosocial Science Vol 38(1) Jan 2006, 69-82.
  • Day, R. A., & Moore, K. N. (1992). Evaluation of a self-medication program: Pilot project: Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation Vol 5(4) Sum 1992, 205-216.
  • Dennison, C., Prasad, M., Lloyd, A., Bhattacharyya, S. K., Dhawan, R., & Coyne, K. (2005). The health-related quality of life and economic burden of constipation: PharmacoEconomics Vol 23(5) 2005, 461-476.
  • DePaola, L. M., Roberts, M. C., Blaiss, M. S., Frick, P. J., & McNeal, R. E. (1997). Mothers' and children's perceptions of asthma medication: Children's Health Care Vol 26(4) Fal 1997, 265-283.
  • DiIorio, C., Hennessy, M., & Manteuffel, B. (1996). Epilepsy self-management: A test of a theoretical model: Nursing Research Vol 45(4) Jul-Aug 1996, 211-217.
  • Dinn, W. M., Aycicegi, A., & Harris, C. L. (2004). Cigarette smoking in a student sample: Neurocognitive and clinical correlates: Addictive Behaviors Vol 29(1) Jan 2004, 107-126.
  • Dowson, A. J., Warner, J. S., Zupping, R., & Jacquy, J. (2001). Zolmitriptan ("Zomig') provides consistent efficacy: Typical case histories: Headache Quarterly Vol 12(3) 2001, 165-171.
  • Dunbar-Jacob, J., Sereika, S., Rohay, J., & Burke, L. E. (1998). Electronic methods in assessing adherence to medical regimens. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Edelberg, H. K., Shallenberger, E., Hausdorff, J. M., & Wei, J. Y. (2000). One-year follow-up of medication management capacity in highly functioning older adults: Journals of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences Vol 55A(10) Oct 2000, M550-M553.
  • Edelberg, H. K., Shallenberger, E., & Wei, J. Y. (1999). Medication management capacity in highly functioning community-living older adults: Detection of early deficits: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 47(5) May 1999, 592-596.
  • Ehrmin, J. T. (2002). "That feeling of not feeling": Numbing the pain for substance-dependent African American women: Qualitative Health Research Vol 12(6) Jul 2002, 780-791.
  • Eng, E. L., & Lachenmeyer, J. (1996). Codeine self-medication in a headache patient: Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Vol 36(7) Jul-Aug 1996, 452-455.
  • Englert, S., & Linden, M. (1998). Differences in self-reported sleep complaints in elderly persons living in the community who do or do not take sleep medication: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 59(3) Mar 1998, 137-144.
  • Falvo, D. R., Holland, B., Brenner, J., & Benshoff, J. J. (1990). Medication use practices in the ambulatory elderly: Health Values: Health Behavior, Education & Promotion Vol 14(3) May-Jun 1990, 10-16.
  • Fawcett, J. (2005). Alcohol: The world's most powerful drug? : Psychiatric Annals Vol 35(6) Jun 2005, 457.
  • Ferrante, F. M., Barber, M. J., Segal, M., Hughes, N. J., & et al. (1995). 0.0625% Bupivacaine with 0.0002% fentanyl via patient-controlled epidural analgesia for pain of labor and delivery: Clinical Journal of Pain Vol 11(2) Jun 1995, 121-126.
  • Ferrell, B. R., Nash, C. C., & Warfield, C. (1992). The role of patient-controlled analgesia in the management of cancer pain: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 7(3) Apr 1992, 149-154.
  • Ferruzza, E., Marino, L., Cavallari, R., Boatto, E., & Mercuriali, E. (2007). Transgenerational transmission of psychic trauma and drug addiction: Rivista di Psichiatria Vol 42(5) Sep-Oct 2007, 333-340.
  • Flaherty, M. L., Infante, M., Tinsley, J. A., & Black, J. L., III. (2001). Factitious hypertension by pseudoephedrine: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Vol 42(2) Mar-Apr 2001, 150-152.
  • Flaskerud, J. H., & Nyamathi, A. M. (1996). Home medication injection among Latina women in Los Angeles: Implications for health education and prevention: AIDS Care Vol 8(1) 1996, 95-102.
  • Fluvia, X., Rodriguez, M., Sempere, M. C., & Corominas, N. (1994). Psychodrug consumption in people attending to general practitioner: Revista de Psiquiatria de la Facultad de Medicina de Barcelona Vol 21(2) Mar-Apr 1994, 47-50.
  • Fox-Wasylyshyn, S. M., El-Masri, M. M., & Krohn, H. K. (2007). Comparison of coping responses to symptoms between first-time sufferers and those with a previous history of acute myocardial infarction: Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing Vol 22(2) Mar-Apr 2007, 145-151.
  • Frances, R. J. (1997). The wrath of grapes versus the self-medication hypothesis: Harvard Review of Psychiatry Vol 4(5) Jan-Feb 1997, 287-289.
  • Franco, J. A. (2000). Self-medication and alternative therapies: Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina Vol 46(4) Dec 2000, 353-358.
  • Franco, J. A., & Pecci, C. (2004). Self-medication in a psychiatric out-patients unit: Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina Vol 50(2) Jun 2004, 110-120.
  • Galligani, N., Renck, A., & Hansen, S. (1996). Personality profile of men using anabolic androgenic steroids: Hormones and Behavior Vol 30(2) Jun 1996, 170-175.
  • Geissler, P. W., Nokes, K., Prince, R. J., Odhiambo, R. A., Aagaard-Hansen, J., & Ouma, J. H. (2000). Children and medicines: Self-treatment of common illnesses among Luo schoolchildren in western Kenya: Social Science & Medicine Vol 50(12) Jun 2000, 1771-1783.
  • Gelkopf, M., Levitt, S., & Bleich, A. (2002). An integration of three approaches to addiction and Methadone maintenance treatment: The self-medication hypothesis, the disease model and social criticism: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 39(2) 2002, 140-151.
  • Gerlach, A. L., Schiller, A., Wild, C., & Rist, F. (2006). Effects of alcohol on the processing of social threat-related stimuli in socially phobic women: British Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 45(3) Sep 2006, 279-295.
  • Gilkey, S. J., & Ramadan, N. M. (1996). Use of over-the-counter drugs in migraine: Issues in self-medication: CNS Drugs Vol 6(2) Aug 1996, 83-89.
  • Ginsberg, B., Sinatra, R. S., Adler, L. J., Crews, J. C., Hord, A. H., Laurito, C. E., et al. (2003). Conversion to oral controlled-release oxycodone from intravenous opioid analgesic in the postoperative setting: Pain Medicine Vol 4(1) Mar 2003, 31-38.
  • Globus, G. (2005). Nonlinear dynamics at the cutting edge of modernity: A postmodern view: Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology Vol 12(3) Sep 2005, 229-234.
  • Goldsmith, R. J. (1993). An integrated psychology for the addictions: Beyond the self-medication hypothesis: Journal of Addictive Diseases Vol 12(3) 1993, 139-154.
  • Gosnell, B. A., Krahn, D. D., Yracheta, J. M., & Harasha, B. J. (1998). The relationship between intravenous cocaine self-administration and avidity for saccharin: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 60(1) May 1998, 229-236.
  • Goswami, S., Mattoo, S. K., Basu, D., & Singh, G. (2004). Substance-Abusing Schizophrenics: Do They Self-Medicate? : The American Journal on Addictions Vol 13(2) Mar-Apr 2004, 139-150.
  • Gottdiener, W. H. (2008). Introduction to symposium on psychoanalytic research of substance use disorders: Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol 25(3) Jul 2008, 458-460.
  • Gottdiener, W. H., Murawski, P., & Kucharski, L. T. (2008). Using the Delay Discounting Task to test for failures in ego control in substance abusers: A meta-analysis: Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol 25(3) Jul 2008, 533-549.
  • Gould, O. N., McDonald-Miszczak, L., & Gregory, J. (1999). Prediction accuracy and medication instructions: Will you remember tomorrow? : Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition Vol 6(2) Jun 1999, 141-154.
  • Graff, M. R., & McClanahan, M. A. (1998). Assessment by patients with diabetes mellitus of two insulin pen delivery systems versus a vial and syringe: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 20(3) May-Jun 1998, 486-496.
  • Grall-Bronnec, M., Balkan, T., & Botbol, M. (2005). Students, use of cannabis and psychiatric disorders: Alcoologie et Addictologie Vol 27(1) Mar 2005, 21-29.
  • Grantham, G., McMillan, V., Dunn, S. V., Gassner, L.-A., & Woodcock, P. (2006). Patient self-medication--A change in hospital practice: Journal of Clinical Nursing Vol 15(8) Aug 2006, 962-970.
  • Gray, N. J., Cantrill, J. A., & Noyce, P. R. (2002). 'Health repertories': An understanding of lay management of minor ailments: Patient Education and Counseling Vol 47(3) Jul 2002, 237-244.
  • Greene, J. F., Kuiper, O., Morosky, M., Wightman, S., & Curry, S. L. (1999). A postpartum self-medication program: Effect on narcotic use: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine Vol 8(8) Oct 1999, 1073-1076.
  • Gross, M. E., May, E. M., & Fini, M. A. (1992). A self-medication administration program: Journal of Geriatric Drug Therapy Vol 6(4) 1992, 73-84.
  • Haag, G., Evers, S., May, A., Neu, I. S., Vivell, W., & Ziegler, A. (2004). Self medication in migraine and tension-type headache - evidence-based treatment recommendations of the German Migraine and Headache Society: Nervenheilkunde: Zeitschrift fur interdisziplinaere Fortbildung Vol 23(7) 2004, 415-430.
  • Hall, D. H., & Queener, J. E. (2007). Self-medication hypothesis of substance use: Testing Khantzian's updated theory: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs Vol 39(2) Jun 2007, 151-158.
  • Harai, H. (1997). Use of self-monitoring and self-drug administration to prevent severe episodes in a rapid cycling bipolar patient: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 39(8) Aug 1997, 843-846.
  • Harris, K. M., & Edlund, M. J. (2005). Self-Medication of Mental Health Problems: New Evidence from a National Survey: Health Services Research Vol 40(1) Feb 2005, 117-134.
  • Harrod, S. B., Dwoskin, L. P., Green, T. A., Gehrke, B. J., & Bardo, M. T. (2003). Lobeline does not serve as a reinforcer in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 165(4) Feb 2003, 397-404.
  • Hauger, R. L., O'Connor, K. A., Yudofsky, S., & Meltzer, H. L. (1990). Lithium toxicity: When is hemodialysis necessary? : Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 81(6) Jun 1990, 515-517.
  • Heinrichs, D. W. (2005). Antidepressants and the chaotic brain: Implications for the respectful treatment of selves: Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology Vol 12(3) Sep 2005, 215-227.
  • Heinrichs, D. W. (2005). Chaos and clinical theory: Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology Vol 12(3) Sep 2005, 243-246.
  • Hemminki, E., & Sihvo, S. (1999). Finnish physicians' opinions of vaginal estriol in self-care: Maturitas Vol 31(3) Mar 1999, 241-247.
  • Hendrie, C. A., Sairally, J., & Starkey, N. (1998). Self-medication with alcohol appears not to be an effective treatment for the control of depression: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 12(1) 1998, 108.
  • Henwood, B., & Padgett, D. K. (2007). Reevaluating the self-medication hypothesis among the dually diagnosed: The American Journal on Addictions Vol 16(3) May-Jun 2007, 160-165.
  • Hussong, A. M., Gould, L. F., & Hersh, M. A. (2008). Conduct problems moderate self-medication and mood-related drinking consequences in adolescents: Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs Vol 69(2) Mar 2008, 296-307.
  • Hyland, M. E., Geraghty, A. W. A., Joy, O. E. T., & Turner, S. I. (2006). Spirituality predicts outcome independently of expectancy following flower essence self-treatment: Journal of Psychosomatic Research Vol 60(1) Jan 2006, 53-58.
  • Ikebuchi, E., Noto, M., Yoshida, H., Nakazawa, M., Takahashi, N., & Mori, K. (1998). Effects of psychoeducation using medication and symptom management module: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 40(5) May 1998, 543-546.
  • Indermitte, J., Reber, D., Beutler, M., Bruppacher, R., & Hersberger, K. E. (2007). Prevalence and patient awareness of selected potential drug interactions with self-medication: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Vol 32(2) Apr 2007, 149-159.
  • Ishii, H., Hayasaka, H., Ambo, H., & Ohashi, H. (1991). The health-seeking behavior of patient in pluralistic medical system: A social psychological field research in a Japanese urban community: Tohoku Psychologica Folia Vol 50 1991, 69-76.
  • Johnson, B. (2003). Commentary on "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability." Neuro-Psychoanalysis Vol 5(1) 2003, 29-34.
  • Kagaayi, J., Dreyfuss, M. L., Kigozi, G., Chen, M. Z., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Serwadda, D., et al. (2005). Maternal Self-Medication and Provision of Nevirapine to Newborns by Women in Rakai, Uganda: JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes Vol 39(1) May 2005, 121-124.
  • Kasten, B. P. (1999). Self-medication with alcohol and drugs by persons with severe mental illness: Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association Vol 5(3) Jun 1999, 80-87.
  • Katerndahl, D. A., & Realini, J. P. (1999). Relationship between substance abuse and panic attacks: Addictive Behaviors Vol 24(5) Sep-Oct 1999, 731-736.
  • Keating, H. J., III, & Kundrat, M. (1996). Patient-controlled analgesia with nitrous oxide in cancer pain: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 11(2) Feb 1996, 126-130.
  • Kellert, S. H. (2005). The uses of borrowed knowledge: Chaos theory and antidepressants: Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology Vol 12(3) Sep 2005, 239-242.
  • Kelloway, J. S., Kochevar, J. W., Sveum, R. J., & Hahn, M. A. (1993). Evaluation of the Autohaler actuator: The effect of written patient instructions on correct use: Journal of Asthma Vol 30(5) 1993, 373-379.
  • Kenagy, D. N., Bird, C. T., Webber, C. M., & Fischer, J. R. (2004). Dextroamphetamine Use During B-2 Combat Missions: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 75(5) May 2004, 381-386.
  • Kimble, L. P., & Kunik, C. L. (2000). Knowledge and use of sublingual nitroglycerin and cardiac-related quality of life in patients with chronic stable angina: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 19(2) Feb 2000, 109-117.
  • King, A. C., & Miller, N. S. (1998). Medications of abuse: Opioids. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Kitikannakorn, N., & Sitthiworanan, C. (2007). Knowledge and accessibility of self-medication among undergraduate students in Thailand: International Journal on Disability and Human Development Vol 6(3) Jul-Sep 2007, 289-294.
  • Klee, H., & Reid, P. (1998). Drug use among the young homeless: Coping through self-medication: Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine Vol 2(2) Apr 1998, 115-134.
  • Koob, G. F. (2003). Commentary on "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability." Neuro-Psychoanalysis Vol 5(1) 2003, 35-39.
  • Kopelowicz, A. (1996). Self-management approaches for seriously mentally ill persons. New York, NY: Hatherleigh Press.
  • Korunka, C., Guttmann, G., Schleinitz, D., Hilpert, M., & et al. (1992). The effects of suggestions and music presented during general anaesthesia on postoperative well-being: Zeitschrift fur Klinische Psychologie Vol 21(3) 1992, 272-285.
  • Kosten, T. R., & Ziedonis, D. M. (1997). Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia: Editors' Introduction: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 23(2) 1997, 181-186.
  • Kotzer, A. M., Coy, J., & LeClaire, A. D. (1998). The effectiveness of a standardized educational program for children using patient-controlled analgesia: Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses Vol 3(3) Jul-Sep 1998, 117-126.
  • Kumari, V., & Postma, P. (2005). Nicotine use in schizophrenia: The self medication hypotheses: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Vol 29(6) 2005, 1021-1034.
  • Kushner, M. G., Abrams, K., Thuras, P., & Hanson, K. L. (2000). Individual differences predictive of drinking to manage anxiety among non-problem drinkers with panic disorder: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 24(4) Apr 2000, 448-458.
  • Lam, C. L. K., Catarivas, M. G., Munro, C., & Lauder, I. J. (1994). Self-medication among Hong Kong Chinese: Social Science & Medicine Vol 39(12) Dec 1994, 1641-1647.
  • Lanteri-Minet, M., Nachit-Ouinekh, F., Mihout, B., Slama, A., & El Hasnaoui, A. (2004). The treatment of migraine by pharmacists: A French multicenter study: Revue Neurologique Vol 160(4,Pt1) Apr 2004, 441-446.
  • Lauerma, H., Nietosvaara, O., & Turunen, M. (2000). Risperidone as an antidote to hallucinogenics--should it be prescribed? : Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 15(4) Jun 2000, 301-302.
  • le Grand, A., Sri-Ngernyuang, L., & Streefland, P. H. (1993). Enhancing appropriate drug use: The contribution of herbal medicine promotion: A case study in rural Thailand: Social Science & Medicine Vol 36(8) Apr 1993, 1023-1035.
  • Leon, J. D., Diaz, F. J., Aguilar, M. C., Jurado, D., & Gurpegui, M. (2006). Does smoking reduce akathisia? Testing a narrow version of the self-medication hypothesis: Schizophrenia Research Vol 86(1-3) Sep 2006, 250-268.
  • Lerman, C., Caporaso, N., Main, D., Audrain, J., Boyd, N. R., Bowman, E. D., et al. (1998). Depression and self-medication with nicotine: The modifying influence of the dopamine D4 receptor gene: Health Psychology Vol 17(1) Jan 1998, 56-62.
  • Linden, M., Wurzendorf, K., Ploch, M., & Schaefer, M. (2008). Self medication with St. John's wort in depressive disorders: An observational study in community pharmacies: Journal of Affective Disorders Vol 107(1-3) Apr 2008, 205-210.
  • Litman, R. S., & Shapiro, B. S. (1992). Oral patient-controlled analgesia in adolescents: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 7(2) Feb 1992, 78-81.
  • Lynch, W. J., LaBounty, L. P., & Carroll, M. E. (1998). A novel paradigm to investigate regulation of drug intake in rats self-administering cocaine or heroin intravenously: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 6(1) Feb 1998, 22-31.
  • Markou, A., Kosten, T. R., & Koob, G. F. (1998). Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: A self-medication hypothesis: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 18(3) Mar 1998, 135-174.
  • Mattox, R. (2008). No longer bound by stigma: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 165(4) Apr 2008, 443-444.
  • McKenna, L., & McIntyre, M. (2006). What over-the-counter preparations are pregnant women taking? A literature review: Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 56(6) Dec 2006, 636-645.
  • McLoone, P., & Crombie, I. K. (1996). Hospitalisation for deliberate self-poisoning in Scotland from 1981 to 1993: Trends in rates and types of drugs used: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 169(1) Jul 1996, 81-85.
  • Measom, M. O. (1996). Misuse of naltrexone: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 57(10) Oct 1996, 488-489.
  • Meder, J., Morawiec, M., & Sawicka, M. (1995). The role of nurses in training patients to take an active part in their own pharmacotherapy: Psychiatria Polska Vol 29(3) May-Jun 1995, 395-404.
  • Meder, J., Morawiec, M., & Sawicka, M. (1996). Nurses as leaders of medication management training module: Psychiatria Polska Vol 30(3, Suppl) May-Jun 1996, 157-165.
  • Meissner, W. W. (2007). Mind, brain, and self in psychoanalysis: Therapeutic implications of the mind-body relation: Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol 24(2) Apr 2007, 333-354.
  • Miller, B. E., Miller, M. N., Verhegge, R., Linville, H. H., & Pumariega, A. J. (2002). Alcohol misues among college athletes: Self-medication for psychiatric symptoms? : Journal of Drug Education Vol 32(1) 2002, 41-52.
  • Miller, D. (1990). Women in pain: Substance abuse/self-medication. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Mitchell, J., Mathews, H. F., Hunt, L. M., Cobb, K. H., & Watson, R. W. (2001). Mismanaging prescription medications among rural elders: The effects of socioeconomic status, health status, and medication profile indicators: The Gerontologist Vol 41(3) Jun 2001, 348-356.
  • Mohr, D. C., Cox, D., Epstein, L., & Boudewyn, A. (2002). Teaching patients to self-inject: Pilot study of a treatment for injection anxiety and phobia in multiple sclerosis patients prescribed injectable medications: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry Vol 33(1) Mar 2002, 39-47.
  • Montagne, M. (1992). The promotion of medications for personal and social problems: Journal of Drug Issues Vol 22(2) Spr 1992, 389-405.
  • Morasco, B. J., & Dobscha, S. K. (2008). Prescription medication misuse and substance use disorder in VA primary care patients with chronic pain: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 30(2) Mar 2008, 93-99.
  • Morrison, V. (2003). Commentary on "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability." Neuro-Psychoanalysis Vol 5(1) 2003, 39-42.
  • Morrow, D. G., Leirer, V. O., Andrassy, J. M., Tanke, E. D., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. L. (1996). Medication instruction design: Younger and older adult schemas for taking medication: Human Factors Vol 38(4) Dec 1996, 556-573.
  • Murdaugh, C. L. (1998). Problems with adherence in the elderly. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Murphy, S. L., & Khantzian, E. J. (1996). Addiction as a "self-medication" disorder: Application of ego psychology to the treatment of substance abuse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Neafsey, P. J., Strickler, Z., Shellman, J., & Chartier, V. (2002). An interactive technology approach to educate older adults about drug interactions arising from over-the-counter self-medication practices: Public Health Nursing Vol 19(4) Jul-Aug 2002, 255-262.
  • Nichol, M. B., McCombs, J. S., Johnson, K. A., Spacapan, S., & et al. (1992). The effects of consultation on over-the-counter medication purchasing decisions: Medical Care Vol 30(11) Nov 1992, 989-1003.
  • Nicholas, P. K., Voss, J. G., Corless, I. B., Lindgren, T. G., Wantland, D. J., Kemppainen, J. K., et al. (2007). Unhealthy behaviours for self-management of HIV-related peripheral neuropathy: AIDS Care Vol 19(10) 2007, 1266-1273.
  • Norman, A. B., Norman, M. K., Hall, J. F., & Tsibulsky, V. L. (1999). Priming threshold: A novel quantitative measure of the reinstatement of cocaine self-administration: Brain Research Vol 831(1-2) Jun 1999, 165-174.
  • Oswald, L. M., Roache, J. D., & Rhoades, H. M. (1999). Predictors of individual differences in alprazolam self-medication: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 7(4) Nov 1999, 379-390.
  • Pagan, J. A., Ross, S., Yau, J., & Polsky, D. (2006). Self-medication and health insurance coverage in Mexico: Health Policy Vol 75(2) Jan 2006, 170-177.
  • Palmer, H. M., & Dobson, K. S. (1994). Self-medication and memory in an elderly Canadian sample: The Gerontologist Vol 34(5) Oct 1994, 658-664.
  • Panksepp, J. (2003). Commentary on "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability." Neuro-Psychoanalysis Vol 5(1) 2003, 21-29.
  • Patrick, L., & Howell, K. (1998). Mental status and self-medication ability in the hospitalized elderly: Canadian Journal on Aging Vol 17(4) Win 1998, 425-439.
  • Patterson, T. L., Lacro, J., McKibbin, C. L., Moscona, S., Hughs, T., & Jeste, D. V. (2002). Medication Management Ability Assessment: Results from a performance-based measure in older outpatients with schizophrenia: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 22(1) Feb 2002, 11-19.
  • Pereles, L., Romonko, L., Murzyn, T., Hogan, D., & et al. (1996). Evaluation of a self-medication program: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 44(2) Feb 1996, 161-165.
  • Peter, P., & Zsolt, D. (2007). The role of cannabis use in psychosis: Psychiatria Hungarica Vol 22(2) 2007, 145-162.
  • Pettersson, E., Gardulf, A., Nordstrom, G., Svanberg-Johnsson, C., & Bylin, G. (1999). Evaluation of a nurse-run asthma school: International Journal of Nursing Studies Vol 36(2) Apr 1999, 145-151.
  • Pillitteri, J. L., Kozlowski, L. T., Person, D. C., & Spear, M. E. (1994). Over-the-counter sleep aids: Widely used but rarely studied: Journal of Substance Abuse Vol 6(3) 1994, 315-323.
  • Porter, L. S., Gil, K. M., Sedway, J. A., Ready, J., Workman, E., & Thompson, R. J., Jr. (1998). Pain and stress in sickle cell disease: An analysis of daily pain records: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine Vol 5(3) 1998, 185-203.
  • Potvin, S., Sepehry, A. A., & Stip, E. (2006). A meta-analysis of negative symptoms in dual diagnosis schizophrenia: Psychological Medicine Vol 36(4) Apr 2006, 431-440.
  • Potvin, S., Stip, E., & Roy, J. Y. (2003). Schizophrenia and addiction: An evaluation of the self-medication hypothesis: L'Encephale Vol 29(3) May-Jun 2003, 193-203.
  • Putcha, L., Berens, K. L., Marshburn, T. H., Ortega, H. J., & Billica, R. D. (1999). Pharmaceutical use by U.S. astronauts on Space Shuttle missions: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 70(7) Jul 1999, 705-708.
  • Pylypa, J. (2001). Self-medication practices in two California Mexican communities: Journal of Immigrant Health Vol 3(2) Apr 2001, 59-75.
  • Raimo, E. B., & Schuckit, M. A. (1998). Alcohol dependence and mood disorders: Addictive Behaviors Vol 23(6) Nov-Dec 1998, 933-946.
  • Redvers, A., Laugharne, R., Kanagaratnam, G., & Srinivasan, G. (2001). How many patients self-medicate with St John's wort? : Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 25(7) Jul 2001, 254-256.
  • Reid, B. V. (1992). "It's like you're down on a bed of affliction": Aging and diabetes among Black Americans: Social Science & Medicine Vol 34(12) Jun 1992, 1317-1323.
  • Rey, J. M., & Tennant, C. C. (2002). Cannabis and mental health: BMJ: British Medical Journal Vol 325(7374) Nov 2002, 1183-1184.
  • Riedel-Heller, S. G., Matschinger, H., Schork, A., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2001). The utilization of antidepressants in community-dwelling and institutionalized elderly--Results from a representative survey in Germany: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 34(1) Jan 2001, 6-12.
  • Roberts, A. J., Smith, A. D., Weiss, F., Rivier, C., & Koob, G. F. (1998). Estrous cycle effects on operant responding for ethanol in female rats: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 22(7) Oct 1998, 1564-1569.
  • Roehrs, T., Bonahoom, A., Pedrosi, B., Zorick, F., & Roth, T. (2002). Nighttime versus daytime hypnotic self-administration: Psychopharmacology Vol 161(2) May 2002, 137-142.
  • Roehrs, T., Pedrosi, B., Rosenthal, L., & Roth, T. (1996). Hypnotic self administration and dose escalation: Psychopharmacology Vol 127(2) Sep 1996, 150-154.
  • Roehrs, T., Pedrosi, B., Rosenthal, L., Zorick, F., & Roth, T. (1997). Hypnotic self administration: Forced-choice versus single-choice: Psychopharmacology Vol 133(2) Sep 1997, 121-126.
  • Roehrs, T. A., Merlotti, L. A., Zorick, F., & Roth, T. (1992). Rebound insomnia and hypnotic self administration: Psychopharmacology Vol 107(4) Jun 1992, 480-484.
  • Rotton, J., & Shats, M. (1996). Effects of state humor, expectancies, and choice on postsurgical mood and self-medication: A field experiment: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 26(20) Oct 1996, 1775-1794.
  • Sajatovic, M., Bauer, M. S., Kilbourne, A. M., Vertrees, J. E., & Williford, W. (2006). Self-reported medication treatment adherence among veterans with bipolar disorder: Psychiatric Services Vol 57(1) Jan 2006, 56-62.
  • Sajatovic, M., Davies, M., & Hrouda, D. R. (2004). Enhancement of Treatment Adherence Among Patients With Bipolar Disorder: Psychiatric Services Vol 55(3) Mar 2004, 264-269.
  • Sakkas, P., Psarros, C., Masdrakis, V., Liappas, J., & Christodoulou, G. N. (1999). Dependence on zolpidem: A case report: European Psychiatry Vol 14(6) Oct 1999, 358-359.
  • Satia-Abouta, J., Kristal, A. R., Patterson, R. E., Littman, A. J., Stratton, K. L., & White, E. (2003). Dietary Supplement Use and Medical Conditions: The VITAL Study: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 24(1) Jan 2003, 43-51.
  • Sawyer, S. M., & Aroni, R. A. (2003). Sticky issue of adherence: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Vol 39(1) Jan 2003, 2-5.
  • Scheller-Gilkey, G., Woolwine, B. J., Cooper, I., Gay, O., Moynes, K. A., & Miller, A. H. (2003). Relationship of Clinical Symptoms and Substance Use in Schizophrenia Patients on Conventional Versus Atypical Antipsychotics: American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Vol 29(3) Aug 2003, 553-566.
  • Schelling, G., Mendl, G., Weber, W., Pauletzki, J., & et al. (1992). Patient controlled analgesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones: Pain Vol 48(3) Mar 1992, 355-359.
  • Schinka, J. A., Curtiss, G., & Mulloy, J. M. (1994). Personality variables and self-medication in substance abuse: Journal of Personality Assessment Vol 63(3) Dec 1994, 413-422.
  • Schmitz, J. M., Rhoades, H. M., Elk, R., Creson, D., Hussein, I., & Grabowski, J. (1998). Medication take-home doses and contingency management: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 6(2) May 1998, 162-168.
  • Schoemaker, C., Smit, F., Bijl, R. V., & Vollenbergh, W. A. M. (2002). Bulimia nervosa following psychological and multiple child abuse: Support for the self-medication hypothesis in a population-based cohort study: International Journal of Eating Disorders Vol 32(4) Dec 2002, 381-388.
  • Scott, S. E., Grunfeld, E. A., Main, J., & McGurk, M. (2006). Patient Delay in Oral Cancer: A Qualitative Study of Patients' Experiences: Psycho-Oncology Vol 15(6) Jun 2006, 474-485.
  • Serper, M. R., Alpert, M., & Trujillo, M. (1996). Recent cocaine use decreases negative signs in acute schizophrenia: A case study over two consecutive admissions: Biological Psychiatry Vol 39(9) May 1996, 816-818.
  • Shapiro, B. S., Cohen, D. E., & Howe, C. J. (1993). Patient-controlled analgesia for sickle-cell-related pain: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 8(1) Jan 1993, 22-28.
  • Shepherd, R.-M., & Edelmann, R. J. (2007). Social phobia and the self medication hypothesis: A case study approach: Counselling Psychology Quarterly Vol 20(3) Sep 2007, 295-307.
  • Shiloh, S., Zukerman, G., Butin, B., Deutch, A., Yardeni, I., Benyamini, Y., et al. (2003). Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): How much control and how much analgesia? : Psychology & Health Vol 18(6) Dec 2003, 753-770.
  • Shipherd, J. C., Stafford, J., & Tanner, L. R. (2005). Predicting alcohol and drug abuse in Persian Gulf War veterans: What role do PTSD symptoms play? : Addictive Behaviors Vol 30(3) 2005, 595-599.
  • Sihvo, S., & Hemminki, E. (1999). Self-medication and health habits in the management of upper gastrointestinal symptoms: Patient Education and Counseling Vol 37(1) May 1999, 55-63.
  • Skarupski, K. A., Mrvos, R., & Krenzelok, E. P. (2004). A Profile of Calls to a Poison Information Center Regarding Older Adults: Journal of Aging and Health Vol 16(2) Apr 2004, 228-247.
  • Sloand, E. D., & Vessey, J. A. (2001). Self-medication with common household medicines by young adolescents: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing Vol 24(1) Jan-Mar 2001, 57-67.
  • Smith, G. E., Lunde, A. M., Hathaway, J. C., & Vickers, K. S. (2007). Telehealth home monitoring of solitary persons with mild dementia: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias Vol 22(1) Feb-Mar 2007, 20-26.
  • Sorofman, B. (1992). Drug promotion in self-care and self-medication: Journal of Drug Issues Vol 22(2) Spr 1992, 377-388.
  • Soutullo, C. A., Cottingham, E. M., & Keck, P. E., Jr. (1999). Psychosis associated with pseudoephedrine and dextromethorphan: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 38(12) Dec 1999, 1471-1472.
  • Suarez, Z. E. (1992). Use of self-care by Hispanics: Culture, access or need? : Journal of Health & Social Policy Vol 4(2) 1992, 31-45.
  • Suh, J. J., Ruffins, S., Robins, C. E., Albanese, M. J., & Khantzian, E. J. (2008). Self-medication hypothesis: Connecting affective experience and drug choice: Psychoanalytic Psychology Vol 25(3) Jul 2008, 518-532.
  • Swendsen, J. D., Tennen, H., Carney, M. A., Affleck, G., Willard, A., & Hromi, A. (2000). Mood and alcohol consumption: An experience sampling test of the self-medication hypothesis: Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol 109(2) May 2000, 198-204.
  • Thiel, A., Nau, R., Lehmann, K., & Willers, T. (1993). Intoxication in manic patients following chaotic self-administration of lithium: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 88(4) Oct 1993, 289-291.
  • Thomas, V. J., Rose, F. D., Heath, M. L., & Flory, P. (1993). A multidimensional comparison of nurse and patient controlled analgesia in the management of acute postsurgical pain: Medical Science Research Vol 21(10) May 1993, 379-381.
  • Tomlinson, K. L., Tate, S. R., Anderson, K. G., McCarthy, D. M., & Brown, S. A. (2006). An examination of self-medication and rebound effects: Psychiatric symptomatology before and after alcohol or drug relapse: Addictive Behaviors Vol 31(3) Mar 2006, 461-474.
  • Tornatzky, W., & Miczek, K. A. (1999). Repeated limited access to IV cocaine self-administration: Conditioned autonomic rhythmicity illustrating "predictive homeostasis." Psychopharmacology Vol 145(2) Jul 1999, 144-152.
  • Trendelenburg, G., Heinz, A., & Strohle, A. (2004). gamma -Hydroxybutyrate Dependence With Social Phobia: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 161(2) Feb 2004, 375-376.
  • Trendelenburg, G., Heinz, A., & Strohle, A. (2004). "gamma -Hydroxybutyrate Dependence With Social Phobia": Erratum: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 161(5) May 2004, 942.
  • Turkewitz, L. J., Casaly, J. S., Dawson, G. A., Wirth, O., & et al. (1992). Self-administration of parenteral ketorolac tromethamine for head pain: Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Vol 32(9) Oct 1992, 452-454.
  • Vaananen, M. H., Pietila, K., & Airaksinen, M. (2006). Self-medication with antibiotics--Does it really happen in Europe? : Health Policy Vol 77(2) Aug 2006, 166-171.
  • Vaillancourt, R., Gutschi, L. M., & Boddam, R. (2006). Antidepressant Usage in the Canadian Forces: Military Medicine Vol 171(2) Feb 2006, 107-111.
  • van der Palen, J., Klein, J. J., Kerkhoff, A. H. M., van Herwaarden, C. L. A., Zielhuis, G. A., & Seydel, E. R. (1999). Inhalation technique of 166 adult asthmatics prior to and following a self-management program: Journal of Asthma Vol 36(5) 1999, 441-447.
  • Vargas-Carmona, J., Newcomb, M. D., & Galaif, E. R. (2002). The prospective relations between drug problems and intimacy in a community sample of adults: Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology Vol 21(2) Jun 2002, 129-156.
  • Villalba, J. J., Provenza, F. D., & Shaw, R. (2006). Sheep self-medicate when challenged with illness-inducing foods: Animal Behaviour Vol 71(5) May 2006, 1131-1139.
  • Viscusi, E. R., Reynolds, L., Chung, F., Atkinson, L. E., & Khanna, S. (2004). Patient-Controlled Transdermal Fentanyl Hydrochloride vs Intravenous Morphine Pump for Postoperative Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 291(11) Mar 2004, 1333-1341.
  • Vlahov, D., O'Driscoll, P., Mehta, S. H., Ompad, D. C., Gern, R., Galai, N., et al. (2007). Risk factors for methadone outside treatment programs: Implications for HIV treatment among injection drug users: Addiction Vol 102(5) May 2007, 771-777.
  • Wagner, P. J., Jester, D., LeClair, B., Taylor, T., Woodward, L., & Lambert, J. (1999). Taking the edge off: Why patients choose St. John's Wort: The Journal of Family Practice Vol 48(8) Aug 1999, 615-619.
  • Wahman, J. (2005). Determined by chaos: The nonlinear dynamics of free will: Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology Vol 12(3) Sep 2005, 235-237.
  • Watson, R. (2006). Editorial: Self-medication: Whatever next? : Journal of Clinical Nursing Vol 15(8) Aug 2006, 935.
  • Wauquier, A., McGrady, A., Aloe, L., Klausner, T., & et al. (1995). Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity associated with biofeedback-assisted relaxation treatment of migraine headaches are specific for the middle cerebral artery: Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Vol 35(6) Jun 1995, 358-362.
  • Weaver, M. F., Bond, D. S., Arnold, B. L., Waterhouse, E., & Towne, A. (2006). Aberrant Drug-taking Behaviors and Headache: Patient Versus Physician Report: American Journal of Health Behavior Vol 30(5) Sep-Oct 2006, 475-482.
  • Weiss, R. D., Griffin, M. L., & Mirin, S. M. (1992). Drug abuse as self-medication for depression: An empirical study: American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Vol 18(2) Jun 1992, 121-129.
  • Weisz, M. A., El-Raheb, M., & Blumenthal, H. J. (1994). Home administration of intramuscular DHE for the treatment of acute migraine headache: Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Vol 34(6) Jun 1994, 371-373.
  • Wieck, K. L. (1992). Variables which influence older women's self-medication practices: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Wilens, T. E., Adamson, J., Sgambati, S., Whitley, J., Santry, A., Monuteaux, M. C., et al. (2007). Do Individuals with ADHD Self-Medicate with Cigarettes and Substances of Abuse? Results from a Controlled Family Study of ADHD: The American Journal on Addictions Vol 16(Suppl 1) Jan 2007, 14-23.
  • Winkelstein, M. L., Huss, K., Butz, A., Eggleston, P., Vargas, P., & Rand, C. (2000). Factors associated with medication self-administration in children with asthma: Clinical Pediatrics Vol 39(6) Jun 2000, 337-345.
  • Wu, C. C. J., Xue, Z.-Y., Apichat, K., Huang, S.-T., He, Z., & Garceau, R. J. (1996). The use of alprostadil sterile powder in a home self-injection study of Asian men with erectile dysfunction: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 18(2) Mar-Apr 1996, 256-264.
  • Yorke, C. (2003). Commentary on "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability." Neuro-Psychoanalysis Vol 5(1) 2003, 42-53.
  • Zahorik, P. M. (1992). Juvenile diabetes: A study of children's perceptions of their illness: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Zucker, T.-P., Flesche, C. W., Germing, U., Schroter, S., Willers, R., Wolf, H.-H., et al. (1998). Patient-controlled versus staff-controlled analgesia with pethidine after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: Pain Vol 75(2-3) Apr 1998, 305-312.

[edit] =Dissertations

  • Adcock, S. A. W. (1993). The development and evaluation of an educational intervention to teach responsible medication use to senior adults: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Alexander, G. L. (1992). Social support, self-esteem, and medication-taking behavior in older adults: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Branin, J. J. (2003). Correlates of strategy use in medication adherence among older adults. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Caffery, D. M. (2007). Components of medication management: Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Screen for Medication Self-Management (CSMS) test in older adults. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Charupatanapong, N. (1990). An analysis of consumers' risk perceptions of their self-medication practices in Thailand: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Damphousse, K. R. (1995). Reciprocal relationships between adolescent drug use and psychological distress: An examination of the self-medication hypothesis. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Dowell, M. S. (1991). People's expectations of their medications: An ethnographic study: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hall, D. H. (2005). Contributing to self-medication hypothesis research: A focus on severity of substance abuse and negative affect states in a methadone maintenance population. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Lynch, W. J. (2000). Regulation of intravenously self-administered drug intake in rats: Factors affecting, mechanisms underlying, and sex differences. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Miller, N. G. (1991). Decreasing medication abuse in psychiatric outpatients using special packaging: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Miralles, M. A. (1993). Access to care and medication use among the ambulatory elderly in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ostrowsky, M. K. (2007). Extending khantzian's self-medication hypothesis: An examination of low self-esteem, depression, alcohol use, marijuana use, and violent behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Pabon, T. M. (2004). The self-medication theory of addictive disorders: Motivational aspects of drug addiction. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Rice, M. A. (1998). Concordant and discordant drug use in intimate relationships: A longitudinal study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Robinson, R. J. (2008). Comorbidity of alcohol abuse and depression: Exploring the self-medication hypothesis. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Stawar, T. L. (1991). Perceptual learning style, modality-specific mnemonic elaboration strategies and achievement of severely psychiatrically disabled adults in self-medication management skills training: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Stockwell, L. M. (1993). A qualitative exploration of medication-taking behaviors in the elderly: Dissertation Abstracts International.


[edit] External links


Smallwikipedialogo.png This page uses content from the English-language version of Wikipedia. The original article was at Self-medication. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Psychology Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Retrieved from "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Self-medication"