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{{Main|Schizophrenia - Temporal lobes}} |
{{Main|Schizophrenia - Temporal lobes}} |
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| + | Abnormalities in the projections from the medial [[prefrontal cortex]] to the [[basolateral amygdala]] have been observed in those with [[schizophrenia]]{{Cn}}. |
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==Schizophrenia and neural integration== |
==Schizophrenia and neural integration== |
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Research indicates that a number of neuroanatomical features differ between groups of people with schizophrenia and groups of matched controls.
Adult brain structure
Differences in the size and structure of certain brain areas have been found in some adults diagnosed with schizophrenia. Early findings came from the discovery of ventricular enlargement (ventricles) in people diagnosed with schizophrenia with negative symptoms most prominent.[1] However, this finding has not proved particularly reliable on the level of the individual person, with considerable variation between patients. But it has been used in case studies with twins although it is a rather small percentage about 1 in a 100 cases of twins have shown that schizophrenia is genetic but it is rare. The picture we are looking at stands around 1 in 100 within the general population this is actually quite a daunting figure if for example we were looking at 700 students 7 out of them will have the mental illness.
Treatments
The role of antipsychotic medication, is to lower levels of deopomine in the brain although this may supress the affects it is not a cure. which nearly all those studied had taken, in causing such abnormalities is also unclear.[2]
More recent studies have shown a large number of differences in brain structure between people with and without diagnoses of schizophrenia.[3] However, as with earlier studies, many of these differences are only reliably detected when comparing groups of people, and are unlikely to predict any differences in brain structure of an individual person with schizophrenia.
Neuropsychology and brain function
Studies using neuropsychological tests and brain imaging technologies such as fMRI and PET to examine functional differences in brain activity have shown that differences seem to most commonly occur in the frontal lobes, hippocampus, and temporal lobes.[4] These differences are heavily linked to the neurocognitive deficits which often occur with schizophrenia, particularly in areas of memory, attention, problem solving, executive function and social cognition.
Schizophrenia and the frontal lobes
Data from a PET study[5] suggests that the less the frontal lobes are activated (red) during a working memory task, the greater the increase in abnormal dopamine activity in the striatum (green), thought to be related to the neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
- Main article: Schizophrenia - Frontal lobes
- Main article: Schizophrenia - Hippocampus
- Main article: Schizophrenia - Temporal lobes
Basolateral amygdala
Abnormalities in the projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral amygdala have been observed in those with schizophrenia[citation needed].
Schizophrenia and neural integration
Electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings of persons with schizophrenia performing perception oriented tasks showed an absence of gamma band activity in the brain, indicating weak integration of critical neural networks in the brain.[6] Those who experienced intense hallucinations, delusions and disorganized thinking showed the lowest frequency synchronization. None of the drugs taken by the persons scanned had moved neural synchrony back into the gamma frequency range. Gamma band and working memory alterations may be related to alterations in interneurons that produced the neurotransmitter GABA.
There are a number of theories about how these structural differences occur:
Genetic factors in neuroanatomical development
Developmental aspects
Perinatal brain development
It is thought that some of the neuroanatomical features associated schizophrenia are the result of early neurodevelopment changes, due to factors during pregnancy,etc
- Main article: Schizophrenia - Developmental factors
Methods of neuroanatomical study in schizophrenia
With advances in neuroimaging techniques there has been an enormous growth of activity in the area over recent years.
- Main article: Schizophrenia - PET studies
- Main article: Schizophrenia - EEG studies
See also
References & Bibliography
- ↑ Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Husband J, Kreel L. (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, 30;2 (7992), 924-6.
- ↑ http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/11/1843-b
- ↑ Flashman LA, Green MF (2004) Review of cognition and brain structure in schizophrenia: profiles, longitudinal course, and effects of treatment. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27 (1), 1-18, vii.
- ↑ Green, M.F. (2001) Schizophrenia Revealed: From Neurons to Social Interactions. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-70334-7
- ↑ Meyer-Lindenberg A, Miletich RS, Kohn PD, Esposito G, Carson RE, Quarantelli M, Weinberger DR, Berman KF (2002) Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 267-71.
- ↑ Spencer KM, Nestor PG, Perlmutter R, Niznikiewicz MA, Klump MC, Frumin M, Shenton ME, McCarley (2004) Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 17288-93. (full text)
Key texts
Books
- Frith, C. D. (1992). The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Papers
Additional material
Books
Papers
External links
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