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[[Image:The taking of a saliva sample.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Taking a saliva sample for testing]] |
[[Image:The taking of a saliva sample.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Taking a saliva sample for testing]] |
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Various species have evolved special uses for saliva that go beyond predigestion. Some [[swift]]s use their gummy saliva to build their nests. Some ''[[Aerodramus]]'' [[swiftlet]] nests are made only from saliva and used to make [[bird's nest soup]].<ref name=Marcone>Marcone, M. F. (2005). "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the ''Caviar of the East''." ''Food Research International'' 38:1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6V-4GHRBYJ-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=84ab2eeeba53cb499a10401f4d538cd9 Abstract retrieved 12 Nov 2007]</ref> Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the [[venom clade]] hunt with venomous saliva injected by fangs. Some arthropods, such as spiders and caterpillars, create thread from salivary glands. |
Various species have evolved special uses for saliva that go beyond predigestion. Some [[swift]]s use their gummy saliva to build their nests. Some ''[[Aerodramus]]'' [[swiftlet]] nests are made only from saliva and used to make [[bird's nest soup]].<ref name=Marcone>Marcone, M. F. (2005). "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the ''Caviar of the East''." ''Food Research International'' 38:1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6V-4GHRBYJ-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=84ab2eeeba53cb499a10401f4d538cd9 Abstract retrieved 12 Nov 2007]</ref> Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the [[venom clade]] hunt with venomous saliva injected by fangs. Some arthropods, such as spiders and caterpillars, create thread from salivary glands. |
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| − | ==Functions== |
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| − | ===Digestion=== |
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| − | The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food and helping to create a food [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]], so it can be swallowed easily. Saliva contains the [[enzyme]] [[amylase]] that breaks some cooked [[starch]] down into sugar. Thus, digestion of food begins in the mouth. Salivary glands also secrete salivary lipase (a more potent form of lipase) to start fat digestion. [[Lipase]] has great role in fat digestion in new-born as their pancreatic lipase will develop later.<ref>{{cite book |
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| − | | last = Maton |
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| − | | first = Anthea |
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| − | | authorlink = |
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| − | | coauthors = Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright |
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| − | | title = Human Biology and Health |
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| − | | publisher = Prentice Hall |
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| − | | date = 1993 |
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| − | | location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA |
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| − | | pages = |
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| − | | url = |
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| − | | doi = |
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| − | | id = |
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| − | | isbn = 0-13-981176-1}}</ref> |
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| − | It also has a protective function for the teeth to prevent bacteria build-up and to help wash away food particles. |
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| − | ===Disinfectants=== |
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| − | {{See also|Wound licking}} |
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| − | A common belief is that saliva contained in the mouth has natural [[disinfection|disinfectants]], which leads people to believe it is beneficial to "[[Wound licking|lick their wounds]]". Researchers at the [[University of Florida]] at [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] have discovered a [[protein]] called [[nerve growth factor]] (NGF) in the saliva of [[mouse|mice]]. Wounds doused with NGF healed twice as fast as untreated and unlicked wounds; therefore, saliva can help to heal wounds in some species. NGF has not been found in human saliva; however, researchers find human saliva contains such [[antibacterial]] agents as secretory [[IgA]], [[lactoferrin]], lysosyme and [[peroxidase]].<ref>Jorma Tenovuo: [http://jdr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/full/81/12/807 Antimicrobial Agents in Saliva—Protection for the Whole Body]. ''Journal of Dental Research'' 2002, 81(12):807-809</ref> It has not been shown that human [[wound licking|licking of wounds]] disinfects them, but licking is likely to help clean the wound by removing larger contaminants such as dirt and may help to directly remove infective bodies by brushing them away. Therefore, licking would be a way of wiping off pathogens, useful if clean water is not available to the animal or person. |
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| − | The mouth of animals is the habitat of many bacteria, some [[pathogen]]ic. Some diseases, such as herpes, can be transmitted through the mouth. Animal (including human) bites are routinely treated with systemic [[antibiotics]] because of the risk of [[septicemia]]. |
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| − | Recent research suggests that the saliva of birds is a better indicator of [[avian influenza]] than are [[feces|faecal samples]].<ref name = GPA> "Saliva swabs for bird flu virus more effective than faecal samples" German Press Agency December 11, 2006 [http://rawstory.com/news/2006/Saliva_swabs_for_bird_flu_virus_mor_12112006.html Retrieved 13 November 2007]</ref> |
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| − | ===Hormonal function=== |
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| − | Saliva secretes Gustin hormone which is thought to play a role in the development of taste buds. |
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| − | ===Non-physiological use=== |
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| − | Saliva has anti-fog functions. Scuba divers commonly smear a thin layer of saliva on the inside surface of their goggles to prevent fogging. |
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| − | Saliva is an effective [[cleaning agent]] used in [[art conservation]]. [[Cotton swab]]s coated with saliva are rolled across a painting's surface to delicately remove thin layers of dirt that may accumulate.<ref name=nasaearthob>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenpaints.com/justpaint/jp5article2.php |title=Techniques for Cleaning Acrylic |accessdate=2008-09-12 |date= |work= |publisher=Golden Artist Colors }}</ref> |
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| − | ===Iodine in salivary glands and oral health=== |
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| − | The trophic, [[antioxidant]] and apoptosis-inductor actions and the presumed anti-tumour activity of [[iodide]] might also be important for prevention of oral and salivary glands diseases. |
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| − | ==Stimulation== |
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| − | The production of saliva is stimulated both by the [[sympathetic nervous system]] and the [[parasympathetic]].<ref>{{GeorgiaPhysiology|6/6ch4/s6ch4_7}}</ref> |
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| − | The saliva stimulated by sympathetic innervation is thicker, and saliva stimulated parasympathetically is more watery. |
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| − | Parasympathetic stimulation leads to acetylcholine (ACh) release onto the salivary acinar cells. ACh binds to [[muscarinic]] receptors and causes an increased intracellular calcium ion concentration (through the IP<sub>3</sub>/DAG second messenger system). Increased calcium causes vesicles within the cells to fuse with the apical cell membrane leading to secretion formation. ACh also causes the salivary gland to release [[kallikrein]], an enzyme that converts kininogen to lysyl-bradykinin. Lysyl-bradykinin acts upons blood vessels and capillaries of the salivary gland to generate vasodilation and increased capillary permeability respectively. The resulting increased blood flow to the acinar allows production of more saliva. Lastly, both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous stimulation can lead to [[myoepitheilium]] contraction which causes the expulsion of secretions from the secretory acinus into the ducts and eventually to the oral cavity. |
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==Contents== |
==Contents== |
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Different reagents used to determine the content of saliva |
Different reagents used to determine the content of saliva |
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\1. Molisch test gives a positive result of purple color that is costituent to the presence of carbohydrates |
\1. Molisch test gives a positive result of purple color that is costituent to the presence of carbohydrates |
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| + | ==See also== |
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| + | *[[Androstenol]] - sex [[pheromone]] found in pig saliva |
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| + | *[[Animal licking behavior]] |
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| + | *[[Animal spitting behavior]] |
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| + | *[[Licking]] |
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| + | *[[Licking wounds]] |
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| + | *[[Parotid gland]] |
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| + | *[[Spitting]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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| + | [[CAtegory:Saliva]] |
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| + | [[Category:Salivation]] |
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[[Category:Body fluids]] |
[[Category:Body fluids]] |
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Taking a saliva sample for testing
Saliva (also referred to as spit , spittle or slobber) is the watery and usually frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans and most other animals in the process of salivation. Saliva is produced in and secreted from the salivary glands. Human saliva is composed of 98% water, while the other 2% consists of other compounds such as electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds, and various enzymes.[1] As part of the initial process of food digestion, the enzymes in the saliva break down some of the starch and fat in the food at the molecular level. Saliva also breaks down food caught in the teeth, protecting them from bacteria that cause decay. Furthermore, saliva lubricates and protects the teeth, the tongue, and the tender tissues inside the mouth. Saliva also plays an important role in tasting food by trapping thiols produced from odourless food compounds by anaerobic bacteria living in the mouth.[2]
Various species have evolved special uses for saliva that go beyond predigestion. Some swifts use their gummy saliva to build their nests. Some Aerodramus swiftlet nests are made only from saliva and used to make bird's nest soup.[3] Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the venom clade hunt with venomous saliva injected by fangs. Some arthropods, such as spiders and caterpillars, create thread from salivary glands.
Contents
Produced in salivary glands, human saliva is 98% water, but it contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes.[1]
It is a fluid containing:
- Water
- Electrolytes:
- 2-21 mmol/L sodium (lower than blood plasma)
- 10-36 mmol/L potassium (higher than plasma)
- 1.2-2.8 mmol/L calcium (similar to plasma)
- 0.08-0.5 mmol/L magnesium
- 5-40 mmol/L chloride (lower than plasma)
- 25 mmol/L bicarbonate (higher than plasma)
- 1.4-39 mmol/L phosphate
- Iodine (mmol/L usually higher than plasma, but dependent variable according to dietary iodine intake)
- Mucus. Mucus in saliva mainly consists of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins;
- Antibacterial compounds (thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide, and secretory immunoglobulin A)
- Epidermal growth factor or EGF
- Various enzymes. There are three major enzymes found in saliva.
- α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1). Amylase starts the digestion of starch and lipase fat before the food is even swallowed. It has a pH optima of 7.4.
- lingual lipase. Lingual lipase has a pH optimum ~4.0 so it is not activated until entering the acidic environment of the stomach.
- Antimicrobial enzymes that kill bacteria.
- Lysozyme
- Salivary lactoperoxidase
- Lactoferrin[4]
- Immunoglobulin A[4]
- Proline-rich proteins (function in enamel formation, Ca2+-binding, microbe killing and lubrication)[4]
- Minor enzymes include salivary acid phosphatases A+B, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and tissue kallikrein (function unknown).[4]
- Cells: Possibly as much as 8 million human and 500 million bacterial cells per mL. The presence of bacterial products (small organic acids, amines, and thiols) causes saliva to sometimes exhibit foul odor.
- Opiorphin, a newly researched pain-killing substance found in human saliva.
Different reagents used to determine the content of saliva \1. Molisch test gives a positive result of purple color that is costituent to the presence of carbohydrates
See also
- Androstenol - sex pheromone found in pig saliva
- Animal licking behavior
- Animal spitting behavior
- Licking
- Licking wounds
- Parotid gland
- Spitting
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Physiology at MCG 6/6ch4/s6ch4_6
- ↑ Christian Starkenmann, Benedicte Le Calvé, Yvan Niclass, Isabelle Cayeux, Sabine Beccucci, and Myriam Troccaz. Olfactory Perception of Cysteine−S-Conjugates from Fruits and Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008; 56 (20): 9575-9580 DOI: 10.1021/jf801873h
- ↑ Marcone, M. F. (2005). "Characterization of the edible bird's nest the Caviar of the East." Food Research International 38:1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008 Abstract retrieved 12 Nov 2007
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Page 928 in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch, 1300, Elsevier/Saunders.
References
- Venturi S, Venturi M. (2009). Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health. Nutrition and Health. 20 :119–134. PMID: 19835108
- Bahar, G., Feinmesser, R., Shpitzer, T., Popovtzer, A. and Nagler, R.M. (2007). Salivary analysis in oral cancer patients: DNA and protein oxidation, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidant profile. Cancer, 109, 54–9.
- Banerjee, R.K., Bose, A.K., Chakraborty, T.K., de, S.K. and Datta, A.G. (1985). Peroxidase-catalysed iodotyrosine formation in dispersed cells of mouse extrathyroidal tissues. J Endocrinol. 2, 159–65.
- Banerjee, R.K. and datta, A.G. (1986). Salivary peroxidases. Mol Cell Biochem, 70, 21-9.
- Bartelstone, H. J. (1951). Radioiodine penetration through intact enamel with uptake by bloodstream and thyroid gland. J Dent Res. 5 :728–33.
- Bartelstone, H.J., Mandel, I.D., Oshry, E. and Seidlin, S.M. (1947). Use of radioactive iodine as a tracer in the Study of the Physiology of teeth. Science. 106, 132.
External links
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