Richard E. Petty
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Richard E. Petty is a Distinguished professor in the Department of Psychology at Ohio State University in Columbus, OH, USA.
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Education/Positions
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Dr. Petty received his B.A. (with high distinction) in government (political science) and psychology from the University of Virginia in 1973, and his Ph.D. in social psychology from Ohio State University in 1977. He began his academic career that same year as Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Missouri. In 1981 he was promoted to Associate Professor, and in 1985 he was named the Frederick A. Middlebush Professor of Psychology at Missouri. After a sabbatical at Yale University in 1986, he returned to Ohio State in 1987 as Professor of Psychology and Director of the Social Psychology Doctoral Program. In 1995, he was visiting Professor of Psychology at Princeton University. In 1998, he was named Distinguished University Professor at Ohio State. From 1998-2002, he served as Chair of the OSU Department of Psychology.
ResearchEdit
Dr. Petty's research focuses broadly on the situational and individual difference factors responsible for changes in beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Much of his current work (and that of the students and colleagues with whom he collaborates) is aimed at examining the implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion for understanding prejudice, consumer choices, political and legal decisions, and health behaviors. Topics of special current interest include: understanding the role of meta-cognitive as well as implicit (unconscious) factors in persuasion and resistance to change; the effect of racial and ethnic prejudice, stereotypes, and specific emotions on social judgment and behavior; and investigating how people correct their evaluations for various factors they think may have biased their judgments (such as stereotypes they hold or emotions they are experiencing). This work has resulted in 7 books and over 200 journal articles and chapters (click here for listing of publications).
Professional honorsEdit
Among the honors and awards Dr. Petty has received are the following: in 1995 he received the Distinguished Scholar Award from Ohio State University; in 1999, he was named Distinguished Scientist-Lecturer for the American Psychological Association; in 2000, he received the award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Consumer Psychology from the Society for Consumer Psychology; in 2001 he received the Donald T. Campbell Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Social Psychology from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology; in 2002 he was selected as a Decade of Behavior Lecturer by the American Psychological Association. Petty is a fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the Association for Psychological Science (APS), and the American Psychological Association (APA; with fellow status in the following divisions: General, Experimental, Social/Personality, Consumer, and Health). Petty completed a term as President of the Midwestern Psychological Association in 2002, and he becomes President-Elect of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in 2008.
Editorial serviceEdit
After serving as Associate Editor of the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin from 1982-1984, he became the journal's editor from 1988-1991. He has also served as Associate Editor for the APA journal, Emotion (2002-2004), and currently serves on the editorial boards of the following journals: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1983-present); Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (1990-present); Personality and Social Psychology Review (1995-present); Media Psychology (1998-present); and Psychological Science (2006-present). He has served previously on the boards of: Journal of Consumer Research (1982-2000), Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (1983-2002), Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (1994-1998), Journal of Consumer Psychology (1994-2003), Psychological Review (1996-1999), and School Psychology Quarterly (1997-2002),
Government/public policy serviceEdit
Dr. Petty has served as a consultant and panelist for various federal agencies such as the National Institute on Drug Abuse panel on Using Persuasive Communication to Prevent Drug Abuse, the National Science Foundation panel on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, and the National Cancer Institute's workshop on designing theory-based health communications. He has served on two committees of the National Academy of Sciences: (1) Committee on Implementing Dietary Guidelines to Improve the Health of Americans and (2) Committee on a Research Agenda for the Social Psychology of Aging. He is former chair of the National Institute of Mental Health grant review panel on Social and Group Processes.
PublicationsEdit
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1) Petty, R. E., Ostrom, T. M., & Brock, T. C. (Eds.). (1981). Cognitive responses in persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (476 pp., reviewed in Science, v. 214, p. 326; Contemporary Psychology, v. 28, p. 104; Journalism Quarterly, v. 59, p. 160). (2) Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown (314 pp., reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, v. 28, p. 372). Republished as: Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1996). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (a division of Harper/Collins). (3) Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). Perspectives in cardiovascular psychophysiology. New York: Guilford. (392 pp., reviewed in Psychophysiology, v. 20, p. 239). (4) Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (Eds.). (1983). Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook. New York: Guilford. (770 pp., reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, v. 30, p. 382; Health Psychology, v. 3, p. 289). (5) Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer/Verlag. (Springer Series in Social Psychology; 262 pp., reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, v. 32, pp. 1009-1010; Public Opinion Quarterly, v. 52, pp. 262-265; American Journal of Psychology, 1988; Southern Communication Journal, 1988, pp. 112-114). (6) Petty, R. E., & Krosnick, J. A. (Eds.) (1995). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. (7). Fazio, R. H., & Petty, R. E. (Eds.) (2007). Attitudes: Their structure, function, and consequences. New York, NY: Psychology Press. (8). Petty, R. E., & Fazio, R. H. (Eds.) (in preparation). Attitudes: Persuasion and change. New York, NY: Psychology Press. (9). Petty, R. E., Fazio, R. H., & Briñol, P (Eds.) (in preparation). Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. New York, NY: Psychology Press. (10) Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., Fabrigar, L. R., & Cacioppo, J. T. (in preparation). Attitude change: A primer. London: Open University Press (International Series in Social Psychology), and Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. JOURNAL ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS: 1. Petty, R. E., Wells, G. L., & Brock, T. C. (1976). Distraction can enhance or reduce yielding to propaganda: Thought disruption versus effort justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 874-884. [PDF] 2. Cialdini, R. B., Levy, A., Herman, C. P., Kozlowski, L. T., & Petty, R. E. (1976). Elastic shifts of opinion: Determinants of direction and durability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 633-672. [PDF] 3. Petty, R. E., & Brock, T. C. (1976). Effects of responding or not responding to hecklers on audience agreement with a speaker. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 1-17. [PDF] 4. Petty, R. E. (1977). The importance of cognitive responses in persuasion. Advances in Consumer Research, 4, 357-362. [PDF] 5. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1977). Forewarning, cognitive responding, and resistance to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 645-655. [PDF] 6. Petty, R. E., Harkins, S. G., Williams, K. D., & Latané, B. (1977). The effects of group size on cognitive effort and evaluation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 579-582. [PDF] 7. Wells, G. L., Petty, R. E., Harkins, S. G., Kagehiro, D., & Harvey, J. H. (1977). Anticipated discussion of interpretation eliminates actor-observer differences in the attribution of causality. Sociometry (now Social Psychology Quarterly), 40, 247-253. [PDF] 8. Petty, R. E., Williams, K. D., Harkins, S. G., & Latané, B. (1977). Social inhibition of helping yourself: Bystander response to a cheeseburger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 575-578. [PDF] 9. Petty, R. E., Brock, T. C., & Brock, S. (1978). Hecklers: Boon or bust for speakers? Public Relations Journal, 34, 10-12. [PDF] 10. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1979). Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1915-1926. [PDF] 11. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1979). The effects of message repetition and position on cognitive responses, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 97-109. [PDF] 12. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1979). Effects of forewarning of persuasive intent and involvement on cognitive responses and persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 173-176. [PDF] Reprinted in: Krivoshey, R. M. (Ed). (1994). Readings in trial advocacy and the social sciences. (Vol. 2). Hamden, CT: Garland Publishing. 13. Petty, R. E., & Brock, T. C. (1979). Effects of "Barnum" personality assessments on cognitive behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 201-203. [PDF] 14. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1979). Attitudes and cognitive response: An electrophysiological approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2181-2199. [PDF] 15. Petty, R. E., Harkins, S. G., & Williams, K. D. (1980). The effects of group diffusion of cognitive effort on attitudes: An information processing view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 81-92. [PDF] 16. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1980). Persuasiveness of communication is affected by exposure frequency and message quality: A theoretical and empirical analysis of persisting attitude change. In J. H. Leigh & C. R. Martin (Eds.), Current issues and research in advertising, (pp. 97-122). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. [PDF] 17. Wells, G. L., & Petty, R. E. (1980). The effects of overt head movements on persuasion: Compatibility and incompatibility of responses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 219-230. [PDF] 18. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1980). Sex differences in influenceability: Toward specifying the underlying processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 651-656. [PDF] 19. Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1981). The multiple source effect in persuasion: The effects of distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 627-635. [PDF] 20. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument- based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 847-855. [PDF] Reprinted in: Aronson, E., & Pratkanis, A. (Eds.) (1993). The international library of critical writings in psychology: Social psychology. (Vol. 2). Hants, England: Edward Elgar Publishing. Hewstone, M., Manstead, A.S.R., & Stroebe, W. (Eds.) (1997). Blackwell reader in social psychology. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers. Kruglanski, A., & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.) (2003). Social psychology: A general reader. New York: Psychology Press. 21. Petty, R.E., Ostrom, T.M., & Brock, T.C. (1981). Historical foundations of the cognitive response approach to attitudes and persuasion. In R. Petty, T. Ostrom, & T. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 5-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 22. Cacioppo, J.T., Harkins, S.G., & Petty, R.E. (1981). The nature of attitudes and cognitive responses and their relationships to behavior. In R. Petty, T. Ostrom, & T. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 31-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 23. Petty, R.E., & Brock, T.C. (1981). Thought disruption and persuasion: Assessing the validity of attitude change experiments. In R. Petty, T. Ostrom, & T. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 55-79). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 24. Petty, R.E. (1981). The role of cognitive responses in attitude change processes. In R. Petty, T. Ostrom, & T. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 135-139).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 25. Burger, J. M., & Petty, R. E. (1981). The low-ball compliance technique: Task or person commitment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 492-500. [PDF] Reprinted in: Schroeder, D., Johnson, D., & Jensen, T. (Eds.). (1985). Contemporary readings in social psychology. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. 26. Cialdini, R.B., & Petty, R.E. (1981). Anticipatory opinion effects. In R. Petty, T. Ostrom, & T. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 217-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 27. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Issue involvement as a moderator of the effects on attitude of advertising content and context. Advances in Consumer Research, 8, 20-24. [PDF] 28. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1981). Electromyographic specificity during covert information processing. Psychophysiology, 18, 518-523. [PDF] 29. Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1981). The effects of source magnification of cognitive effort on attitudes: An information processing view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 401-413. [PDF] 30. Cialdini, R. B., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitude and attitude change. In M. Rosensweig & L. Porter (Eds.) Annual review of psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 357-404). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. [PDF] 31. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1981). Lateral asymmetry in the expression of cognition and emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 333-341. [PDF] 32. Petty, R. E., & Mirels, H. L. (1981). Intimacy and scarcity of self-disclosure: Effects on interpersonal attraction for males and females. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 493-503. [PDF] 33. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1981). Social psychological procedures for cognitive response assessment: The thought listing technique. In T. Merluzzi, C. Glass, & M. Genest (Eds.), Cognitive assessment (pp. 309-342). New York: Guilford. [PDF] 34. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Heesacker, M. (1981). The use of rhetorical questions in persuasion: A cognitive response analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 432-440. [PDF] 35. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1981). Electromyograms as measures of extent and affectivity of information processing. American Psychologist, 36, 441-456. [PDF] 36. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1981). Effects of extent of thought on the pleasantness ratings of P-O-X triads: Evidence for three judgmental tendencies in evaluating social situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1000-1009. [PDF] 37. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Quintanar, L. (1982). Individual differences in relative hemispheric alpha abundance and cognitive responses to persuasive communications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 623-636. [PDF] 38. Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1214-1229. [PDF] 39. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Sidera, J.A. (1982). The effects of a salient self-schema on the evaluation of proattitudinal editorials: Top-down versus bottom-up processing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 324-338. [PDF] 40. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116-131. [PDF] 41. Petty, R. E., Wells, G. L., Heesacker, M., Brock, T. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). The effects of recipient posture on persuasion: A cognitive response analysis Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 209-222. [PDF] 42. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Harkins, S. G. (1983). Group size effects on cognitive effort and evaluation. In H. H. Blumberg, A. P. Hare, V. Kent, & M. Davies (Eds.), Small groups and social interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 165-181). London: Wiley. [PDF] 43. Puckett, J. M., Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Fisher, D. L. (1983). The relative impact of age and attractiveness stereotypes on persuasion. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 340-343. [PDF] 44. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Morris, K. (1983). Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, argument recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 805-818. [PDF] 45. .Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). The role of bodily responses in attitude measurement and change. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp.51-101). New York: Guilford. [PDF] 46. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1983). Foundations of social psychophysiology. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp. 3-36). New York: Guilford. [PDF] 47. Heesacker, M., Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Field dependence and attitude change: Source credibility can alter persuasion by affecting message-relevant thinking. Journal of Personality, 51, 653-666. [PDF] 48. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: Application to advertising. In L. Percy & A. Woodside (Eds.), Advertising and consumer psychology (pp. 3-23). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath. [PDF] 49. Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1983). Social context effects in persuasion: The effects of multiple sources and multiple targets. In P. Paulus (Ed.), Advances in group psychology (pp. 149-175). New York: Springer/ Verlag. [PDF] 50. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10, 135-146. [PDF] Reprinted in: Peplau, A., Sears, D.O., & Freedman (Eds.) (1986). Readings in social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Halberstadt, A., & Ellyson, S. (Eds.). (1990). Social psychology readings: A century of research. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kassarjian, H.H. & Robertson, T.S. (Eds.). (1991). Perspectives in consumer behavior (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Krupat, E. (Ed.) (1994). Psychology is social (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins Publishers. Krupat, E. (Ed.) (1998). Psychology is social (4th ed.) New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Smith, A. (Ed.) (2002). Principles of advertising. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. Hogg, M. (Ed.) (2005). Consumer behaviour (The Sage library in business and management series) London: Sage Publications. 51. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1984). Motivational factors in consumer response to advertisements. In R. Geen, W. Beatty, & R. Arkin (Eds.), Human motivation: Physiological, behavioral, and social approaches (pp. 418-454). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. [PDF] 52. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Heesacker, M. (1984). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: Application to counseling. In R. McGlynn, J. Maddux, C. Stoltenberg, & J. Harvey (Eds.), Social perception in clinical and counseling psychology (pp. 59-89). Lubbock, Tx: Texas Tech University Press. [PDF] 53. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1984). Attitude change and personal selling: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. In J. Jacoby & S. Craig (Eds.), Personal selling: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 29-55). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath. [PDF] 54. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Kao, C. F. (1984). The efficient assessment of "need for cognition." Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 306-307. [PDF] 55. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1984). The effects of involvement on response to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 69-81. [PDF] Reprinted in: Peplau, L., Sears, D.O, Freedman, J., & Taylor, S. (Eds.) (1988). Readings in social psychology: Classic and contemporary contributions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Pines, A., & Maslach, C. (Eds.) (1993). Experiencing social psychology (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Pettijohn, T. F. (Ed.). (1994). Sources: Notable selections in social psychology. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing. Pettijohn, T. F. (Ed.). (1997). Sources: Notable selections in social psychology. (2nd ed.). Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing. Pettijohn, T. F. (Ed.). (2001). Sources: Notable selections in social psychology. (3rd ed.). Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing. 56. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T. (1984). Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 668-672. [PDF] 57. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1985). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: The role of message repetition. In L. Alwitt & A. Mitchell (Eds.), Psychological processes and advertising effects (pp. 91-112). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 58. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Marshall-Goodell, B. (1985). Physical, social, and inferential elements of psychophysiological measurement. In P. Karoly (Ed.), Measurement strategies in health psychology (pp. 263-300). New York: John Wiley & Sons. 59. Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Losch, M. (1986). Attributions of responsibility for helping and doing harm: Evidence for confusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 100-105. [PDF] Reprinted in: Lesko, W. A. (1991) (Ed.). Readings in social psychology: General, classic, and contemporary selections. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 60. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press. [PDF] Excerpted in: Coates, E. J., & Feldman, R. S. (2001) (Eds.). Classic and contemporary readings in social psychology. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice- Hall. 61. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Losch, M. E., & Kim, H. S. (1986). Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 260-268. [PDF] 62. Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., Kao, C., & Rodriguez, R. (1986). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1032-1043. [PDF] 63. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1986). Social processes. In M. G.H. Coles, E. Donchin, & S. Porgess (Eds.), Psychophysiology: Systems, processes and applications (pp. 646-679). New York: Guilford Press. [PDF] 64. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1987). Stalking rudimentary processes of social influence: A psychophysiological approach. In M. Zanna, J. Olson, & C. Herman (Eds.), Social influence: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 5, pp. 41-74). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 65. Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1987). Information utility and the multiple source effect in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 260-268. [PDF] 66. Petty, R.E., Rennier, G.A., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1987). Assertion versus interrogation format in opinion surveys: Questions enhance thoughtful responding. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 481-494. [PDF] 67. Petty, R.E., Kasmer, J.A., Haugtvedt, C.P., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1987). Source and message factors in persuasion: A reply to Stiff's critique of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Communication Monographs, 54, 233-249. [PDF] 68. Petty, R.E., Cacioppo, J.T., Kasmer, J.A., & Haugtvedt, C.P. (1987). A reply to Stiff and Boster. Communication Monographs, 54, 257-263. [PDF] 69. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kasmer, J. (1988). The role of affect in the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion. In L. Donohew, H. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 117-146). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 70. Cacioppo, J.T., Martzke, J.S., Petty, R.E., & Tassinary, L. (1988). Specific forms of facial EMG response index emotions during an interview: From Darwin to the continuous flow hypothesis of affect-laden information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 592-604. [PDF] 71. Petty, R.E., Cacioppo, J.T., Sedikides, C., & Strathman, A.J. (1988). Affect and persuasion: A contemporary perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 31, 355-371. [PDF] 72. Haugtvedt, C.P., Petty, R.E., Cacioppo, J.T., & Steidley, T. (1988). Personality and ad effectiveness. Advances in Consumer Research, 15, 209-212. [PDF] 73. Biddle, B.J., Pinkerton, J.K., & Petty, R.E. (1988). Subject population, thought modality, and cognitive dissonance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 213-230. [PDF] 74. Heppner, P.P., Baumgardner, A.H., Larson, L.M., & Petty, R.E. (1988). The utility of problem-solving training that emphasizes self-management principles. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 1, 129-143. 75. Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Tassinary, L. (1989). Social psychophysiology: A new look. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 39-91). New York: Academic Press. [PDF] 76. Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Geen, T.R. (1989). Attitude structure and function: From the tripartite to the homeostasis model of attitudes. In A. Pratkanis, S. Breckler, and A. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 275-309). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 77. Cacioppo, J.T., & Petty, R.E. (1989). Effects of message repetition on argument processing, recall, and persuasion. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 3-12. [PDF] 78. Haugtvedt, C.P., & Petty, R.E. (1989). Need for cognition and attitude persistence. Advances in Consumer Research, 16, 33-36. 79. Petty, R.E. (1989). Attitude: An intrapsychic or interpersonal concept? Contemporary Psychology, 34, 22-23. 80. Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J.T. (1990). Involvement and persuasion: Tradition versus integration. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 367-374. [PDF] 81. Schumann, D., Petty, R. E., & Clemons, S. (1990). Predicting the effectiveness of different strategies of advertising variation: A test of the repetition-variation hypotheses. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 192-202. [PDF] 82. Petty, R.E., Baker, S., & Gleicher, F. (1991). Attitudes and drug abuse prevention: Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher & W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Persuasive communication and drug abuse prevention (pp. 71-90). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 83. Petty, R.E, Gleicher, F., & Baker, S. (1991). Multiple roles for affect in persuasion. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Emotion and social judgments (pp. 181-200). Oxford: Pergamon. [PDF] 84. Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1991). Thought systems, argument quality, and persuasion. In R. S. Wyer, and T. K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 4, pp. 147-161). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 85. Petty, R.E., Unnava, R., & Strathman, A., (1991). Theories of attitude change. In T. S. Robertson & H. H. Kassarjian (Eds.), Handbook of consumer behavior (pp. 241-280). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. [PDF] Excerpted in: J. Bree & C. Derbaux (2001) (Eds.). Comportament du consommateur: Presentation de textes choisis (Consumer behavior: Presentation of selected articles). Paris: Economica. 86. Cacioppo, J. T., Claiborn, C. D., Petty, R. E., & Heesacker, M. (1991). A general framework for the study of attitude change in psychotherapy. In C. R. Synder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective (pp. 523-539). New York: Pergamon. [PDF] 87. Baker, S. M., & Petty, R. E., & Gleicher, F. (1991). Persuasion theory and drug abuse prevention. Health Communication, 3, 193-203. [PDF] 88. Gleicher, F., & Petty, R. E. (1992). Expectations of reassurance influence the nature of fear-stimulated attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 86-100. [PDF] 89. Baker, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1992). Minority influence: Integration of comparison and validation processes. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1309-1310. 90. Haugtvedt, C. P., & Petty, R. E. (1992). Personality and persuasion: Need for cognition moderates the persistence and resistance of attitude changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 308-319. [PDF] 91. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Haugtvedt, C. (1992). Involvement and persuasion: An appreciative look at the Sherifs' contribution to the study of self-relevance and attitude change. In D. Granberg & G. Sarup (Eds.), Social judgment and intergroup relations: Essays in honor of Muzafer Sherif (pp. 147-174). New York: Springer/Verlag. [PDF] 92. Cacioppo, J. T., Marshall-Goodell, B. S., Tassinary, L. G., & Petty, R. E. (1992). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: Classical conditioning is more effective when prior knowledge about the attitude stimulus is low than high. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 207-233. [PDF] 93. Petty, R. E., McMichael, S., & Brannon, L. A. (1992). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion: Applications in recreation and tourism. In M. J. Manfredo (Ed.), Influencing human behavior: Theory and applications in recreation and tourism and natural resources management (pp. 77-101). Champaign, IL: Sagamore Publishing. [PDF] 94. Haugtvedt, C.P., Petty, R.E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1992). Need for cognition and advertising: Understanding the role of personality variables in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1, 239-260. [PDF] 95. Petty, R. E., Schumann, D. W., Richman, S. A., & Strathman, A. J. (1993). Positive mood and persuasion: Different roles for affect under high and low elaboration conditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 5-20. [PDF] 96. Petty, R. E., Gleicher, F. H., & Jarvis, B. (1993). Persuasion theory and AIDS prevention. In J. B. Pryor & G. Reeder (Eds.), The social psychology of HIV infection (pp. 155-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 97. Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., Fabrigar, L. R., Priester, J. R., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1993). Conceptual and methodological issues in the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion: A reply to the Michigan State critics. Communication Theory, 3, 336-362. [PDF] 98. Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1993). Flexible correction processes in social judgment: Correcting for context induced contrast. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 137-165. [PDF] 99. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048. [PDF] 100. Baker, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Majority and minority influence: Source-position imbalance as a determinant of message scrutiny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 5-19. [PDF] 101. Petty, R. E. (1994). Two routes to persuasion: State of the art. In G. d'Ydewalle, P. Eelen, & P. Bertelson (Eds.) International perspectives on psychological science (Vol. 2, pp. 229-247). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 102. Smith, S. M., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Need for cognition and the effects of repeated expression on attitude accessibility and extremity. Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 234-237. 103. Petty, R. E. & Priester, J. R. (1994). Mass media attitude change: Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 91-122). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [see #166 for update] 104. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Losch, M., & Crites, S. (1994). Psychophysiological approaches to attitudes. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives (pp. 43-69). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. [PDF] 105. Crites, S., Fabrigar, L., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: Conceptual and methodological issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 619-634. (*Recipient of the 1993 Student Publication Award from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology). [PDF] 106. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Strathman, A., & Priester, J. R. (1994). To think or not to think? Exploring two routes to persuasion. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives (pp. 113-147). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. [PDF] 107.. Petty, R. E., Priester, J. R., & Wegener, D. T. (1994). Cognitive processes in attitude change. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 69-142). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 108. Smith, S. M., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Attitudes and recycling: Does the measurement of affect enhance behavioral prediction? Psychology and Marketing, 11, 359-374. 109. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 25-44. [PDF] 110. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Flexible correction processes in social judgment: The role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 36-51. [PDF] 111. Priester, J. M., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Source attributions and persuasion: Perceived honesty as a determinant of message scrutiny. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 637-654. [PDF] 112. Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Attitude strength: An overview. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1-24). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 113. Petty, R. E., Haugtvedt, C., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Elaboration as a determinant of attitude strength: Creating attitudes that are persistent, resistant, and predictive of behavior. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 93-130). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 114. Wegener, D. T., Downing, J., Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Measures and manipulations of strength related properties of attitudes: Current practice and future directions. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 455-488). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 115. Smith, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Personality moderators of mood congruency effects on cognition: The role of self-esteem and negative mood regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1092-1107. [PDF] 116. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Positive mood can increase or decrease message scrutiny: The hedonic contingency view of mood and message processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 5-15. [PDF] 117. Petty, R. E. (1995). Attitude change. In A. Tesser (Ed.). Advanced social psychology (pp. 195-255). New York: McGraw Hill. 118. Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1995). I diversi ruoli del tono dell'umore nel processo di persuasione. (The diverse roles by which mood influences persuasion). Rassegna di Psicologia, 12, 23-42. (invited article) 118. Petty, R. E. (1995). Creating strong attitudes: Two routes to persuasion. In. T. E. Backer, S. L. David, & G. Soucey (Eds.), Reviewing the behavioral science knowledge base on technology transfer (pp. 209-224). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA Research Monograph 155; NIH Publication No. 95-4035). [PDF] 120. Jarvis, W. B. G., & Petty, R. E. (1996). The need to evaluate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 172-194. [PDF] 121. Petty, R. E., & Jarvis, B. G. (1996) An individual differences perspective on assessing cognitive processes. In N. Schwarz & S. Sudman (Eds.), Answering questions: Methodology for determining cognitive and communicative procesess in survey research (pp. 221-257). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. [PDF] 122. Petty, R. E., Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., & Priester, J. R. (1996). Understanding data when interactions are present or hypothesized. Psychological Science, 7, 247-252. [PDF] 123. Smith, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1996). Message framing and persuasion: A message processing analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 257-268. [PDF] 124. Petty, R. E., Jarvis, W. B. G., & Evans, L. M. (1996). Recurrent thought: Implications for attitudes and persuasion. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 9, pp. 145-164). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 125. Priester, J. M. & Petty, R. E. (1996). The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 431-449. [PDF] 126. Cacioppo, J. T. , Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996). Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 197-253. [PDF] 127. Priester, J. M., Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1996). The influence of motor processes on attitudes toward novel versus familiar semantic stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 442-447. [PDF] 128. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1996). Addressing disturbing and disturbed consumer behavior: Is it necessary to change the way we conduct behavioral science? Journal of Marketing Research, 33, 1-8. (invited article) [PDF] 129. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1996). Effects of mood on persuasion processes: Enhancing, reducing, and biasing scrutiny of attitude-relevant information. In L. L. Martin, & A. Tesser (Eds.). Striving and feeling: Interactions between goals and affect (pp. 329-362). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 130. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1997). The flexible correction model: The role of naive theories of bias in bias correction. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol., 29, pp. 141-208). San Diego: Academic Press. 131. Petty, R. E. (1997). The evolution of theory and research in social psychology: From single to multiple effect and process models. In C. McGarty & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology: Perspectives on mind in society (pp. 268-290). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd. [PDF] 132. Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1997). Attitude and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 609-647. [PDF] 133. Petty, R. E., Heesacker, M., & Hughes, J. (1997). Implications of persuasion theory for school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 35, 107-136. [PDF] 134. Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1998). Matching versus mismatching attitude functions: Implications for scrutiny of persuasive messages. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 227-240. [PDF] 135. Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1998). Attitude change: Multiple roles for persuasion variables. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 323-390). New York: McGraw-Hill. 136. Fabrigar, L. R., Priester, J. R., Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1998). The impact of attitude accessibility on cognitive elaboration of persuasive messages. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 339-352. [PDF] 137. Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & White, P. (1998). Flexible correction processes in social judgment: Implications for persuasion. Social Cognition, 16, 93-113. 138. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1998). The naive scientist revisited: Naive theories and social judgment. Social Cognition, 16, 1-7. 139. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Dunn. M. (1998). The metacognition of bias correction: Naive theories of bias and the flexible correction model. In V. Y. Yzerbyt, G. Lories, & B. Dardenne (Eds.), Meta-cognition: Cognitive and social dimensions (pp. 202-227). London: Sage. 140. Petty, R. E., Fleming, M. A., & White, P. (1999). Stigmatized sources and persuasion: Prejudice as a determinant of argument scrutiny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 19-34. [PDF] 141. Petty, R. E., Fleming, M. A., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1999). The review process at PSPB: Determinants of inter-reviewer agreement and manuscript acceptance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 188-203. [PDF] 142. Fabrigar, L.R., & Petty, R.E. (1999). The role of the affective and cognitive bases of attitudes in susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 363-381. [PDF] 143. Fleming, M. A., Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1999). Procedural and legal motivations to correct for perceived judicial biases. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 186-203. [PDF] 144. Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E. (1999). Political persuasion and attitude change. Political Psychology, 20, 436-439 (book review). 145. Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1999). The Elaboration Likelihood Model: Current status and controversies. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 41-72). New York: Guilford Press. [PDF] 146. Priester, J. M., Wegener, D., Petty, R. E., & Fabrigar, L. (1999). Examining the psychological procesess underlying the sleeper effect: The Elaboration Likelihood Model explanation. Media Psychology, 1, 27-48. (invited article). [PDF] 147. Petty, R. E., Wheeler, S, C., & Bizer, G.Y. (1999). Is there one persuasion process or more? Lumping versus splitting in attitude change theories. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 156-163. [PDF] 148. Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 629-654. [PDF] 149. Petty, R. E., Wheeler, S.C., & Bizer, G. (2000). Matching effects in persuasion: An elaboration likelihood analysis (pp. 133-162). In G. Maio & J. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 150. DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Rucker, D. D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 397-416. [PDF] 151. Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Identity and persuasion: An elaboration likelihood approach. In D. J. Terry & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership (pp. 171-199). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [PDF] 152. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., Bedell, B. T., & Jarvis, W. B. (2001). Implications of attitude change theories for numerical anchoring: Anchor plausibility and the limits of anchoring effectiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 62-69. [PDF] 153. Wheeler, S. C., Jarvis, W. B., & Petty, R. E. (2001). Think unto others...The self-destructive impact of negative stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 173-180. [PDF] 154. Petty, R. E., Tormala, Z. Hawkins, C., & Wegener, D. T. (2001) . Motivation to think and order effects in persuasion: The moderating role of chunking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 332-344. [PDF] 155. Priester, J.R., & Petty, R. E. (2001). Extending the bases of subjective attitudinal ambivalence: Interpersonal and intrapersonal antecedents of evaluative tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 19-34. [PDF] 156. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (2001). On the use of naive theories of bias to remove or avoid bias: The flexible correction model. Advances in Consumer Research, 28, 378-383. 157. Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2001). On-line versus memory based processing: The role of ‘need to evaluate’ in person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 1599-1612. [PDF] 158. Petty, R. E., DeSteno, D., & Rucker, D. (2001). The role of affect in persuasion and attitude change. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Handbook of affect and social cognition (pp. 212-233). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 159. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (2001). Understanding effects of mood through the Elaboration Likelihood and Flexible Correction models. In L. L. Martin & G. L. Clore (Eds.), Theories of mood and cognition: A user's guidebook (pp. 177-210). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 160. Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826. [PDF] 161. Petty, R. E. (2001). Attitude change. In N. J. Smelser, P. B.Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 894-899) Oxford: Pergamon. [PDF] 162. Petty, R. E. (2001). Subtle influences on judgments and behaviors: Who is most susceptible? In J. Forgas & K. D. Williams (Eds.), Social influence: Direct and indirect processes (pp. 129-146). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. [PDF] 163. Petty, R. E., Fleming, M. A., Priester, J. R., & Feinstein, A. H. (2001). Individual versus group interest violation: Surprise as a determinant of argument scrutiny and persuasion. Social Cognition, 19, 418-442. [PDF] 164. Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2002). Attitude change: The Elaboration Likelihood Model. In G. Bartels & W. Nelissen (Eds.), Marketing for sustainability: Towards transactional policy making (pp. 176-190). Amsterdam: IOS Press. [PDF] 165. Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & Tormala, Z. L. (2002). Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion: The self-validation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 722-741. [PDF] 166. Petty, R. E., Priester, J. R., & Briñol, P. (2002). Mass media attitude change: Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 155-198). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF] 167. Petty, R.E., Barden, J., & Wheeler, S.C. (2002). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In R. J. DiClemente, R. A. Crosby, & M. Kegler (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research (pp. 71-99). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. [PDF] 168. Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Falces, C. (2002). Confidence in thoughts to commercials: A self-validation analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 29, 471-472. 169. Bizer, G. Y., & Petty, R. E. (2002). An implicit measure of price perception. Exploring the odd-pricing effect. Advances in Consumer Research, 29, 220-221. 170. Tormala, Z.L., & Petty, R.E. (2002). What doesn’t kill me makes me stronger: The effects of resisting persuasion on attitude certainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1298-1313. [PDF] 171. Tormala, Z. L., Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2002). Ease of retrieval effects in persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1700-1712. [PDF] 172. Bizer, G., Barden, J, & Petty, R. E. (2002). Attitudes. In L. Nadel et al. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of cognitive science (Vol. 1, pp. 247-253). Hampshire, England: MacMillan. [PDF] 173. Wheeler, S. C., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2002). Consumer persuasion as a function of explicit and implicit self-beliefs. Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research, 5, 209-211. 174. Park, K., Priester, J. R., Petty, R. E., Lee, K., & Wang, Y. (2002). Psychological experience of attitudinal ambivalence as a function of manipulated source of conflict and individual differences in self-construal. Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research, 5, 287-289. 175. Briñol, P, & Petty, R. E. (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1123-1139. [PDF] 176. Petty, R. E., Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T., (2003). Emotional factors in attitudes and persuasion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 752-772). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [PDF] 177. Evans, L. M., & Petty, R. E. (2003). Self-guide framing and persuasion: Responsibly increasing message processing to ideal levels. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 313-324. [PDF] 178. Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. E. (2003). Effects of accusations on the accuser: The moderating role of accuser culpability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1259-1271. [PDF] 179. Priester, J. R., & Petty, R. E. (2003). The influence of spokesperson trustworthiness on message elaboration, attitude strength, and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13, 408-421. [PDF] 180. Petty, R. E., Wheeler, S. C., & Tormala, Z. L. (2003). Persuasion and attitude change. In T. Millon & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Volume 5: Personality and social psychology (pp. 353-382). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. [PDF] 181. DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Rucker, D. D., Wegener, D. T., & Braverman, J. (2004). Discrete emotions and persuasion: The role of emotion-induced expectancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 43-56. [PDF] 182. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., Dove, N. L., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2004). Multiple routes to resisting attitude change. In E.S. Knowles & J.A. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 13-38). Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum. 183. Tormala, Z.L., & Petty, R.E. (2004). Resisting persuasion and attitude certainty: A meta-cognitive analysis. In E.S. Knowles & J.A. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 65-82). Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum. 184. Briñol, P., Rucker, D.D., Tormala, Z.L., & Petty, R.E. (2004). Individual differences in resistance to persuasion: The role of beliefs and meta-beliefs. In E.S. Knowles & J.A. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and persuasion (pp. 83-104). Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum. 185. Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. E. (2004). When resistance is futile: Consequences of failed counterarguing for attitude certainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 219-235. [PDF] 186. Petty, R. E., Rucker, D., Bizer, G., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2004). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In J. S. Seiter & G. H. Gass (Eds.), Perspectives on persuasion, social influence and compliance gaining (pp. 65-89). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. [PDF] 187. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2004). Self-validation processes: The role of thought confidence in persuasion. In G. Haddock & G. R. Maio (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes (pp. 205-226). London, England: Psychology Press. [PDF] 188. Petty, R. E., Tormala, Z. L., & Rucker, D. D. (2004). Resisting persuasion by counterarguing: An attitude strength perspective. In J. T. Jost, M. R. Banaji, & D. A.Prentice (Eds.) Perspectivism in social psychology: The yin and yang of scientific progress (pp. 37-51). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. [PDF] 189. Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2004). Self-validation of cognitive responses to advertisements. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 559-573. [PDF] 190. Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. (2004). Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 5-22. [PDF] 191. Vargas, P. T., von Hippel, W., & Petty, R. E. (2004). Using partially structured attitude measures to enhance the attitude-behavior relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 197-211. [PDF] 192. Bizer, G. Y., Krosnick, J. A., Holbrook, A. L., Wheeler, S. C., Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. 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Emotion specificity and consumer behavior: Anger, sadness, and preference for activity. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 3-21. (invited article) [PDF] 198. Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. E. (2004). When counterarguing fails: Effects on attitude strength. Advances in Consumer Research, 31, 80-81. 199. Wheeler, S. C., DeMarree, K. G., & Petty, R. E. (2005). The roles of the self in priming-to-behavior effects. In A. Tesser, J. V. Wood, & D. A. Stapel (Eds.), On building, defending, and regulating the self: A psychological perspective (pp. 245-271). New York: Psychology Press. 200. DeMarree, K. G., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Priming a new identity: Self-monitoring moderates the effects of non-self primes on self-judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 657-671. [PDF] 201. Maddux, W. W., Barden, J., Brewer, M. B., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Saying no to negativity: The effects of context and motivation to control prejudice on automatic evaluative responses. 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