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Respite care is the provision of short-term, temporary relief to those who are caring for family members who might otherwise require permanent placement in a facility outside the home.

The term "short break" is used in some countries to describe respite care. The International Short-Break Association coordinates advocacy groups.

In the United States today there are approximately 50 million people who are caring at home for family members including elderly parents, and spouses and children with disabilities and/or chronic illnesses. Without this home-care, most of these cared for loved ones would require permanent placement in institutions or health care facilities.[1]

Even though many families take great joy in providing care to their loved ones so that they can remain at home,[How to reference and link to summary or text] the physical, emotional and financial consequences for the family caregiver can be overwhelming without some support, such as respite. Respite provides the much needed temporary break from the often exhausting challenges faced by the family caregiver.

Respite is the service most often requested by family caregivers, yet it is in critically short supply, inaccessible, or unaffordable regardless of the age or disability of the individual needing assistance. While the focus has been on making sure families have the option of providing care at home, little attention has been paid to the needs of the family caregivers who make this possible.

Close to 80% of all long-term care is now provided at home by family caregivers to children and adults with serious conditions, including mental health issues, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, cancer, paralysis, developmental and physical disabilities, cognitive impairments and Alzheimer's disease. Parents and family caregivers are the backbone of the long-term care system and save governments billions of dollars annually.

Research has shown that providing respite can have a positive effect on the health of the caregiver(see references below).

Without respite, not only can families suffer economically and emotionally, caregivers themselves may face serious health and social risks as a result of stress associated with continuous caregiving. Three fifths of family caregivers age 19-64 surveyed recently by the Commonwealth Fund reported fair or poor health, one or more chronic conditions, or a disability, compared with only one-third of non caregivers.

A Commonwealth Fund study of elderly spousal caregivers (aged 66-96) found that caregivers who experience caregiving-related stress have a 63% higher mortality rate than non-caregivers of the same age.

Respite has been shown to help sustain family caregiver health and wellbeing, avoid or delay out-of-home placements, and reduce the likelihood of abuse and neglect. An outcome based evaluation pilot study show that respite may also reduce the likelihood of divorce and help sustain marriages. [2]

Models for Respite[]

There are various models for providing respite care including:

  • In-home respite
  • Specialized facility
  • Emergency respite
  • Sitter-companion services
  • Therapeutic adult day care

In-home respite[]

In-home care is popular for obvious reasons. The temporary caregiver comes to the regular caregiver’s home, and gets to know the care receiver in his or her normal environment. The temporary caregiver learns the family routine, where medicines are stored, and the care receiver is not inconvenienced by transportation and strange environments. In this model, friends, relatives and paid professionals may be used. Depending on the state, Medicaid or Medicare may be used to help cover costs. Another in-home model will utilize friends and neighbors as helping hands where the primary caregiver never leaves the premises but may simply be getting a break so that they can cook dinner or pay the bills.

Specialized facility[]

Another model uses a specialized, local facility where the care receiver may stay for a few days or a few weeks. The advantage of this model is that the specialized facility will probably have better access to emergency facilities and professional assistance if needed.

Emergency respite[]

There may be the need for respite care on an emergency basis. When using "planned" emergency care, the caregiver has already identified a provider or facility to call in case there is an emergency. Many homecare agencies, adult day care, health centers, and residential care facilities provide emergency respite care.

Sitter-companion services[]

Sitter-companion services are sometimes provided by local civic groups, the faith community and other community organizations. A regular sitter-companion can provide friendly respite care for a few hours, once or twice a week. Care must be taken to assure that the sitter-companion is trained in what to do if an emergency occurs while the regular care-giver is out of the home.

Therapeutic adult day care[]

Therapeutic adult day care may provide respite care during business hours five days a week.

The Lifespan Respite Act[]

Recognizing this significant contribution and the needs faced by America’s caregivers, the United States Congress passed The Lifespan Respite Care Act of 2006 (HR 3248) which was signed into law in December 2006. The bill was introduced and championed in the US House of Representatives by Rep. Mike Ferguson (R-NJ) and James Langevin (D-RI). A companion bill in the Senate was cosponsored by Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY) and Senator John Warner (R-VA). [3]

Much of the success for the passage of this legislation is due to the work of The Lifespan Respite Task Force which includes a diverse group of national and state organizations, state respite and crisis care coalitions; health and community social services; disability, mental health, education, faith, family caregiving and support groups; groups from the child advocacy and the aging community; and abuse and neglect prevention groups.

If and when the new law is funded, (check progress at the ARCH website) it will provide funds for states to develop lifespan respite programs to help families access quality, affordable respite care. Lifespan respite programs are defined in the Act “as coordinated systems of accessible, community-based respite care services for family caregivers of children and adults with special needs.” Specifically, the law authorizes funds for:

  • Development of state and local lifespan respite programs
  • Planned or emergency respite care services
  • Training and recruitment of respite care workers and volunteers
  • Caregiver training

When the bill passed the House, Rep. Ferguson, whose own father was a caregiver for his ill mother for six years said , “Today's action by the House of Representatives represents not only an important victory for family caregivers nationwide, but it also sends America's caregivers a clear message: Your selfless sacrifice is appreciated, and help is on the way.”

The Lifespan Respite Care Act of 2006 is based on model state lifespan respite programs that have successfully addressed all of these barriers. Three states have enacted legislation to implement lifespan respite programs (Oregon, Nebraska, Wisconsin), which establish state and local infrastructures for developing, providing, coordinating and improving access to respite for all caregivers, regardless of age, disability or family situation. Oklahoma has also implemented a successful lifespan respite program. For more information on state programs, check the ARCH State News page.

Related links[]

  • ARCH National Respite Network helps to maintain a national presence for respite care resources. It also provides a free search service to help caregivers find respite care in their local communities.
  • The National Family Caregivers Association educates, supports, empowers and speaks up for the more than 50 million Americans who care for loved ones with a chronic illness or disability or the frailties of old age. NFCA reaches across the boundaries of diagnoses, relationships and life stages to help transform family caregivers' lives by removing barriers to health and well being.
  • Lotsa Helping Hands provides an interactive calendar and other functions that will enable you to organize your friends, relatives and neighbors into an effective support group.
  • American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) is the largest national nonprofit cross-disability member organization in the United States, dedicated to ensuring economic self-sufficiency and political empowerment for the more than 50 million Americans with disabilities. AAPD works in coalition with other disability organizations for the full implementation and enforcement of disability nondiscrimination laws, particularly the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.supports funding for the Lifespan Respite Act.
  • Robert Wood Johnson Foundation works to identify solutions and achieve change for healthcare issues.

Respite in the US[]

An estimated 50 million family caregivers nationwide provide at least $306 billion in uncompensated services — an amount comparable to Medicare spending in 2004 and more than twice what is spent nationwide on nursing homes and paid home care combined.[1] Family caregivers may suffer from physical, emotional, and financial problems that impede their ability to give care now and support their own care needs in the future. Without attention to their needs, their ability to continue providing care may well be jeopardized.

Respite care is one of the services that Alzheimer’s caregivers say they need most. One study found that if respite care delays institutionalization of a person with Alzheimer’s disease by as little as a month, $1.12 billion is saved annually. [4] A similar study in 1995 found that as respite use increased, the probability of nursing home placement decreased significantly [5]

U.S. businesses also incur high costs in terms of decreased productivity by stressed working caregivers. A study by MetLife estimates the loss to U.S. employers to be between $17.1 and $33.6 billion per year. This includes replacement costs for employees who quit because of overwhelming caregiving responsibilities, absenteeism, and workday interruptions. [6]

Caregiver wellness reduces hospitalizations, doctor visits, work absences[]

Significant percentages of family caregivers report physical or mental health problems due to caregiving. A recent survey of caregivers of children, adults and the disabled conducted by the National Family Caregivers Association, found that while 70% of the respondents reported finding an inner strength they didn’t know they had, 27% reported having more headaches, 24% reported stomach disorders, 41% more back pain, 51% more sleeplessness and 61% reported more depression. [7]

Three fifths of family caregivers age 19-64 surveyed recently by the Commonwealth Fund reported fair or poor health, one or more chronic conditions, or a disability, compared with only one-third of non caregivers. Caregivers reported chronic conditions at nearly twice the rate of non caregivers (45% to 24%).

A JAMA study found that participants who were providing care for an elderly individual with a disability and experiencing caregiver strain had mortality risks that were 63% higher than non caregiving controls.[8]

In an Iowa survey of parents of children with disabilities, a significant relationship was demonstrated between the severity of a child’s disability and their parents missing more work hours than other employees. They also found that the lack of available respite care appeared to interfere with parents accepting job opportunities.[9]

Respite for Younger Family Members with Disabilities[]

Respite has been shown to improve family functioning, improve satisfaction with life, enhance the capacity to cope with stress, and improve attitudes toward the family member with a disability.[10]

In a 1989 US national survey of families of a child with a disability, 74% reported that respite had made a significant difference in their ability to provide care at home; 35% of the respite users indicated that without respite services they would have considered out-of-home-placement for their family member.[11]

There was a statistically significant reduction in somatic complaints by in a study of primary caregivers of children with chronic illnesses, and a decrease in the number of hospitalization days required by children, as a direct result of respite care.[12]

Data from an ongoing research project of the Oklahoma State University on the effects of respite care found that the number of hospitalizations, as well as the number of medical care claims decreased as the number of respite care days increased.[13]

A Massachusetts social services program designed to provide cost-effective family-centered respite care for children with complex medical needs found that for families participating for more than one year, the number of hospitalizations decreased by 75%, physician visits decreased by 64%, and antibiotics use decreased by 71%.[14]

An evaluation of the Iowa Respite Child Care Project for families parenting a child with developmental disabilities found that when respite care is used by the families, there is a statistically significant decrease in foster care placement.[15]

A study of Vermont’s 10-year-old respite care program for families with children or adolescents with serious emotional disturbance found that participating families experience fewer out-of home placements than nonusers and were more optimistic about their future capabilities to take care of their children.[16]

Results When Caregivers of the Elderly Use Respite[]

Respite for the elderly with chronic disabilities in a study group resulted in fewer hospital admissions for acute medical care than for two other control groups who received no respite care [17]

Sixty-four percent of caregivers of the elderly receiving 4 hours of respite per week, after one year, reported improved physical health. Seventy-eight percent improved their emotional health, and 50% cited improvement in the care recipient as well. Forty percent said they were less likely to institutionalize the care recipient because of respite.[18]

Caregivers of relatives with dementia who use adult day care experience lower levels of caregiving related stress and better psychological well-being than a control group not using this service. These differences are found in both short-term (3 months) and long-term (12 months) users.[19]

Respite Provided Across the Lifespan Yields Positive Outcomes[]

In a survey conducted by the Oklahoma Respite Resource Network, 88% of caregivers agreed that respite allowed their loved one to remain at home, 98% of caregivers stated that respite made them a better caregiver, 98% of caregivers said respite increased their ability to provide a less stressful environment, and 79.5% of caregivers said respite contributed to the stability of their marriage.[20]

When newly formed, the Nebraska statewide lifespan respite program conducted a statewide survey of a broad array of caregivers who had been receiving respite services, and found that one in four families with children under 21 reported that they were less likely to place their child in out-of-home care once respite services were available. In addition, 79% of the respondents reported decreased stress and 58% reported decreased isolation.[21]

Data from an outcome based evaluation pilot study show that respite may also reduce the likelihood of divorce and help sustain marriages [22]

See also[]

References[]

  1. 1.0 1.1 Arno P.S. (January 2006) (presentation), Albert Einstein College of Medicine 
  2. ARCH National Respite Network
  3. HR3248
  4. (Leon, et al., 1998)
  5. (Kosloski K. and Montgomery R.J.V., 1995)
  6. (2006). [http://www.caregiving.org/data/Caregiver%20Cost%20Study.pdf The MetLife Caregiving Cost Study: Productivity Losses to U.S. Business]. (PDF) Metropolitan Life (MetLife) Mature Market Institute.
  7. (National Family Caregivers Association, April 30, 2000)
  8. Schulz and Beach (December 1999). {{{title}}}. Journal of the American Medical Association.
  9. (Ableson, A.G., 1999)
  10. (Cohen and Warren, 1985)
  11. (Knoll, James, Human Services Research Institute, March, 1989)
  12. (Sherman, B.R., 1995)
  13. (FY 1998 Oklahoma Maternal and Child Health Block Grant Annual Report, July 1999)
  14. (Mausner, S., 1995)
  15. (Cowen, Perle Slavik, 1996)
  16. Bruns Eric J (November 15, 1999). {{{title}}}.
  17. Chang J.I., Karuza J., Katz P.R, et al (1992). {{{title}}}. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 5.
  18. Theis SL, Moss JH, Pearson MA (1994). Respite for Caregivers: An Evaluation Study. Journal of community health nursing 11 (1): 31–44.
  19. Zarit SH, Stephens MA, Townsend A, Greene R (September 1998). Stress reduction for family caregivers: effects of adult day care use. Journals of gerontology; series B; psychological sciences and social sciences 53 (5): S267–277. )
  20. Moss Jan (April 2004), Testimony before the Senate Finance Committee 
  21. Jackson, Barbara, (January 2001), Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center 
  22. Wade C., Kirk R., Edgar M., Baker, L. (2003), Outcome Evaluation: Phase II Results, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: ARCH National Resource Center for Respite and Crisis Care 

Further reading[]

Books[]

  • Barringer, C. R. (2000). On the front line: The respite worker as participant, observer, and consultant. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Bell, V. (1990). Tapping an unlimited resource: Building volunteer programs for patients and their families. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Dell Orto, A. E. (1988). Respite care: A vehicle for hope, the buffer against desperation. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Gafford, L. S. (1987). Respite care. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
  • Hickie, M. (2008). Respite care or short breaks for families of children with complex needs. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Home, A., & Darveau-Fournier, L. (1995). Respite child care: A support and empowerment strategy for families in a high-risk community. New York, NY, England: Haworth Press, Inc.
  • Karner, T. X., & Hall, L. C. (2002). Successful strategies for serving diverse populations. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Klein, S. M. (1987). In-home respite care for older adults: A practical guide for program planners, administrators, and clinicians. Springfield, IL, England: Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
  • Kosloski, K., Schaefer, J. P., Allwardt, D., Montgomery, R. J. V., & Karner, T. X. (2002). The role of cultural factors on clients' attitudes toward caregiving, perceptions of service delivery, and service utilization. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Lawton, M. P., Brody, E. M., & Saperstein, A. R. (1991). Respite for caregivers of Alzheimer patients: Research and practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Levin, E. (1993). Care for the carers: The role of respite services. Petersfield, England: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing.
  • Montgomery, R. J. V. (2002). A new look at community-based respite programs: Utilization, satisfaction, and development. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Montgomery, R. J. V., Kosloski, K., Karner, T. X., & Schaefer, J. P. (2002). Initial findings from the evaluation of the Alzheimer's disease demonstration grants to states programs. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Montgomery, R. J. V., Marquis, J., Schaefer, J. P., & Kosloski, K. (2002). Profiles of respite use. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Montgomery, R. J. V., & Rowe, J. M. (2007). Respite. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Neef, N. A., & Parrish, J. M. (1989). Training respite care providers: A model for curriculum design, evaluation, and dissemination. Baltimore, MD, England: Paul H Brookes Publishing.
  • Petty, D. M. (1990). Respite care: A flexible response to service fragmentation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Rivera, M. E. (2003). Humor, health, and healing at Children's Respite Care, Inc.: A day-care program for children with chronic and life-threatening illnesses. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Schultz, B., Edinger, B., & Morse, M. (1987). Families' perspectives on respite services for people with a developmental disability. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
  • Sherrill, K. A., Reifler, B. V., & Henry, R. S. (1994). Respite care for dementia caregivers: Findings from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation projects. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
  • Starns, M. K. (2002). Comment on the utility of the ADDGS evaluation for policy and practice. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Starns, M. K., Karner, T. X., & Montgomery, R. J. V. (2002). Exemplars of successful Alzheimer's demonstration projects. New York, NY: Haworth Press.
  • Townsend, D., & Kosloski, K. (2002). Factors related to client satisfaction with community-based respite services. New York, NY: Haworth Press.

Papers[]

  • Abelson, A. G. (1999). Economic consequences and lack of respite care: Psychological Reports Vol 85(3, Pt 1) Dec 1999, 880-882.
  • Abelson, A. G. (1999). Respite care needs of parents of children with developmental disabilities: Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Vol 14(2) Sum 1999, 96-100.
  • Abrahams, R., Bishop, C., & Hernandez, W. (1991). Respite service delivery: Learning from current programs: Pride Institute Journal of Long Term Home Health Care Vol 10(3) Sum 1991, 16-28.
  • Adler, G., Kuskowski, M. A., & Mortimer, J. (1995). Respite use in dementia patients: Clinical Gerontologist Vol 15(3) 1995, 17-30.
  • Adler, G., Ott, L., Jelinski, M., Mortimer, J., & et al. (1993). Institutional respite care: Benefits and risks for dementia patients and caregivers: International Psychogeriatrics Vol 5(1) Spr 1993, 67-77.
  • Akabas, S. H. (1989). Respite Care: A Family Service in Process of Developing: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 34 (1), Jan, 1989.
  • Allison, J., Kilgallon, P., & Reilly, S. (1988). The Children's Cottage: A respite service for children and parents in crisis: Journal of Child Care Vol 3(5) 1988, 1-12.
  • Aniol, K., Mullins, L. L., Page, M. C., Boyd, M. L., & Chaney, J. M. (2004). The Relationship Between Respite Care and Child Abuse Potential in Parents of Children With Developmental Disabilities: A Preliminary Report: Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Vol 16(3) Sep 2004, 273-285.
  • Bass, D. M. (1994). Evaluating Respite Care for Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 39 (2), Feb, 1994.
  • Bear, M., Griffin, R., Sauer, M., & Milspaugh, C. (1999). Measuring client satisfaction with home-based respite services: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Vol 14(6) Nov-Dec 1999, 357-363.
  • Benzing, P. (1994). The place to be: The development and implementation of an Alzheimer's day-care/respite program as a Level I fieldwork experience for occupational therapy students: Educational Gerontology Vol 20(3) Apr-May 1994, 251-263.
  • Berman, S., Delaney, N., Gallagher, D. E., Atkins, P., & et al. (1987). Respite care: A partnership between a Veterans Administration nursing home and families to care for frail elders at home: The Gerontologist Vol 27(5) Oct 1987, 581-584.
  • Berry, G. L., Zarit, S. H., & Rabatin, V. X. (1991). Caregiver activity on respite and nonrespite days: A comparison of two service approaches: The Gerontologist Vol 31(6) Dec 1991, 830-835.
  • Blume, L., Persily, N. A., Mirones, M., Swaby-Thorne, A., & et al. (1990). Anatomy of the Alzheimer's Respite Care Program (ARCP): Home Health Care Services Quarterly: The Journal of Community Care Vol 11(3-4) 1990, 75-90.
  • Boldy, D., Davey, M., Crouchley, K., & Lilly, E. (2005). Host family respite: Description and assessment of a program: Australasian Journal on Ageing Vol 24(2) Jun 2005, 94-97.
  • Boothroyd, R. A., Kuppinger, A. D., Evans, M. E., Armstrong, M. I., & Radigan, M. (1998). Understanding respite care use by families of children receiving short-term, in-home psychiatric emergency services: Journal of Child and Family Studies Vol 7(3) Sep 1998, 353-376.
  • Botuck, S., & Winsberg, B. G. (1991). Effects of respite on mothers of school-age and adult children with severe disabilities: Mental Retardation Vol 29(1) Feb 1991, 43-47.
  • Bourgeois, M. S., Schulz, R., & Burgio, L. (1996). Interventions for caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease: A review and analysis of content, process and outcomes: International Journal of Aging & Human Development Vol 43(1) 1996, 35-92.
  • Braithwaite, V. (1998). Institutional respite care: Breaking chores or breaking social bonds? : The Gerontologist Vol 38(5) Oct 1998, 610-617.
  • Brodaty, H., & Gresham, M. (1992). Prescribing residential respite care for dementia: Effects, side-effects, indications and dosage: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 7(5) May 1992, 357-362.
  • Brody, E. M. (1995). Prospects for family caregiving: Response to change, continuity, and diversity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Brody, E. M., Saperstein, A. R., & Lawton, M. P. (1989). A multi-service respite program for caregivers of Alzheimer's patients: Journal of Gerontological Social Work Vol 14(1-2) 1989, 41-74.
  • Bruns, E. J., & Burchard, J. D. (2000). Impact of respite care services for families with children experiencing emotional and behavioral problems: Children's Services: Social Policy, Research, & Practice Vol 3(1) 2000, 39-61.
  • Buchanan, D., Doblin, B., Sai, T., & Garcia, P. (2006). The Effects of Respite Care for Homeless Patients: A Cohort Study: American Journal of Public Health Vol 96(7) Jul 2006, 1278-1281.
  • Burdz, M. P., Eaton, W. O., & Bond, J. B. (1988). Effect of respite care on dementia and nondementia patients and their caregivers: Psychology and Aging Vol 3(1) Mar 1988, 38-42.
  • Caldwell, J., & Heller, T. (2003). Management of respite and personal assistance services in a consumer-directed family support programme: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 47(4-5) May 2003, 352-367.
  • Caradoc-Davies, T. H., & Harvey, J. M. (1995). Do "social relief" admissions have any effect on patients or their care-givers? : Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 17(5) Jul 1995, 247-251.
  • Carretero, S., Garces, J., & Rodenas, F. (2007). Evaluation of the home help service and its impact on the informal caregiver's burden of dependent elders: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 22(8) Aug 2007, 738-749.
  • Caserta, M. S., Lund, D. A., Wright, S. D., & Redburn, D. E. (1987). Caregivers to dementia patients: The utilization of community services: The Gerontologist Vol 27(2) Apr 1987, 209-214.
  • Chadwick, O., Beecham, J., Piroth, N., Bernard, S., & Taylor, E. (2002). Respite care for children with severe intellectual disability and their families: Who needs it? Who receives it? : Child and Adolescent Mental Health Vol 7(2) 2002, 66-72.
  • Chan, J. B., & Sigafoos, J. (2000). A review of child and family characteristics related to the use of respite care in developmental disability services: Child & Youth Care Forum Vol 29(1) Feb 2000, 27-37.
  • Chan, J. B., & Sigafoos, J. (2001). Does respite care reduce parental stress in families with developmentally disabled children? : Child & Youth Care Forum Vol 30(5) Oct 2001, 253-263.
  • Chan, J. B., Sigafoos, J., Watego, N., & Potter, G. (2001). Adults with intellectual disability in long-term respite care: A qualitative study: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 26(4) Dec 2001, 339-344.
  • Chappell, N. L., Reid, R. C., & Dow, E. (2001). Respite reconsidered: A typology of meanings based on the caregiver's point of view: Journal of Aging Studies Vol 15(2) Jun 2001, 201-216.
  • Chi, I., & Wong, S. F. (1994). Respite service for the elderly in Hong Kong: Evaluation of a pilot project: Journal of Gerontological Social Work Vol 22(3-4) 1994, 201-210.
  • Choi, C. Y., & Liu, Z. (1998). The use of nursing homes and hostels for respite care: Australasian Journal on Ageing Vol 17(2) May 1998, 76-80.
  • Chou, Y.-C., Tzou, P.-Y., Pu, C.-Y., Kroger, T., & Lee, W.-P. (2008). Respite care as a community care service: Factors associated with the effects on family carers of adults with intellectual disability in Taiwan: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 33(1) Mar 2008, 12-21.
  • Clark, M. S., Bond, M. J., Nankivell, A., & Jarrad, S. (1995). Determinants of the need for respite among carers of people with dementia: Australasian Journal on Ageing Vol 14(4) Nov 1995, 155-159.
  • Clarke, R. M., & Finucane, P. (1995). Care-receivers' and care-givers' experience and perceptions of respite care: Implications for service provision: Australasian Journal on Ageing Vol 14(4) Nov 1995, 183-187.
  • Cotrell, V. (1996). Respite use by dementia caregivers: Preferences and reasons for innitial use: Journal of Gerontological Social Work Vol 26(3-4) 1996, 35-55.
  • Cotterill, L., Hayes, L., Flynn, M., & Sloper, P. (1997). Reviewing respite services: Some lessons from the literature: Disability & Society Vol 12(5) Nov 1997, 775-788.
  • Cowen, P. S., & Reed, D. A. (2002). Effects of respite care for children with developmental disabilities: Evaluation of an intervention for at risk families: Public Health Nursing Vol 19(4) Jul-Aug 2002, 272-283.
  • Cowley, M., & Orbell, S. (1999). Towards a psychology of service use in informal care: Social and psychological variables associated with service need and uptake amongst carers of learning disabled adults: Psychology & Health Vol 14(2) Mar 1999, 217-239.
  • Cox, C. (1997). Findings from a statewide program of respite care: A comparison of service users, stoppers, and nonusers: The Gerontologist Vol 37(4) Aug 1997, 511-517.
  • Cox, C. (1998). The experience of respite: Meeting the needs of African American and White caregivers in a statewide program: Journal of Gerontological Social Work Vol 30(3-4) 1998, 59-72.
  • Cumming, M. (1993). Difficulties in developing a respite program: Journal of Palliative Care Vol 9(3) Fal 1993, 18-22.
  • Damiani, G., Rosenbaum, P., Swinton, M., & Russell, D. (2004). Frequency and determinants of formal respite service use among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Ontario: Child: Care, Health and Development Vol 30(1) Jan 2004, 77-86.
  • Davies, B., Steele, R., Collins, J. B., Cook, K., & Smith, S. (2004). The Impact on Families of Respite Care in a Children's Hospice Program: Journal of Palliative Care Vol 20(4) Win 2004, 277-286.
  • Deimling, G. T. (1991). Respite use and caregiver well-being in families caring for stable and declining AD patients: Journal of Gerontological Social Work Vol 18(1-2) 1991, 117-134.
  • Deiner, P. L., & Whitehead, L. C. (1988). Levels of respite care as a family support system: Topics in Early Childhood Special Education Vol 8(2) Sum 1988, 51-61.
  • Dobrof, J., Zodikoff, B. D., Ebenstein, H., & Phillips, D. (2003). Caregivers and Professionals Partnership: A Hospital Based Program for Family Caregivers: Journal of Gerontological Social Work Vol 40(1-2) 2003, 23-40.
  • Dossetor, D. R., Nicol, A. R., & Stretch, D. D. (1993). Hostel-based respite care for adolescents with developmental retardation: The need for "normalized" respite resources: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol 34(3) Mar 1993, 391-412.
  • Dunn, L. (1986). Senior Respite Care Program: Pride Institute Journal of Long Term Home Health Care Vol 5(3) Sum 1986, 7-12.
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Dissertations[]

  • Beecher, R. C. (1988). Respite care's influences on mothers of children with developmental disabilities: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Berry, G. L. (1989). Two types of respite users: A comparative analysis of caregiver activity, willingness and program satisfaction: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Betts, T. A. (1997). Differential dispositions in a psychiatric emergency service: A function of patient race. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Benson, H. A. (1990). An investigation of respite care as a mediator of stress in families with members with developmental disabilities: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Burdz, M. P. (1991). Longitudinal study on the impact of nursing home respite on caregivers and patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Burdz, M. P. (1993). Longitudinal study on the impact of nursing-home respite on caregivers and patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Force, L. T. (1994). Spouses and children in accessing adult day care: Differences in attitudes and behaviors among daughters, husbands, and wives. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Garner-Mcgraw, J. A. (1993). Family characteristics related to respite care effects and satisfaction: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gouveia, J. S. (1997). Respiro: The New Mexico behavioral respite care project. Part I. Design, implementation, and evaluation. Part II. Respiro manual. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hackworth, G. S. C. (2001). Impact of a short-term shelter program on selected outcome indicators among youths and their parents. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Hartiens, J. M. (1995). The impact of day care respite on physical health, depression, and marital satisfaction in spousal caregivers of dementia victims. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Henry, M. E. T. (1994). The Janet Adkins legacy: A search for hopeful care for people with dementia. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Kromer, M. E. (1992). The impact of respite care on stress in mothers of children with handicapping conditions: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kyro, K. J. (1990). The effects of respite care on the caregivers of demented patients: An evaluation of depression, anxiety, and burden: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Lobb, M. O. H. (1993). Barriers to respite use: Factors influencing use and non-use: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Martin, D. (2001). The impact of respite, coping style, and child's adaptive functioning on parental stress. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Meltzer, L. J. (2003). Mothers of children with chronic illnesses: A caregiver burden model and summer camp as respite care. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Negrete, V. F. (1991). Enabling caregivers of the impaired elderly: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Parnicza, D. R. (1991). Analysis of rural Appalachian caregivers' use of social support: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Patterson, V. L. (2001). Resources, needs, and formal respite: Use of caregivers who live with frail or cognitively-impaired elders. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Sharma, A. (1997). A study of frontline respite care workers in Louisiana, United States of America. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Stanley, S. A. (1990). Impact of a formal education and group support program on the subjective well-being and burden perceptions of primary caregivers for adults with progressive dementia: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Strang, V. R. (1996). The experience of respite for caregivers of dementia persons. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
  • Terres, N. M. (1999). The use of respite care services by parents of children with chronic illness and disability. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Worcester, M. I. (1991). Respite for kin caregivers of cognitively impaired and physically impaired elders: Dissertation Abstracts International.
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