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Image = cn3nucleus.png |
  
Image = cn3nucleus.png |
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Caption = Section through the [[superior colliculus]] showing the path of the [[oculomotor nerve]]. |
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Caption = [[Transverse section]] through the [[midbrain]] showing the location of the red nuclei. The [[superior colliculi]] are at the top of image and the [[cerebral peduncle]]s at the bottom of image – both in section. |
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Image2 = Gray678.png |
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Caption2 = Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V). (Red nucleus visible near center.) |
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MeshName = Red+Nucleus |
  
MeshName = Red+Nucleus |
 
MeshNumber = A08.186.211.132.659.822.642 |
  
MeshNumber = A08.186.211.132.659.822.642 |
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DorlandsPre = n_11 |
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DorlandsSuf = 12583247 |
 
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The red nucleus is a structure in the [[rostral]] [[midbrain]] involved in motor [[coordination]]. In animals without a significant [[corticospinal tract]], [[gait]] is mainly controlled by the red nucleus. In humans, the red nucleus mainly controls the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm, but it has some control over the lower arm and hand as well. It is less important in its motor functions for humans than in many other mammals, because, in humans, the corticospinal tract is dominant. However the crawling of babies is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm-swinging in normal walking. Because the red nucleus has little control over the hands, fine control of the fingers is impaired should only the red nucleus be functioning.
  
   
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The red nucleus receives many inputs from the contralateral [[cerebellum]] and an input from the ipsilateral motor cortex, and sends efferent [[axon]]s (the rubrospinal projection) to the contralateral half of the [[rhombencephalon|rhombencephalic]] [[reticular formation]] and [[spinal cord]]. These [[efferent]] axons cross just ventral to the nucleus and descend through the midbrain to the spinal cord, where the rubrospinal tract which they make up runs ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract in the [[lateral funiculus]].
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{{Main|mesencephalon}}
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The '''red nucleus''' is a structure in the [[rostral]] [[midbrain]] involved in [[motor coordination]]. It comprises a caudal [[Magnocellular_part|magnocellular]] and a rostral [[Parvocellular_part|parvocellular]] part.
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==Function==
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In animals without a significant [[corticospinal tract]], [[gait]] is mainly controlled by the red nucleus.
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In humans, the red nucleus mainly controls the muscles of the [[shoulder]] and upper arm, but it has some control over the lower arm and hand as well. It is less important in its motor functions for humans than in many other mammals, because, in humans, the corticospinal tract is dominant. However the crawling of [[babies]] is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm-swinging in normal walking. Since the red nucleus has sparse control over [[hands]] (as the Rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for Arms and Legs), fine control of the [[fingers]] is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus (rather it relies on the [[corticospinal tract]]).
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==Input and output==
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The red nucleus receives many inputs from the contralateral [[cerebellum]] ([[interpositus nucleus]] and lateral cerebellar nucleus) and an input from the ipsilateral motor cortex.
  +
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It sends efferent [[axon]]s (the rubrospinal projection) to the contralateral half of the [[rhombencephalon|rhombencephalic]] [[reticular formation]] and [[spinal cord]]. These [[efferent]] axons cross just ventral to the nucleus and descend through the midbrain to the spinal cord, where the [[rubrospinal tract]] which they make up runs ventral to the [[lateral corticospinal tract]] in the [[lateral funiculus]]. Second bundle of fibers continues ipsilaterally through the medial tegmental field towards inferior olive.
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==Meaning of name==
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Its name derives from an [[iron]]-containing pigment in many of the cells, which in fresh samples gives it a pink appearance.
   
 
==See also==
  
==See also==
 
* [[List of regions in the human brain]]
  
* [[List of regions in the human brain]]
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==Additional images==
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<gallery>
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Image:Gray678.png|Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
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Image:Gray690.png|Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
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Image:Gray710.png|Transverse section through mid-brain.
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Image:Gray712.png|Transverse section of mid-brain at level of superior colliculi.
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Image:Gray717.png|Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons.
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Image:Human brain frontal (coronal) section description 2.JPG|Human brain frontal (coronal) section
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</gallery>
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==External links==
  
==External links==
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* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/rltdsci/trinuc/f_f01bslgang.jpg Diagram at Stanford]
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* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/rltdsci/trinuc/f_f01bslgang.jpg Diagram] at [[Stanford University]]
 
* {{BrainMaps|Red%20nucleus|Red nucleus}}
  
* {{BrainMaps|Red%20nucleus|Red nucleus}}
 
* [http://www.prometheus.uni-tuebingen.de/sec/vl/documents/42/bgana_normal.gif Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de]
  
* [http://www.prometheus.uni-tuebingen.de/sec/vl/documents/42/bgana_normal.gif Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de]
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Latest revision as of 08:21, December 10, 2008

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Brain: Red nucleus
Cn3nucleus
Transverse section through the midbrain showing the location of the red nuclei. The superior colliculi are at the top of image and the cerebral peduncles at the bottom of image – both in section.
[[Image:|250px|center|]]
Latin nucleus ruber
Gray's subject #188 802
Part of
Components
Artery
Vein
BrainInfo/UW hier-496
MeSH A08.186.211.132.659.822.642
Main article: mesencephalon


The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part.

Contents

FunctionEdit

In animals without a significant corticospinal tract, gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus.

In humans, the red nucleus mainly controls the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm, but it has some control over the lower arm and hand as well. It is less important in its motor functions for humans than in many other mammals, because, in humans, the corticospinal tract is dominant. However the crawling of babies is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm-swinging in normal walking. Since the red nucleus has sparse control over hands (as the Rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for Arms and Legs), fine control of the fingers is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus (rather it relies on the corticospinal tract).

Input and outputEdit

The red nucleus receives many inputs from the contralateral cerebellum (interpositus nucleus and lateral cerebellar nucleus) and an input from the ipsilateral motor cortex.

It sends efferent axons (the rubrospinal projection) to the contralateral half of the rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord. These efferent axons cross just ventral to the nucleus and descend through the midbrain to the spinal cord, where the rubrospinal tract which they make up runs ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract in the lateral funiculus. Second bundle of fibers continues ipsilaterally through the medial tegmental field towards inferior olive.

Meaning of nameEdit

Its name derives from an iron-containing pigment in many of the cells, which in fresh samples gives it a pink appearance.

See alsoEdit

Additional imagesEdit

External linksEdit


Mesencephalon (midbrain)

cerebral peduncle: midbrain tegmentum (periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmentum, nucleus raphe dorsalis), pretectum, substantia nigra, red nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, medial longitudinal fasciculus, medial lemniscus, rubrospinal tract, lateral lemniscus

tectum: corpora quadrigemina, inferior colliculi, superior colliculi

cerebral aqueduct: oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus


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