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{{BioPsy}}
  
{{BioPsy}}
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{{Expert}}
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The '''raphe nuclei''' (Latin for 'the bit in a fold or seam') is a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the [[brain stem]], and releases [[serotonin]] to the rest of the [[brain]].<ref>{{cite book
  
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{{Infobox Brain|
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Name = Raphe nuclei |
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Latin = nuclei raphes |
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GraySubject = |
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GrayPage = |
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Image = Gray694.png |
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Caption = Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.) |
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Image2 = |
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Caption2 = |
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IsPartOf = |
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Components = |
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Artery = |
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Vein = |
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Acronym = |
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BrainInfoType = |
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BrainInfoNumber = |
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MeshName = Raphe+Nuclei |
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MeshNumber = A08.186.211.132.659.632 |
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DorlandsPre = n_11 |
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DorlandsSuf = 12582773 |
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}}
  ⚫
The '''raphe nuclei''' (Latin: raphe = 'seam'; nuclei = cell 'clusters'; pronounced RAY-fee) are a moderate-size cluster of [[Nucleus (neuroanatomy)| nuclei]] found in the [[pons]] part of the [[hindbrain]] portion of the [[brain stem]].
  +
  +
Their main function is to release [[serotonin]] to the rest of the [[brain]].<ref>{{cite book
 
| editor = George J. Siegel
  
| editor = George J. Siegel
−
| others = Bernard W. Agranoff, Stephen K. Fisher, R. Wayne Albers, Michael D. Uhler
 +
| others = Bernard W. Agranoff, Stephen K. Fisher, R. Wayne Albers, Michael D. Uhler
 
| title = Basic Neurochemistry
  
| title = Basic Neurochemistry
 
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=bnchm
  
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=bnchm
Line 12: Line 36:
 
| chapterurl = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=raphe+AND+serotonin+release+AND+bnchm%5Bbook%5D+AND+160428%5Buid%5D&rid=bnchm.section.946#949
  
| chapterurl = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=raphe+AND+serotonin+release+AND+bnchm%5Bbook%5D+AND+160428%5Buid%5D&rid=bnchm.section.946#949
 
| quote = In 1964, Dahlstrom and Fuxe (discussed in [2]), using the Falck-Hillarp technique of histofluorescence, observed that the majority of serotonergic soma are found in cell body groups, which previously had been designated as the raphe nuclei.
  
| quote = In 1964, Dahlstrom and Fuxe (discussed in [2]), using the Falck-Hillarp technique of histofluorescence, observed that the majority of serotonergic soma are found in cell body groups, which previously had been designated as the raphe nuclei.
−
}}</ref> [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI) [[antidepressant]]s are believed to act at these nuclei.
 +
}}</ref> [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI) [[antidepressant]]s are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Briley | first=M | year=1993 |month=October |title = Neurobiological mechanisms involved in antidepressant therapies | journal = Clin Neuropharmacol | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 387&ndash;400 | url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8221701&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum|doi = 10.1097/00002826-199310000-00002}}</ref>
   
 
== Anatomy ==
  
== Anatomy ==
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| url = http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~de1610/nana/5-5.gif
  
| url = http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~de1610/nana/5-5.gif
 
| title = Fig. 5. The midsagittal section of the brain stem indicating the position of the raphe nuclei
  
| title = Fig. 5. The midsagittal section of the brain stem indicating the position of the raphe nuclei
−
| accessdate = 18 April
 +
| accessdaymonth = 18 April
 
| accessyear = 2006
  
| accessyear = 2006
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
Some scientists chose to group the linearis nuclei into one nucleus, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g.,
 
Some scientists chose to group the linearis nuclei into one nucleus, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g.,
 
[[NeuroNames]] makes the following ordering:<ref>{{BrainInfo|ancil|190}}</ref>
  
[[NeuroNames]] makes the following ordering:<ref>{{BrainInfo|ancil|190}}</ref>
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* Raphe nuclei of [[medulla]]
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* Raphe nuclei of [[Medulla oblongata|medulla]]
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** [[Nucleus raphe magnus]]
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** [[Nucleus raphe obscurus]] (''nucleus raphe obscurus'')
−
** [[Nucleus raphe obscurus]]
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** [[Nucleus raphe magnus]] (''raphe magnus'')
−
** [[Nucleus pallidus]]
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** [[Nucleus pallidus]] (''raphe pallidus'')
  +
 
* Raphe nuclei of the [[pontine]] reticular formation
  
* Raphe nuclei of the [[pontine]] reticular formation
−
** [[Pontine raphe nucleus]]
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** [[Pontine raphe nucleus]] (''raphe pontis'')
 
** [[Inferior central nucleus]]
  
** [[Inferior central nucleus]]
  +
 
* Raphe nuclei of the [[midbrain]] reticular formation
  
* Raphe nuclei of the [[midbrain]] reticular formation
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** [[Dorsal raphe nucleus]]
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** [[Superior central nucleus]] (''nucleus centralis superior'')
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** [[Superior central nucleus]]
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** [[Dorsal raphe nucleus]] (''nucleus raphe dorsalis'')
   
−
=== Projections ===
 +
== Projections ==
 
All of these nuclei have fascinating interactions with almost every pertinent portion of the brain, but only a few of them have specifically independent interaction worth exploring in their own right. These select nuclei are discussed as follows.
 
All of these nuclei have fascinating interactions with almost every pertinent portion of the brain, but only a few of them have specifically independent interaction worth exploring in their own right. These select nuclei are discussed as follows.
   
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| work = The Neuropharmacology of Hallucinogens: a technical overview
  
| work = The Neuropharmacology of Hallucinogens: a technical overview
 
| publisher = Erowid Pharmacology Vaults
  
| publisher = Erowid Pharmacology Vaults
−
| accessdate = April 18
 +
| accessmonthday = April 18
 
| accessyear = 2006
  
| accessyear = 2006
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
   
−
The 8 raphe nuclei receive afferent connections from some of the most fascinating spots in the brain, only to project back to them and alter their processes.
 +
The 7 raphe nuclei receive afferent connections from some of the most fascinating spots in the brain, only to project back to them and alter their processes.
   
 
== Function ==
 
== Function ==
 
The raphe nuclei have a vast impact upon the central nervous system.
  
The raphe nuclei have a vast impact upon the central nervous system.
 
The raphe nuclei can be of particular interest to neurologists and psychologists since many of the neurons in the nuclei (but not the majority) are serotonergic, i.e., contain [[serotonin]] - a type of [[monoamine]] neurotransmitter.
  
The raphe nuclei can be of particular interest to neurologists and psychologists since many of the neurons in the nuclei (but not the majority) are serotonergic, i.e., contain [[serotonin]] - a type of [[monoamine]] neurotransmitter.
−
Serotonin, also called [[5-HT]], seems to be the culprit in many of our modern psycho-pharmaceutical problems, such as anorexia, depression, and sleep disorders. It is not the sole culprit in the aforementioned disorders, but it is the area that the pharmacologists know how to affect in the best manner. It is important to note that pharmacology traditionally affects global serotonin levels, while the actions of the raphe nuclei are dependent on the complex interplay between nuclei.
 +
Serotonin, also called [[5-HT]], seems to be the culprit in many of our modern psycho-pharmaceutical problems, such as [[anorexia]], [[depression]], and [[sleep disorder]]s. It is not the sole culprit in the aforementioned disorders, but it is the area that the pharmacologists know how to affect in the best manner. It is important to note that pharmacology traditionally affects global serotonin levels, while the actions of the raphe nuclei are dependent on the complex interplay between nuclei.
   
  +
Projections from the raphe nuclei also terminate in the dorsal horn of spinal gray matter where they regulate the release of [[enkephalins]], which inhibit pain sensation.
⚫
== References ==
  
  +
  +
== Further reading ==
 
* {{cite web
  
* {{cite web
 
| last = Currie | first = David | year = 2005
  
| last = Currie | first = David | year = 2005
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| title = A Lecture, Higher Brain Function: Activation of the Brain and Levels of Consciousness
  
| title = A Lecture, Higher Brain Function: Activation of the Brain and Levels of Consciousness
 
| publisher = [[East Tennessee State University]]
  
| publisher = [[East Tennessee State University]]
−
| accessdate = April 18
 +
| accessmonthday = April 18
 
| accessyear = 2006
  
| accessyear = 2006
 
}}
  
}}
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| journal = Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
  
| journal = Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
 
| volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 565&ndash;582
  
| volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 565&ndash;582
−
| id = {{DOI|10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.008}}
 +
| doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.008
 
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0J-4DPCHW4-2&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F2004&_alid=299916628&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=4864&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000002898&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=27541&md5=ed404d8b8b83823517993851bd03c937
  
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0J-4DPCHW4-2&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F2004&_alid=299916628&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=4864&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000002898&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=27541&md5=ed404d8b8b83823517993851bd03c937
 
| accessdate = 2006-04-18
  
| accessdate = 2006-04-18
 
}}
  
}}
   
  +
==Additional images==
−
<references/>
  
  +
<gallery>
  +
Image:Dopamineseratonin.gif|Dopamine and serotonin
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</gallery>
  +
  +
   
 
== See also ==
  
== See also ==
  ⚫
* [[List of regions in the human brain]]
  +
* [[Limbic system]]
 
* [[Locus ceruleus]]
  
* [[Locus ceruleus]]
  +
* [[Reticular formation]]
 
* [[Substantia nigra]]
  
* [[Substantia nigra]]
 
* [[Pedunculopontine nucleus]]
  
* [[Pedunculopontine nucleus]]
⚫
* [[List of regions in the human brain]]
  
   
  ⚫
== References ==
  +
{{reflist|2}}
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==Extenal links==
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*[[http://www.nextbio.com/b/home/home.nb?q=Obscurus+raphe+nucleus Nextbio]
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{{Medulla and pons of rhombencephalon}}
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[[category:Pons]]
 
[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
  
[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
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<!--
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[[de:Raphe-Kerne]]
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[[fr:Noyaux du raphé]]
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[[pl:Jądra szwu]]
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[[fi:Raphe-tumake]]
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-->
 
{{enWP|Raphe nuclei}}
  
{{enWP|Raphe nuclei}}

Latest revision as of 21:50, 21 March 2009

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Brain: Raphe nuclei
Gray694
Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.)
[[Image:|250px|center|]]
Latin nuclei raphes
Gray's subject #
Part of
Components
Artery
Vein
BrainInfo/UW -
MeSH A08.186.211.132.659.632

The raphe nuclei (Latin: raphe = 'seam'; nuclei = cell 'clusters'; pronounced RAY-fee) are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the pons part of the hindbrain portion of the brain stem.

Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain.[1] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets.[2]

Anatomy

The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and they appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem.

In order from caudal to rostral, the raphe nuclei are known as the nucleus raphe obscurus, the raphe magnus, the raphe pontis, the raphe pallidus, the nucleus centralis superior, nucleus raphe dorsalis, nuclei linearis intermedius and linearis rostralis.[3] Some scientists chose to group the linearis nuclei into one nucleus, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g., NeuroNames makes the following ordering:[4]

Projections

All of these nuclei have fascinating interactions with almost every pertinent portion of the brain, but only a few of them have specifically independent interaction worth exploring in their own right. These select nuclei are discussed as follows.

Overall, the caudal raphe nuclei, including the raphe magnus, pallidus and raphe obscurus, all project towards the spinal cord and brain stem. The more-rostral nuclei, including the raphe pontis, centralis (also called median), dorsal, tend to project towards the brain areas of higher function.[5]

The 7 raphe nuclei receive afferent connections from some of the most fascinating spots in the brain, only to project back to them and alter their processes.

Function

The raphe nuclei have a vast impact upon the central nervous system. The raphe nuclei can be of particular interest to neurologists and psychologists since many of the neurons in the nuclei (but not the majority) are serotonergic, i.e., contain serotonin - a type of monoamine neurotransmitter. Serotonin, also called 5-HT, seems to be the culprit in many of our modern psycho-pharmaceutical problems, such as anorexia, depression, and sleep disorders. It is not the sole culprit in the aforementioned disorders, but it is the area that the pharmacologists know how to affect in the best manner. It is important to note that pharmacology traditionally affects global serotonin levels, while the actions of the raphe nuclei are dependent on the complex interplay between nuclei.

Projections from the raphe nuclei also terminate in the dorsal horn of spinal gray matter where they regulate the release of enkephalins, which inhibit pain sensation.

Further reading

Additional images


See also

References

  1. ↑ (1999) "Understanding the neuroanatomical organization of serotonergic cells in brain provides insight into the functions of this neurotransmitter" George J. Siegel Basic Neurochemistry, Bernard W. Agranoff, Stephen K. Fisher, R. Wayne Albers, Michael D. Uhler, Sixth, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-397-51820-X. "In 1964, Dahlstrom and Fuxe (discussed in [2]), using the Falck-Hillarp technique of histofluorescence, observed that the majority of serotonergic soma are found in cell body groups, which previously had been designated as the raphe nuclei."
  2. ↑ Briley, M (October 1993). Neurobiological mechanisms involved in antidepressant therapies. Clin Neuropharmacol 16 (5): 387–400.
  3. ↑ (1998). Fig. 5. The midsagittal section of the brain stem indicating the position of the raphe nuclei. (GIF)
  4. ↑ BrainInfo at the University of Washington ancil-190
  5. ↑ BilZ0r, Erowid (2005). Figure 4. Diagram of the human brain showing the divergent serotonergic projections of the raphe nuclei to both cortical and subcortical locations throughout the brain.. (PNG) The Neuropharmacology of Hallucinogens: a technical overview. Erowid Pharmacology Vaults.

Extenal links


v·d·e
Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Metencephalon/
pons

Dorsal/
(tegmentum)

surface: Locus ceruleus

Trigeminal lemniscus (Dorsal trigeminal tract, Ventral trigeminal tract)

cranial nuclei: GSA: Principal V/Spinal V - VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) - SVE: Motor V - VII - GSE: VI - GVE: VII: Superior salivary nucleus

MLF, III, IV and VI (vestibulo-oculomotor fibers, medial vestibulospinal tract)

sensory/ascending: Trapezoid body/VIII - Superior olivary nucleus

Inferior cerebellar peduncle (Vestibulocerebellar tract)

motor/descending: Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center (Medial parabrachial nucleus) - Lateral parabrachial nucleus

Ventral/
(base)

Middle cerebellar peduncles (Pontocerebellar fibers) - Pontine nuclei
motor/descending: Corticospinal tract - Corticobulbar tract - Corticopontine fibers

Raphe/reticular

Reticular formation (Caudal, Oral, Tegmental, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Median)


Myelencephalon/
medulla

Dorsal

surface: Posterior median sulcus - Postero-lateral sulcus - Area postrema

cranial nuclei: GVA: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • SVA: Gustatory nucleus • GSE: XII  • GVE: IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • SVE: X: Dorsal • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus - MLF, III, IV and VI

sensory/ascending: Gracile nucleus • Cuneate nucleus (Accessory cuneate nucleus) • Sensory decussation  • Medial lemniscus

motor/descending: Dorsal respiratory group

Ventral

motor/descending: Ventral respiratory group - Pyramid (Motor decussation) - Inferior olivary nucleus (Olivocerebellar tract, Rubro-olivary tract)
surface: Anterior median fissure - Antero-lateral sulcus - Arcuate nucleus of medulla - Olivary body

Raphe/reticular

Reticular formation (Gigantocellular, Parvocellular, Ventral, Lateral, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus)

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