Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

---

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

---

This article needs rewriting to enhance its relevance to psychologists..
Please help to improve this page yourself if you can..

Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	E201
ICD-9	275.49
DiseasesDB	10835 10851
MedlinePlus	000364
eMedicine	med/1940
MeSH	D011547

Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone. Patients have a low serum calcium and high phosphate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is actually appropriately high (due to the hypocalcemia). Its pathogenesis has been linked to dysfunctional G Proteins (in particular, Gs alpha subunit).

Types

Types include:

Type	Description	OMIM	Gene
Type 1a	Has a characteristic phenotypic appearance (Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy), including short fourth and fifth metacarpals and a rounded facies. It is most likely an autosomal dominant disorder. It is also associated with thyroid stimulating hormone resistance.	103580	GNAS1
Type 1b	Lacks the physical appearance of type 1a, but is biochemically similar. It is associated with a methylation defect.	603233	GNAS1, STX16
Type 2	Also lacks the physical appearance of type 1a. Since the genetic defect in type 2 is further down the signalling pathway than in type 1, there is a normal cAMP response to PTH stimulation despite the inherent abnormality in calcium regulation.	203330	?

While biochemically similar, type 1 and 2 disease may be distinguished by the differing urinary excretion of cyclic AMP in response to exogenous PTH.

Some sources also refer to a "type 1c".

Related conditions

The term pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism is used to describe a condition where the individual has the phenotypic appearance of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a, but is biochemically normal.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The parathyroid glands help control calcium use and removal by the body. They do this by producing parathyroid hormone, or PTH. PTH helps control calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels within the blood and bone.

Persons with pseudohypoparathyroidism produce the right amount of PTH, but the body is "resistant" to its effect. This causes low blood calcium levels and high blood phosphate levels.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism is caused by abnormal genes. All forms of pseudohypoparathyroidism are very rare.

Type Ia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. That means only one parent needs to pass you the defective gene in order for you to develop the condition. The condition causes short stature, round face, and short hand bones, and is also called Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy.

Type Ib involves resistance to PTH only in the kidneys. Type Ib is less understood than type Ia. Type II is very similar to type I in its clinical features, but the events that take place in the kidneys are different.

Type II pseudohypoparathyroidism also involves low blood calcium and high blood phosphate levels, but persons with this form do not develop the physical characteristics seen in those with Type Ia.

All forms of pseudohypoparathyroidism are very rare.

Symptoms

Symptoms are related to low levels of calcium and include:

• Cataracts

• Dental problems

• Numbness

• Seizures

• Tetany (a collection of symptoms including muscle twitches and hand and foot spasms)

Persons with Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy may have the following symptoms:

• Calcium deposits under the skin

• Dimples that can replace knuckles on affected fingers

• Round face and short neck

• Short hand bones, especially the bone below the 4th finger

• Short stature

Signs and tests

Blood tests will be done to check calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels. Urine tests may also be done.

Other tests may involve:

• Genetic testing

• Head MRI or CT scan of the brain

Treatment

Calcium and vitamin D supplements are prescribed to maintain proper calcium levels. If blood phosphate levels remain high, a low-phosphorus diet or medicines called phosphate binders (such as calcium carbonate or calcium acetate) may be necessary.

Expectations (prognosis)

Low blood calcium in pseudohypoparathyroidism is usually milder than in other forms of hypoparathyroidism.

Complications

Patients with type Ia pseudohypoparathyroidism have an increased rate of other endocrine abnormalities (such as hypothyroidism and hypogonadism).

Complications of hypocalcemia associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism may include seizures and other endocrine problems, leading to lowered sexual drive and lowered sexual development, lowered energy levels, and increased weight.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if you or your child have any symptoms of hypocalcemia or other features of pseudohypoparathyroidism.

See also

• Hypoparathyroidism
• Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Rickets
• Hypervitaminosis D

References

1. Wysolmerski JJ, Insogna KL. The parathyroid glands, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008:chap 266.
2. Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Kronenberg HM. Disorders of mineral metabolism. In: Kronenberg HM, Schlomo M, Polansky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2008:chap 27.

Template:Inborn errors of metal metabolism Template:Receptor deficiencies Template:Genomic imprinting