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'''Physical dependence''' describes increased [[drug tolerance|tolerance]] of a drug combined with a physical need of the drug to function. Abrupt cessation of the drug is typically associated with negative physical [[withdrawal]] symptoms. |
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'''Physical dependence''' refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug, where negative physical [[withdrawal]] symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation. it is to be distinguished from [[drug dependency]] which is characterised by a psychological craving for a drug.<ref>{{cite web |
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Physical dependence is distinguished from [[addiction]]. While addiction tends to describe [[psychological]] and [[behavioral]] attributes, physical dependence is defined primarily using physical and [[biological]] concepts. |
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| title = Drug Addiction |
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| publisher = CNN |
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| url = http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00183.html |
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| accessdate = }}</ref> From the point of view of the dependent person, "dependence is duress," argues addiction researcher Griffith Edwards.<ref>Griffith Edwards. ''Alcohol: The World's Favourite Drug''. 1st US ed. Thomas Dunne Books: 2002. ISBN 0-312-28387-3. P 72.</ref> |
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==Symptoms== |
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==Symptoms== |
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Persons physically dependent on a drug typically require larger doses of a drug over time to attain the same effect, a condition known as [[drug tolerance]]. Additionally, withdrawal of the drug produces symptoms including [[nausea]], [[anxiety]], [[hallucinations]], body aches, and excessive sweating. |
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Increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors are common signs of withdrawal. More serious symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and visual hallucinations indicate a serious emergency and the need for immediate medical care. Alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are the only commonly abused substances that can be fatal in withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal from other drugs, such as [[opioid]]s or [[psychostimulant]]s, can exaggerate mild to moderate [[neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] side effects due to [[hyperthermia]] and generation of [[free radicals]]<ref>Sharma HS, Sjöquist PO, Ali SF. "Drugs of abuse-induced hyperthermia, blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neurotoxicity: neuroprotective effects of a new antioxidant compound H-290/51." ''Current Pharmaceutical Design''. 2007;13(18):1903-23. PMID 17584116</ref>, but life-threatening complications are very rare. |
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==Treatment== |
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Treatment for physical dependence depends upon the drug being withdrawn and often includes administration of another drug, especially for substances that can be dangerous when abruptly discontinued. Treatment usually requires the initiation and then tapering of a medication that has a similar action in the brain but a longer half-life. |
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==Difference from Addiction== |
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Physical dependence is different from [[drug addiction]]. The latter is often characterized by a psychological need for a drug, while the former can often be the result of legal, long-term use of medicine.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Drug Abuse - Addiction vs. Dependence |
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| publisher = Our Chronic Pain Mission |
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| url = http://www.cpmission.com/main/addiction.html |
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==Drugs that cause physical dependence== |
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==Drugs that cause physical dependence== |
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* [[alcohol]] |
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* [[barbiturate]]s |
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* [[opiates]] such as [[morphine]], [[heroin]], [[codeine]], and [[oxycodone]] |
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* [[benzodiazepine]]s |
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* [[benzodiazepine]]s such as [[valium]], [[lorazepam]], [[alprazolam]], and [[clonazepam]] |
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* [[ethyl alcohol]] ([[alcoholic beverage]]) |
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* [[barbiturate]]s such as [[phenobarbital]], [[amobarbital]], and [[methylphenobarbital]] |
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* [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]] |
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* [[methaqualone]] (Quaalude®) |
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* [[nicotine]] |
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* [[nicotine]] |
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* [[caffeine]] |
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* [[opioid]]s |
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* [[amphetamine]]s |
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[[Amphetamine]] and [[cocaine]] produce little or no physical dependence. |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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==Treatment== |
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Treatment for drug dependence depends upon the drug being withdrawn and often includes administration of another drug, especially for substances that can be dangerous when abruptly discontinued. Alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are the only commonly abused substances that can be fatal in withdrawal. Increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors are common signs of withdrawal; confusion, seizures, and visual hallucinations indicate a serious emergency and the need for immediate medical care. Treatment usually requires the initiation and then tapering of a medication that has a similar action in the brain but a longer half-life. Though quite unpleasant and potentially dramatic, withdrawal from opiates is safe without medical intervention. |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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*[[SSRI discontinuation syndrome]] |
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*[[Addiction]] |
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*[[Addiction recovery groups]] |
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*[[Discontinuation syndrome]] |
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*[[Rebound insomnia]] |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001522.htm#Definition National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus Encyclopedia] |
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* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001522.htm#Definition National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus Encyclopedia] |
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== References == |
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*''Drugs causing physical dependence taken from Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 15, Chapter 195" [http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/tables/195tb1.jsp Merck Manual].'' |
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*''Drugs causing physical dependence taken from Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 15, Chapter 195" [http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/tables/195tb1.jsp Merck Manual].'' |
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{{Mental and behavioural disorders}} |
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[[Category:Addiction]] |
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[[Category:Addiction]] |
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{{enWP|Physical dependence}} |
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{{enWP|Physical dependence}} |
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Physical dependence refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation. it is to be distinguished from drug dependency which is characterised by a psychological craving for a drug.[1] From the point of view of the dependent person, "dependence is duress," argues addiction researcher Griffith Edwards.[2]
Increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors are common signs of withdrawal. More serious symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and visual hallucinations indicate a serious emergency and the need for immediate medical care. Alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are the only commonly abused substances that can be fatal in withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal from other drugs, such as opioids or psychostimulants, can exaggerate mild to moderate neurotoxic side effects due to hyperthermia and generation of free radicals[3], but life-threatening complications are very rare.
Treatment
Edit
Treatment for physical dependence depends upon the drug being withdrawn and often includes administration of another drug, especially for substances that can be dangerous when abruptly discontinued. Treatment usually requires the initiation and then tapering of a medication that has a similar action in the brain but a longer half-life.
Difference from AddictionEdit
Physical dependence is different from drug addiction. The latter is often characterized by a psychological need for a drug, while the former can often be the result of legal, long-term use of medicine.[4]
Drugs that cause physical dependenceEdit
References Edit
- ↑ Drug Addiction. CNN.
- ↑ Griffith Edwards. Alcohol: The World's Favourite Drug. 1st US ed. Thomas Dunne Books: 2002. ISBN 0-312-28387-3. P 72.
- ↑ Sharma HS, Sjöquist PO, Ali SF. "Drugs of abuse-induced hyperthermia, blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neurotoxicity: neuroprotective effects of a new antioxidant compound H-290/51." Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2007;13(18):1903-23. PMID 17584116
- ↑ Drug Abuse - Addiction vs. Dependence. Our Chronic Pain Mission.
External linksEdit
- Drugs causing physical dependence taken from Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 15, Chapter 195" Merck Manual.
WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioural disorders (F · 290–319)
|
| Neurological/symptomatic
|
Dementia (Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia) · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome
|
| Psychoactive substance
|
alcohol (drunkenness, alcohol dependence, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse) · opiods (opioid dependency) · sedative/hypnotic (benzodiazepine withdrawal) · cocaine (cocaine dependence) · general (Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal)
|
| Psychotic disorder
|
Schizophrenia (disorganized schizophrenia) · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder
|
| Mood (affective)
|
Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia
|
Neurotic, stress-related
and somatoform
|
Anxiety disorder (Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety) · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder (Ganser syndrome) · Somatoform disorder (Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia) · Neurasthenia
|
Physiological/physical
behavioural
|
Eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) · Sleep disorder (dyssomnia, insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, night terror, nightmare) · </br>Sexual dysfunction (erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, vaginismus, dyspareunia, hypersexuality) · Postnatal depression
|
Adult personality
and behaviour
|
Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
|
| Mental retardation
|
Mental retardation
|
Psychological development
(developmental disorder)
|
Specific: speech and language (expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp) · Scholastic skills (dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome) · Motor function (developmental dyspraxia)
Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome
|
Behavioural and emotional,
childhood and adolescence onset
|
ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech (stuttering · cluttering)
|
