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Personality: Self concept · Personality testing · Theories · Mind-body problem
The persona, for Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, was the social face the individual presented to the world - "a kind of mask, designed on the one hand to make a definite impression upon others, and on the other to conceal the true nature of the individual".[1]
Jung's persona
Identification with the persona
For the growing child, the development of a viable social persona is a vital part of adapting to, and preparing for, adult life in the external social world. 'A strong ego relates to the outside world through a flexible persona; identification with a specific persona (doctor, scholar, artist, etc.) inhibits psychological development'.[2] Thus for Jung 'the danger is that [people] become identical with their personas - the professor with his textbook, the tenor with his voice'.[3] The result could be 'the shallow, brittle, conformist kind of personality which is "all persona", with its excessive concern for "what people think"'[4] - an unreflecting state of mind 'in which people are utterly unconscious of any distinction between themselves and the world in which they live. They have little or no concept of themselves as beings distinct from what society expects of them'.[5] The stage was set thereby for what Jung termed Enantiodromia - the emergence of the repressed individuality from beneath the persona later in life: 'the individual will either be completely smothered under an empty persona or an enantiodromia into the buried opposites will occur'.[6]
The disintegration of the persona
'The breakdown of the persona constitutes the typically Jungian moment both in therapy and in development' - the "moment" when 'that excessive commitment to collective ideals masking deeper individuality - the persona - breaks down...disintegrates'.[7] Given Jung's view that 'the persona is a semblance...the dissolution of the persona is therefore absolutely necessary for individuation'.[8] Nevertheless, its disintegration may well lead initially to a state of chaos in the individual: 'one result of the dissolution of the persona is the release of fantasy...disorientation'.[9] As the individuation process gets under way, 'the situation has thrown off the conventional husk and developed into a stark encounter with reality, with no false veils or adornments of any kind'.[10]
Negative restoration of the persona
One possible reaction to the resulting experience of archetypal chaos was what Jung called 'the regressive restoration of the persona', whereby the protagonist 'laboriously tries to patch up his social reputation within the confines of a much more limited personality...pretending that he is as he was before the crucial experience'.[11] Similarly in treatment there can be 'the persona-restoring phase, which is an effort to maintain superficiality';[12] or even a longer phase 'designed not to promote individuation but to bring about what Jung caricatured as "the negative restoration of the persona" - that is to say, a reversion to the status quo'.[13]
Absence of the persona
The alternative is to endure living with the absence of the persona - and for Jung 'the man with no persona...is blind to the reality of the world, which for him has merely the value of an amusing or fantastic playground'.[14] Inevitably, the result of 'the streaming in of the unconscious into the conscious realm, simultaneously with the dissolution of the "persona" and the reduction of the directive force of consciousness, is a state of disturbed psychic equlibrium'.[15] Those trapped at such a stage remain 'blind to the world, hopeless dreamers...spectral Cassandras dreaded for their tactlessness, eternally misunderstood'[16]
Restoration of the persona
Recovery, the aim of individuation, 'is not only achieved by work on the inside figures but also, as conditio sine qua non, by a readaptation in outer life'[17] - including the recreation of a new and more viable persona. To 'develop a stronger persona...might feel inauthentic, like learning to "play a role"...but if one cannot perform a social role then one will suffer'.[18] Thus one goal for individuation is for people to 'develop a more realistic, flexible persona that helps them navigate in society but does not collide with nor hide their true self'.[19] Eventually, 'in the best case, the persona is appropriate and tasteful, a true reflection of our inner individuality and our outward sense of self'.[20]
Later developments of the persona concept
The Persona has become one of the most widely adopted aspects of Jungian terminology, passing into almost common parlance: 'a mask or shield which the person places between himself and the people around him, called by some psychiatrists the persona '.[21] For Eric Berne, 'the persona is formed during the years from six to twelve, when most children first go out on their own...to avoid unwanted entanglements or promote wanted ones'.[22] He was interested in 'the relationship between ego states and the Jungian persona', and considered that 'as an ad hoc attitude, persona is differentiated also from the more autonomous identity of Erikson'.[23] Perhaps more contentiously, in terms of life scripts, he distinguished 'the Archetypes (corresponding to the magic figures in a script) and the Persona (which is the style the script is played in)'.[24]
Post-Jungians would loosely call the persona 'the social archetype of the conformity archetype',[25] though Jung himself was always concerned to distinguish the persona as an external function from those images of the unconscious he called archetypes. Thus whereas Jung recommended conversing with archetypes as a therapeutic technique he himself had employed - 'For decades I always turned to the anima when I felt my emotional behaviour was disturbed, and I would speak with the anima about the images she communicated to me'[26] - he stressed that 'It would indeed be the height of absurdity if a man tried to have a conversation with his persona, which he recognized merely as a psychological means of relationship'.[27]
See also
- Alter ego
- Archetypal psychology
- Bad faith (existentialism)
- Dramaturgy (sociology)
- Face (sociological concept)
- Jungian psychology
- Impression management
- Persona and false self
References
- ↑ C. G. Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (London 1953) p. 190
- ↑ Mario Jacoby, The Analytic Encounter (Canad 1984) p. 118
- ↑ C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (London 1983) p. 416
- ↑ Anthony Stevens, On Jung (London 1990) p. 43
- ↑ Terence Dawson, in P. Young-Eisendrath and T. Dawson ed., The Cambridge Companion to Jung (Cambridge 1977) p. 267
- ↑ Barbara Hannah, Striving towards Wholeness (Boston 1988) p. 263
- ↑ Peter Homans, Jung in Context (London 1979) p. 100-2
- ↑ C. G. Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (London 1953) p. 156 and p. 284
- ↑ Jung, Two Essays p. 277
- ↑ C. G. Jung, "Psychology of the Transference", Collected Works vol 16 (London 1954) p. 238
- ↑ Jung, Two Essays p. 161-2 and p. 164
- ↑ David Sedgwick, Introduction to Jungian Psychotherapy (London 2006) p. 153
- ↑ Stevens, Jung p. 179
- ↑ Jung, Two Essays p. 197
- ↑ Jacobi, Psychology p. 117
- ↑ Jung, Two Essays p. 197
- ↑ Hannah, p. 288
- ↑ Demaris S. Wehr, Jung and Feminism (London 1988) p. 57
- ↑ Susan Reynolds, Everything Enneagram Book (2007) p. 61
- ↑ Roberte H. Hopcke, A Guided Tour of the collected Works of C. G. Jung (Boston 1989) p. 87-8
- ↑ Eric Berne, Sex in Human Loving (Penguin 1973) p. 98
- ↑ Berne, Sex p. 99
- ↑ Eric Berne, Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy (Guernsey 1966) p. 79
- ↑ Eric Berne, What Do You Say After You Say Hello (Corgi 1975) p. 56
- ↑ Anthony Stevens, Jung (Oxford 1994) p. 47
- ↑ Jung, Memories p. 212
- ↑ Jung, Two Essays p. 199
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