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Parkinsonism
ICD-10
ICD-9
OMIM [1]
DiseasesDB 24212
MedlinePlus 000759
eMedicine /
MeSH {{{MeshNumber}}}


Parkinsonism (also known as Parkinson's syndrome, atypical Parkinson's, or secondary Parkinson's) is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.[1] The underlying causes of parkinsonism are numerous, and diagnosis can be complex.[2] While the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, a wide-range of other etiologies can lead to a similar set of symptoms, including some toxins, a few metabolic diseases, and a handful of non-PD neurological conditions.[3] Its most common cause is as a side effect of medications, mainly neuroleptic antipsychotics especially the phenothiazines (such as perphenazine and chlorpromazine), thioxanthenes (such as flupenthixol and zuclopenthixol) and butyrophenones (such as haloperidol (Haldol)), piperazines (such as ziprasidone), and rarely, antidepressants.

Etiology[]

If PD has been excluded, the differential diagnosis or list of potential causes for this syndrome includes:

See also[]

References[]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP (2005). Clinical Neurology, 6th ed., 241–5, Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical.
  2. Tuite PJ, Krawczewski K (2007). Parkinsonism: a review-of-systems approach to diagnosis. Seminars in neurology 27 (2): 113–22.
  3. Christine CW, Aminoff MJ (2004). Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes: prognostic and therapeutic relevance. Am. J. Med. 117 (6): 412–9.
  4. Tse W, Cersosimo MG, Gracies JM, et al (2004). Movement disorders and AIDS: a review. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 10 (6): 323–34.
  5. Maltête D, Guyant-Maréchal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D (2006). Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 12 (2): 65–71.
  6. Watanabe Y, Himeda T, Araki T (2005). Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity and their implications for therapy of Parkinson's disease. Med. Sci. Monit. 11 (1): RA17–23.
  7. Wenning GK, Geser F (2003). Multiple system atrophy. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 159 (5 Pt 2): 3S31–8.
  8. Uc EY, Rodnitzky RL (2003). Childhood dystonia. Seminars in pediatric neurology 10 (1): 52–61.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 DeLong MR, Juncos JL (2004). Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th ed., p. 2414, McGraw-Hill Professional.
  10. Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Remião F, Carmo H, et al (2006). Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 27 (6): 1110–22.
  11. Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T (2005). Vascular Parkinsonism--an important cause of parkinsonism in older people. Age and ageing 34 (2): 114–9.
  12. Członkowska A, Tarnacka B, Möller JC, et al (2007). Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale — a proposal for the neurological scoring of Wilson's disease patients. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 41 (1): 1–12.


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