Orienting responses
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Orienting responses are learned behaviors that prepare an organism to perceive movel stimuli. Examples would be the turning of the head, or standing still in order to improve hearing. In the 1950s the orienting response was studied systematically by the Russian scientist Eugene Sokolov, who documented the phenomenon called "habituation", referring to a gradual "familiarity effect" and reduction of the orienting response with repeated stimulus presentations.