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In animal development, organogenesis is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. The germ layers in organogenesis differ by three processes: folds, splits, and condensation. Developing early during this stage in chordate animals are the neural tube and notochord. Vertebrate animals all differ from the gastrula the same way. Vertebrates develop a neural crest that differentiates into many structures, including some bones, muscles, and components of the peripheral nervous system. The coelom of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the somite axis.
Production[]
The proceeding graph represents the products produced by the three germ layers.
Germ Layer | Category | Product |
---|---|---|
Endoderm | General[1] | Gastrointestinal tract |
Endodern | General | Respiratory tract |
Endoderm | General | Endocrine glands and organs (liver and pancreas) |
Mesoderm | General | Bones |
Mesoderm | General | Most of the Circulatory system |
Mesoderm | General | Connective tissues of the gut and integuments |
Mesoderm | General | Excretory Tract |
Mesoderm | General | Mesenchyme |
Mesoderm | General | Mesothelium |
Mesoderm | General | Muscles |
Mesoderm | General | Peritoneum |
Mesoderm | General | Reproductive System |
Mesoderm | General | Urinary System |
Mesoderm | Vertebrate[2] | Chordamesoderm |
Mesoderm | Vertebrate | Paraxial mesoderm |
Mesoderm | Vertebrate | Intermediate mesoderm |
Mesoderm | Vertebrate | Lateral plate mesoderm |
Ectoderm | General | Nervous system |
Ectoderm | General | Outer part of integument |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Skin (along with glands, hair, nails) |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Lens and cornea of the eye |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Melanocytes |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Peripheral nervous system |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Facial cartilage |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Dentin (in teeth) |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Brain (rhombencephalon, mesencephalon and prosencephalon) |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Spinal cord and motor neurons |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Retina |
Ectoderm | Vertebrate | Posterior pituitary |
See also[]
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Germ layer
- Histogenesis
- Mesoderm
- Eye development
- Heart development
- Limb development
- Germ line development
Notes[]
- ↑ The General category denotes that all or most of the animals containing this layer produce the adjacent product.
- ↑ The Vertebrate category denotes that all or most of the vertebrates containing this layer produce the adjacent product.
References[]
- Evers, Christine A., Lisa Starr. Biology:Concepts and Applications. 6th ed. United States:Thomson, 2006. ISBN 0-534-46224-3.
Mammalian development of embryo and development and fetus (some dates are approximate - see Carnegie stages) - edit |
---|
Week 1: Zygote | Morula | Blastula/Blastomere/Blastosphere | Archenteron/Primitive streak | Blastopore | Allantois | Trophoblast (Cytotrophoblast | Syncytiotrophoblast | Gestational sac) Week 2: Yolk sac | Vitelline duct | Bilaminar disc Week 3: Hensen's node | Gastrula/Gastrulation | Trilaminar embryo Branchial arch (1st) | Branchial pouch | Meckel's cartilage | Somite/Somitomere | Germ layer (Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm, Chordamesoderm, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm) |
Histogenesis and Organogenesis |
Circulatory system: Primitive atrium | Primitive ventricle | Bulbus cordis | Truncus arteriosus | Ostium primum | Foramen ovale | Ductus venosus | Ductus arteriosus | Aortic arches | Septum primum | Septum secundum | Cardinal veins Nervous system: Neural development/Neurulation | Neurula | Neural folds | Neural groove | Neural tube | Neural crest | Neuromere (Rhombomere) | Notochord | Optic vesicles | Optic stalk | Optic cup Digestive system: Foregut | Midgut | Hindgut | Proctodeum | Rathke's pouch | Septum transversum Urinary/Reproductive system: Urogenital folds | Urethral groove | Urogenital sinus | Kidney development (Pronephros | Mesonephros | Ureteric bud | Metanephric blastema) | Fetal genital development (Wolffian duct | Müllerian duct | Gubernaculum | Labioscrotal folds) Glands: Thyroglossal duct Uterine support: Placenta | Umbilical cord (Umbilical artery, Umbilical vein, Wharton's jelly) | Amniotic sac (Amnion, Chorion) |
Germ layers | |
---|---|
Germ Layers | |
Production |
Histogenesis • Organogenesis |
de:Organogenese es:Organogénesis sr:Органогенеза
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