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The '''nucleus raphe pallidus''' receives afferent connections from the [[periaqueductal gray]], the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the [[amygdala]], lateral hypothalamic area, and [[parvocellular reticular nucleus]]. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the [[medial preoptic area]], median preoptic nucleus and lateral [[paragigantocellular reticular nuclei]] (Hermann, Dirk M. et al. Afferent projections to the rat nuclei raphe magnus, raphe pallidus and reticularis gigantocellularis pars demonstrated by iontophoretic application of choleratoxin (subunit b). Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 1997, Pages 1-21). The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with [[GABA]]. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever (Nakamura, Kazuhiro et al. The Rostral Raphe Pallidus Nucleus Mediates Pyrogenic Transmission from the Preoptic Area. The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 2002, 22(11):4600-4610). The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a [[agonist]], inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli (Zaretsky, Dmitry V. et al. Microinjection of muscimol into raphe pallidus suppresses tachycardia associated with air stress in conscious rats. Journal of Physiology (2003), 546.1, pp. 243-250 © Copyright 2003). In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought.
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{{BioPsy}}
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{{Infobox Brain|
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Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
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Latin = nucleus raphes pallidus |
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GraySubject = |
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GrayPage = |
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Image = Gray694.png |
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Caption = Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.) |
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Image2 = |
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Caption2 = |
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IsPartOf = |
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Components = |
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Artery = |
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Vein = |
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Acronym = |
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BrainInfoType = hier |
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BrainInfoNumber = 738 |
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MeshName = |
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MeshNumber = |
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DorlandsPre = n_11 |
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DorlandsSuf = 12582826 |
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}}
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The '''nucleus raphe pallidus''' receives [[afferent]] connections from the [[periaqueductal gray]], the [[paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus]], central nucleus of the [[amygdala]], lateral hypothalamic area, and [[parvocellular reticular nucleus]].
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Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the [[medial preoptic area]], median preoptic nucleus and lateral [[paragigantocellular reticular nuclei]] <ref>Hermann, Dirk M. et al. Afferent projections to the rat nuclei raphe magnus, raphe pallidus and [[reticularis gigantocellularis pars]] demonstrated by [[iontophoretic]] application of [[choleratoxin]] (subunit b). Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 1997, Pages 1-21</ref>.
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The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with [[GABA]].
  +
  +
When the [[preoptic area]] receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the [[intermediolateral cell column]], which induces a fever <ref>Nakamura, Kazuhiro et al. The Rostral Raphe Pallidus Nucleus Mediates Pyrogenic Transmission from the Preoptic Area. The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 2002, 22(11):4600-4610</ref>.
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The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the [[tachycardia]] response, an extremely high [[heart rate]] known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress.
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  +
Microinjections of a [[GABA-a]] [[antagonist]] into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate.
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  +
Conversely, microinjections of [[muscimol]], a GABA-a [[agonist]], inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli<ref>Zaretsky, Dmitry V. et al. Microinjection of muscimol into raphe pallidus suppresses tachycardia associated with air stress in conscious rats. Journal of Physiology (2003), 546.1, pp. 243-250 </ref>.
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In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought.
   
 
==See also==
  
==See also==
 
* [[Raphe nuclei]]
  
* [[Raphe nuclei]]
   
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==External links==
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==References==
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* {{BrainInfo|hier|738}}
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<references/>
   
 
{{Rhombencephalon}}
  
{{Rhombencephalon}}
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[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
  
[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
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{{BioPsy}}
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{{enWP|Nucleus raphe pallidus}}
  
{{enWP|Nucleus raphe pallidus}}

Latest revision as of 10:20, November 2, 2008

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Brain: Nucleus raphe pallidus
Gray694
Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.)
[[Image:|250px|center|]]
Latin nucleus raphes pallidus
Gray's subject #
Part of
Components
Artery
Vein
BrainInfo/UW hier-738
MeSH [1]

The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus.

Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei [1].

The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA.

When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever [2].

The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress.

Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate.

Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli[3].

In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ Hermann, Dirk M. et al. Afferent projections to the rat nuclei raphe magnus, raphe pallidus and reticularis gigantocellularis pars demonstrated by iontophoretic application of choleratoxin (subunit b). Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 1997, Pages 1-21
  2. ↑ Nakamura, Kazuhiro et al. The Rostral Raphe Pallidus Nucleus Mediates Pyrogenic Transmission from the Preoptic Area. The Journal of Neuroscience, June 1, 2002, 22(11):4600-4610
  3. ↑ Zaretsky, Dmitry V. et al. Microinjection of muscimol into raphe pallidus suppresses tachycardia associated with air stress in conscious rats. Journal of Physiology (2003), 546.1, pp. 243-250


v·d·e
Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Metencephalon/
pons

Dorsal/
(tegmentum)

surface: Locus ceruleus

Trigeminal lemniscus (Dorsal trigeminal tract, Ventral trigeminal tract)

cranial nuclei: GSA: Principal V/Spinal V - VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) - SVE: Motor V - VII - GSE: VI - GVE: VII: Superior salivary nucleus

MLF, III, IV and VI (vestibulo-oculomotor fibers, medial vestibulospinal tract)

sensory/ascending: Trapezoid body/VIII - Superior olivary nucleus

Inferior cerebellar peduncle (Vestibulocerebellar tract)

motor/descending: Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center (Medial parabrachial nucleus) - Lateral parabrachial nucleus

Ventral/
(base)

Middle cerebellar peduncles (Pontocerebellar fibers) - Pontine nuclei
motor/descending: Corticospinal tract - Corticobulbar tract - Corticopontine fibers

Raphe/reticular

Reticular formation (Caudal, Oral, Tegmental, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Median)


Myelencephalon/
medulla

Dorsal

surface: Posterior median sulcus - Postero-lateral sulcus - Area postrema

cranial nuclei: GVA: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • SVA: Gustatory nucleus • GSE: XII  • GVE: IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • SVE: X: Dorsal • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus - MLF, III, IV and VI

sensory/ascending: Gracile nucleus • Cuneate nucleus (Accessory cuneate nucleus) • Sensory decussation  • Medial lemniscus

motor/descending: Dorsal respiratory group

Ventral

motor/descending: Ventral respiratory group - Pyramid (Motor decussation) - Inferior olivary nucleus (Olivocerebellar tract, Rubro-olivary tract)
surface: Anterior median fissure - Antero-lateral sulcus - Arcuate nucleus of medulla - Olivary body

Raphe/reticular

Reticular formation (Gigantocellular, Parvocellular, Ventral, Lateral, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus)

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