Neurological examination
From Psychology Wiki
Community portal · Tasks to do · News · Help
Clinical · Educational · Ind&Org · Other fields · Professional · Transpersonal · World
Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Personality | Philosophy | Research Methods | Social | Statistics
Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·
The neurological examination is the physical examination of the nervous system. It attempts to identify or exclude signs of nervous system disease, and - if these signs are present - to produce a likely anatomical or physiological explanation that can be tested through medical imaging, neurophysiology, blood tests, lumbar puncture or a combination.
The Neurological Examination is directed primarily towards the localization of lesions within the nervous system and is traditionally split into an examination of the cognitive state, cranial nerves, motor system, sensory system, cerebellar system, walking and gait and the extrapyramidal system.
Contents |
[edit] Central nervous system
- Assessment of consciousness, often using the Glasgow Coma Scale (EMV)
- Mental status examination, often including the abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) or mini mental state examination (MMSE)
- Global assessment of higher functions
- Intracranial pressure is roughly estimated by fundoscopy; this also enables assessment for microvascular disease
[edit] Peripheral nervous system
- Cranial nerves (I-XII): sense of smell (I), visual fields and acuity (II), eye movements (III, IV, VI) and pupils (III, sympathetic and parasympathetic), sensory function of face (V), strength of facial (VII) and shoulder girdle muscles (XI), hearing (VII, VIII), taste (VII, IX, X), pharyngeal movement and reflex (IX), tongue movements (XII)
- Reflexes: masseter, biceps and triceps tendon, knee tendon, ankle jerk and plantar (i.e. Babinski sign). Globally, brisk reflexes suggest an abnormality of the UMN or pyramidal tract, while decreased reflexes suggest abnormality in the anterior horn, LMN, peripheral nerve or motor end plate. A reflex hammer is used for this testing.
- Muscle strength (typically graded on the MRC scale I-V)
- Sensory system (to fine touch, pain, temperature)
- Muscle tone and signs of rigidity
[edit] Specific tests
- Finger-to-nose and ankle-over-tibia tests for ataxia
- Various tests for dysdiadochokinesis
- Tests for cogwheeling (abnormal tone suggestive of Parkinson's disease) or gegenhalten (more common in dementia). Gegenhalten is resistance to passive change, where the strength of antagonist muscles increases with increasing examiner force.
- Closer examination of any tremors
- Assessment of gait
- Romberg test to examine proprioception or cerebellar function
- Graphesthesia, stereognosis, and two-point discrimination for discriminative sense
[edit] Interpretation
The results of the examination are taken together to anatomically identify the lesion. This may be diffuse (e.g. neuromuscular diseases, encephalopathy) or highly specific (e.g. abnormal sensation in one dermatome due to compression of a specific spinal nerve by a tumor deposit). A differential diagnosis may then be constructed that takes into account the patient's background (e.g. previous cancer, autoimmune diathesis) and present findings to include the most likely causes. Examinations are aimed at ruling out the most clinically significant causes (even if relatively rare, e.g. brain tumor in a patient with subtle word finding abnormalities but no increased intracranial pressure) and ruling in the most likely causes.
[edit] External links
- Neuroexam.com - an interactive online guide to the neurologic examination
- Overview at University of Florida
- Overview at University of California, San Diego
- Overview at University of Toronto
- Overview at University of Virginia
- eMedicine neuro/632 - "Neurological History and Physical Examination"
Physical examination |
|---|
| Neurology | Mental state | Eyes | Jugular venous pressure | Respiratory system | Precordium | Abdomen | Peripheral vascular | Hip | Knee | Intimate |
| This page uses content from the English-language version of Wikipedia. The original article was at Neurological examination. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Psychology Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License. |
