Changes: Neurocognition

Latest revision as of 14:09, 22 July 2013

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

Neurocognition or cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrate underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes and their behavioral manifestations.

It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the neural circuitry. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both cognitive psychology and neuroscience, unifying and overlapping with several sub-disciplines such as cognitive psychology, psychobiology and neurobiology. Before the advent of fMRI, cognitive neuroscience was called cognitive psychophysiology. Cognitive neuroscientists have a background in experimental psychology or neurobiology, but may spring from disciplines such as psychiatry, neurology, physics, linguistics and mathematics.

Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiological studies of neural systems and, increasingly, cognitive genomics and behavioral genetics. Clinical studies in psychopathology in patients with cognitive deficits constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. ^{[How to reference and link to summary or text]} The main theoretical approaches are computational neuroscience and the more traditional, descriptive cognitive psychology theories such as psychometrics.

A neurocognitive deficit is a reduction or impairment of cognitive function in one of these areas, but particularly when physical changes can be seen to have occurred in the brain, such as after neurological illness, mental illness, drug use, or brain injury.

A clinical neuropsychologist may specialise in using neuropsychological tests to detect and understand such deficits, and may be involved in the rehabilitation of an affected person. Some neuropsychologist however adopt non evasive procedures such as the cognitive matrix level (CML) cognitive psychotherapists. The discipline that studies neurocognitive deficits to infer normal psychological function is called cognitive neuropsychology.

Scientific roots

Phrenology

Main article: Phrenology

The first roots of cognitive neuroscience lie in phrenology, which was a pseudoscientific theory that claimed that behavior could be determined by the shape of the scalp. In the early 19th century, Franz Joseph Gall and J. G. Spurzheim believed that the human brain was localized into approximately 35 different sections. In his book, The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, Gall claimed that a larger bump in one of these areas meant that that area of the brain was used more frequently by that person. This theory gained significant public attention, leading to the publication of phrenology journals and the creation of phrenometers, which measured the bumps on a human subject's head.

Aggregate field

Pierre Flourens, a French experimental psychologist, was one of many scientists that challenged the views of the phrenologists. Through his study of living rabbits and pigeons, he discovered that lesions to particular areas of the brain produced no discernible change in behavior. He proposed the theory that the brain is an aggregate field, meaning that different areas of the brain participated in behavior.

Later localizationists

Studies performed in Europe by scientists such as John Hughlings Jackson caused the localizationist view to re-emerge as the primary view of behavior. Jackson studied patients with brain damage, particularly those with epilepsy. He discovered that the epileptic patients often made the same clonic and tonic movements of muscle during their seizures, leading Jackson to believe that they must be occurring in the same place every time. Jackson proposed a topographic map of the brain, which was critical to future understanding of the brain lobes.

BrocasAreaSmall — Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

In 1861, French neurologist Paul Broca came across a man who was able to understand language but unable to speak. The man could only produce the sound "tan". It was later discovered that the man had damage to an area of his left frontal lobe now known as Broca's area. Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, found a similar patient, except that this patent could speak fluently but non-sensibly. The patient had been the victim of a stroke, and could not understand spoken or written language. This patient had a lesion in the area where the left parietal and temporal lobes meet, now known as Wernicke's area. These cases strongly supported the localizationists views, because a lesion caused a specific behavioral change in both of these patients.

In 1870, German physicians Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch published their findings about the behavior of animals. Hitzig and Fritsch ran an electrical current through the cerebral cortex of a dog, causing the dog to produce characteristic movements based on where the current was applied. Since different areas produced different movements, the physicians concluded that behavior was rooted at the cellular level. German neuroanatomist Korbinian Brodmann used tissue staining techniques developed by Franz Nissl to see the different types of cells in the brain. Though this study, Brodmann concluded in 1909 that the human brain consisted of fifty-two distinct areas, now named Brodmann areas. Many of Brodmann's distinctions were very accurate, such as differentiating Brodmann area 17 from Brodmann area 18.

The neuron doctrine

Main article: Neuron doctrine

In the early 20th century, Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi began working on the structure of the neuron. Golgi developed a silver staining method that could entirely stain several cells in a particular area, leading him to believe that neurons were directly connected with each other in one cytoplasm. Cajal challenged this view after staining areas of the brain that had less myelin and discovering that neurons were discrete cells. Cajal also discovered that cells transmit electrical signals down the neuron in one direction only. Both Golgi and Cajal won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for this work on the neuron doctrine.

Foundation of the science

On September 11], 1956, a large-scale meeting of cognitivists took place at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. George A. Miller presented his "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" paper while Noam Chomsky and Newell & Simon presented their findings on computer science. Ulric Neisser commented on many of the findings at this meeting in his 1967 book Cognitive Psychology. The term "psychology" had been waning in the 1950s and 1960s, causing the field to be referred to as "cognitive science". Behavioralists such as Miller began to focus on the representation of language rather than general behavior. David Marr's proposal of the hierarchical representation of memory caused many psychologists to embrace the idea that mental skills required significant processing in the brain, including algorithms.

Neurocognition topics

A large portion of current research in cognitive neuroscience involves doing experiments that would previously have been described as cognitive psychology, but doing them using fMRI scanners to locate the brain regions involved. Topics that have been investigated in this way include:

Cognitive neuroscience methods

Experimental methods of specific psychology fields include:

Cognitive neuroscience was called cognitive psychophysiology before the advent of functional MRI. Cognitive psychophysiology research mainly used EEG and other electrophysiological methods. The 1980s brought new instruments to Cognitive psychophysiology, including:

Related WikiBooks

External links

References

Churchland, P.S. & Sejnowski, T.J. (1992). The Computational Brain, The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-03188-4.
Code, C. (1996). Classic Cases: Ancient & Modern Milestones in the Development of Neuropsychological Science. In: Code, C. et al Classic Cases in Neuropsychology.
Gazzaniga, M. S., The Cognitive Neurosciences III, (2004), The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-07254-8
Gazzaniga, M. S., Ed. (1999). Conversations in the Cognitive Neurosciences, The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-57117-X.
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97
Parkin, A.J. (1996). Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology, pp. 1-23.
Sternberg, Eliezer J. Are You a Machine? The Brain, the Mind and What it Means to be Human. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Ward, Jamie (2006). The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Press.
Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition By Roberto Cabeza, Alan Kingstone
Principles of neural science By Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory By Amanda Parker, Edward L. Wilding, Timothy J. Bussey
Neuronal Theories of the Brain By Christof Koch, Joel L. Davis
Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning By Keith James Holyoak, Robert G. Morrison
Handbook of Mathematical Cognition By Jamie I. D. Campbell
Cognitive Psychology By Michael W. Eysenck, Mark T. Keane
Development of Intelligence By Mike Anderson
Development of Mental Processing By Andreas Demetriou, et. al.
Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly
Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan
Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science
Models of Working Memory By Akira Miyake, Priti Shah
Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly
Variation in Working Memory By Andrew R. A. Conway, et. al.
Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan
Cognition and Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Jean E. Pretz
General Factor of Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Elena Grigorenko
Neurological Basis of Learning, Development and Discovery By Anton E. Lawson
Memory and Human Cognition By John T. E. Richardson

External links

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

Changes: Neurocognition

Latest revision as of 14:09, 22 July 2013

Contents

Scientific roots

Phrenology

Aggregate field

Later localizationists

The neuron doctrine

Foundation of the science

Neurocognition topics

Cognitive neuroscience methods

Related WikiBooks

See also

External links

References

Further reading

Journal articles

External links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{BioPsy}}
+'''Neurocognition''' or '''cognitive neuroscience''' is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrate underlying [[cognition]], with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes and their behavioral manifestations.
-The field of '''cognitive neuroscience''' concerns the study of the neural mechanisms underlying [[cognition]] and is a branch of [[biological psychology]] which, in turn, is part of the wider field of [[neuroscience]], the most comprehensive interdisciplinary discipline studying the [[brain]] .
+It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the [[neural circuitry]].  Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both [[cognitive psychology]] and [[neuroscience]], unifying and overlapping with several sub-disciplines such as [[cognitive psychology]], [[psychobiology]] and [[neurobiology]]. Before the advent of [[fMRI]], cognitive neuroscience was called [[psychophysiology|cognitive psychophysiology]]. Cognitive neuroscientists have a background in [[experimental psychology]] or neurobiology, but may spring from disciplines such as [[psychiatry]], [[neurology]], [[physics]], [[linguistics]] and [[mathematics]].
-Cognitive neuroscience overlaps with [[cognitive psychology]], and in fact has its roots largely in cognitive psychophysiology. But whereas cognitive psychologists seek to understand the ''[[mind]]'', researchers in cognitive neuroscience are concerned with understanding how the mental processes take place in the ''[[brain]]''. Cognitive neuroscientists tend to have a background in [[experimental psychology]], [[cognitive psychophysiology]], [[neurobiology]], [[neurology]], [[physics]], and [[mathematics]]. The two areas influence each other on a continuous basis, since an understanding of mental structure can inform theories about brain functions and knowledge about neural mechanisms is useful in understanding [[mental structure]].
-Methods include [[psychophysics|psychophysical]] experiments, [[functional neuroimaging]], [[neuropsychology]] and [[behavioral neuroscience]]. Cognitive neuroscience also makes contact with low-level data from [[electrophysiology|electrophysiological]] studies of neural systems and, increasingly, [[cognitive genomics]]. The main theoretical approaches are [[computational neuroscience]] and the more "abstract" [[information processing]] approaches, inherited from cognitive psychology, [[psychometrics]] (mathematical psychology) and [[neuropsychology]].
+Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from [[psychophysics]] and [[cognitive psychology]], [[functional neuroimaging]], [[electrophysiology|electrophysiological]] studies of neural systems and, increasingly, [[cognitive genomics]] and [[behavioral genetics]].  Clinical studies in [[psychopathology]] in patients with [[cognitive deficits]] constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. {{Fact|date=December 2008}}  The main theoretical approaches are [[computational neuroscience]] and the more traditional, descriptive [[cognitive psychology]] theories such as [[psychometrics]].
+A '''neurocognitive deficit''' is a reduction or impairment of cognitive function in one of these areas, but particularly when physical changes can be seen to have occurred in the brain, such as after [[neurological illness]], [[mental illness]], [[medication|drug]] use, or [[Acquired brain injury|brain injury]].
-==Cognitive neuroscience topics==
-*[[change blindness]]
+A clinical neuropsychologist may specialise in using [[neuropsychological test]]s to detect and understand such deficits, and may be involved in the [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|rehabilitation]] of an affected person. Some  neuropsychologist however adopt non evasive procedures such as the [[cognitive matrix level]] (CML) cognitive psychotherapists. The discipline that studies neurocognitive deficits to infer normal psychological function is called [[cognitive neuropsychology]].
-*[[mirror neurons]]
+==Scientific roots==
+[[Image:Phrenology-journal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A page from the ''American Phrenological Journal'']]
+===Phrenology===
+{{main|Phrenology}}
+The first roots of cognitive neuroscience lie in phrenology, which was a [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] theory that claimed that behavior could be determined by the shape of the [[scalp]]. In the early 19th century, [[Franz Joseph Gall]] and [[J. G. Spurzheim]] believed that the [[human brain]] was localized into approximately 35 different sections. In his book, ''The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular'', Gall claimed that a larger bump in one of these areas meant that that area of the brain was used more frequently by that person. This theory gained significant public attention, leading to the publication of phrenology journals and the creation of phrenometers, which measured the bumps on a human subject's head.
+===Aggregate field===
+[[Pierre Flourens]], a [[France|French]] experimental psychologist, was one of many scientists that challenged the views of the phrenologists. Through his study of living [[rabbits]] and [[Columbidae|pigeons]], he discovered that [[lesions]] to particular areas of the brain produced no discernible change in behavior. He proposed the theory that the brain is an aggregate field, meaning that different areas of the brain participated in behavior.
+===Later localizationists===
+Studies performed in Europe by scientists such as [[John Hughlings Jackson]] caused the localizationist view to re-emerge as the primary view of behavior. Jackson studied patients with [[brain damage]], particularly those with [[epilepsy]]. He discovered that the epileptic patients often made the same [[clonus|clonic]] and tonic movements of muscle during their seizures, leading Jackson to believe that they must be occurring in the same place every time. Jackson proposed a topographic map of the brain, which was critical to future understanding of the [[brain lobes]].
+[[Image:BrocasAreaSmall.png|thumb|left|200px|Broca's area and Wernicke's area.]]
+In 1861, French neurologist [[Paul Broca]] came across a man who was able to understand language but unable to speak. The man could only produce the sound "tan". It was later discovered that the man had damage to an area of his left frontal lobe now known as [[Broca's area]].  [[Carl Wernicke]], a [[Germany|German]] neurologist, found a  similar patient, except that this patent could speak fluently but non-sensibly. The patient had been the victim of a [[stroke]], and could not understand spoken or written language. This patient had a lesion in the area where the left parietal and temporal lobes meet, now known as [[Wernicke's area]]. These cases strongly supported the localizationists views, because a lesion caused a specific behavioral change in both of these patients.
+In 1870, German physicians [[Eduard Hitzig]] and [[Gustav Fritsch]] published their findings about the behavior of animals. Hitzig and Fritsch ran an electrical current through the [[cerebral cortex]] of a [[dog]], causing the dog to produce characteristic movements based on where the current was applied. Since different areas produced different movements, the physicians concluded that behavior was rooted at the cellular level.  German neuroanatomist [[Korbinian Brodmann]] used tissue staining techniques developed by [[Franz Nissl]] to see the different types of cells in the brain. Though this study, Brodmann concluded in 1909 that the human brain consisted of fifty-two distinct areas, now named [[Brodmann area]]s. Many of Brodmann's distinctions were very accurate, such as differentiating [[Brodmann area 17]] from [[Brodmann area 18]].
+===The neuron doctrine===
+{{main|Neuron doctrine}}
+In the early 20th century, [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] and [[Camillo Golgi]] began working on the structure of the neuron. Golgi developed a [[silver staining]] method that could entirely stain several cells in a particular area, leading him to believe that neurons were directly connected with each other in one [[cytoplasm]]. Cajal challenged this view after staining areas of the brain that had less [[myelin]] and discovering that neurons were discrete cells. Cajal also discovered that cells transmit electrical signals down the neuron in one direction only. Both Golgi and Cajal won a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1906 for this work on the neuron doctrine.
+==Foundation of the science==
+On September 11], [[1956]], a large-scale meeting of [[cognitivist]]s took place at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. [[George Armitage Miller|George A. Miller]] presented his "[[The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]]" paper while [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Allen Newell|Newell]] & [[Herbert Simon|Simon]] presented their findings on [[computer science]]. [[Ulric Neisser]] commented on many of the findings at this meeting in his 1967 book ''Cognitive Psychology''. The term "psychology" had been waning in the 1950s and 1960s, causing the field to be referred to as "cognitive science". Behavioralists such as Miller began to focus on the representation of language rather than general behavior. [[David Marr (psychologist)|David Marr]]'s proposal of the hierarchical representation of memory caused many psychologists to embrace the idea that mental skills required significant processing in the brain, including [[algorithm]]s.
+==Neurocognition topics==
+A large portion of current research in cognitive neuroscience involves doing experiments that would previously have been described as cognitive psychology, but doing them using fMRI scanners to locate the brain regions involved.  Topics that have been investigated in this way include:
 *[[attention]]
+*[[change blindness]]
 *[[consciousness]]
 *[[decision-making]]
+*[[learning]]
+*[[memory]]
+*[[mirror neurons]]
+*[[mismatch negativity]]
+==Cognitive neuroscience methods==
+Experimental methods of specific psychology fields include:
+*[[Psychophysics]]
+*[[Cognitive psychology]]
+*[[Cognitive neuropsychology]]
+*[[Physiological psychology|Cognitive psychophysiology]]
+Cognitive neuroscience was called [[physiological psychology|cognitive psychophysiology]] before the advent of functional MRI. [[physiological psychology|Cognitive psychophysiology]] research mainly used [[Electroencephalography|EEG]] and other electrophysiological methods. The 1980s brought new instruments to [[physiological psychology|Cognitive psychophysiology]], including:
+*[[Magnetoencephalography|MEG]]
+*[[Positron emission tomography|PET]]
+*[[SPECT]]
+*[[fMRI]]
+*[[Single-unit recording]]
 ==Related WikiBooks==
-*[[wikibooks:Consciousness_studies|Wikibook on consciousness]]
+*[[wikibooks:Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience]]
+*[[wikibooks:Consciousness studies|Wikibook on consciousness]]
 *[[wikibooks:Neuroscience/Cognitive Neuroscience|Cognitive Neuroscience chapter]] of the [[wikibooks:Neuroscience|Neuroscience WikiBook]]
+==See also==
-==References & Bibliography==
+*[[Affective neuroscience]]
+*[[Brodmann area]]
+*[[Cognitive neuropsychology]]
+*[[Developmental cognitive neuroscience]]
+*[[Experimental psychology]]
+*[[Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder]]
+*[[List of publications in biology#Cognitive neuroscience|Important publications in cognitive neuroscience]]
+*[[Neurology]]
+*[[Neuropsychology]]
+*[[Neuropsychological test]]
+*[[Neurotoxic]]
+*[[Physiological psychology|Cognitive psychophysiology]]
+*[[Social neuroscience]]
+==External links==
-*[[Michael Gazzaniga|Gazzaniga, M. S.]], Ed. (1999). ''Conversations in the Cognitive Neurosciences''.
+*[http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/cases/caseM/case.html Whole Brain Atlas]
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=9c3W5Cy6-R4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cranial+Neuroimaging+Clinical+Neuroanatomy&sig=ACfU3U1DPH0JTJQuQ-4KjlRGIHFFpFbIjgCranial Neuroimaging and Clinical Neuroanatomy by Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, Wolfgang Weinrich]
+*[http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/5/477.pdf Relational Complexity]
+*[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119131078/PDFSTART Cognitive Complexity and Control]
+==References ==
-*Code, C. (1996). ''Classic Cases: Ancient & Modern Milestones in the Development of Neuropsychological Science''.  In: Code, C. et al ''&#147;Classic Cases in Neuropsychology&#148;''.
+*[[Patricia Churchland|Churchland, P.S.]] & [[Terry Sejnowski|Sejnowski, T.J.]] (1992). ''[[The Computational Brain]]'',  [[The MIT Press]], ISBN 0-262-03188-4.
+*Code, C. (1996). ''Classic Cases: Ancient & Modern Milestones in the Development of Neuropsychological Science''.  In: Code, C. et al ''Classic Cases in Neuropsychology''.
-*Parkin, A.J. (1996). ''&#147;Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology&#148;'', pp. 1-23.
+*[[Michael Gazzaniga|Gazzaniga, M. S.]], ''The Cognitive Neurosciences III'', (2004), [[The MIT Press]], ISBN 0-262-07254-8
+*[[Michael Gazzaniga|Gazzaniga, M. S.]], Ed. (1999). ''Conversations in the Cognitive Neurosciences'', [[The MIT Press]], ISBN 0-262-57117-X.
-*[[Patricia Churchland|Churchland, P.S.]] & [[Terry Sejnowski|Sejnowski, T.J.]] (1992). ''&#147;[[The Computational Brain]]''&#148;.
+*[[George Armitage Miller|Miller, G. A.]] (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. ''Psychological Review'', 63, 81-97
+*Parkin, A.J. (1996). ''Explorations in Cognitive Neuropsychology'', pp. 1-23.
+*Sternberg, Eliezer J. ''Are You a Machine? The Brain, the Mind and What it Means to be Human.'' Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
+*{{cite book |last=Ward|first=Jamie|title=[http://www.psypress.com/ward The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience] | year=2006 | publisher=[http://www.psypress.com Psychology Press] | isbn=978-1-84169-535-8}}
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=VLQbZGc6vxsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Handbook+of+Functional+Neuroimaging+of+Cognition&sig=ACfU3U2NTfxoDg4woJaUXFrTQV-_Ju9mhg Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition By Roberto Cabeza, Alan Kingstone]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=yzEFK7Xc87YC&dq=Neural+Science+Eric+Kandel&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=5zipfpnGF5&sig=vkmJ0PHf7S-wRZDj9r5PmjjIphs&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result  Principles of neural science By Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell]
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vlnrEZrx-3QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Neuroscience+of+Memory&sig=ACfU3U0SvQQRNCDDC0NQIrF_mpZYvOT5AA#PPP1,M1 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory By Amanda Parker, Edward L. Wilding, Timothy J. Bussey]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7TWDYUYSce0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA61&dq=Relational+Complexity&ots=DbrfNCH9rA&sig=TnRUTuSj3HrDii4EHqVhSgaYOsc#PPP1,M1Large-scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain By Christof Koch, Joel L. Davis]
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=znbkHaC8QeMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Handbook+of+Thinking+and+Reasoning&sig=ACfU3U2qCejhQ4oS_tmJf0h67aHzkZq-fQ#PPP1,M1The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning By Keith James Holyoak, Robert G. Morrison]
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=AQZ5jmmpaDAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Handbook+of+Mathematical+Cognition&sig=ACfU3U20L7O0HqJ990CVdTQbRbJ1Fb7n4g#PPR5,M1 Handbook of Mathematical Cognition By Jamie I. D. Campbell]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=22ZWi-LVLDcC&pg=PA526&lpg=PA526&dq=Relational+Complexity&source=web&ots=HJFYcZQ8xH&sig=mqP4k2wxI6xa4PoInWEb4Lb2Dr0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPP7,M1 Cognitive Psychology By Michael W. Eysenck, Mark T. Keane]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Zm0VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR17&lpg=PR17&dq=The+Development+of+Intelligence+Mike+Anderson&source=web&ots=AF0rQvsKXh&sig=8Zo44q4FsMa162kZwpt3NryGog0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPR7,M1The Development of Intelligence By Mike Anderson]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Y7_F04wAnUgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=Processing++working+memory++IQ&ots=3xGmI_TfKW&sig=6_vmoM0npXHR43te8KPitFjmeb4#PPA3,M1The Development of Mental Processing By Andreas Demetriou, et. al.]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=4Yog2csUCFwC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=Relational+Complexity&source=web&ots=Dgwfn2rjaX&sig=i1cu1S9ioZd3L4lnnmRbuVYWadE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPR8,M1Working Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly]
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=0ojq3qdhf7QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Working+Memory+Capacity&sig=ACfU3U032ARTJN6W9jEbJXH2tDML8H7XEg#PPR7,M1Working Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ILMwZKgkNzIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA406&dq=Relational+Complexity&ots=qqaBJuOmgM&sig=OnJ0BQW1diJWu5HEU2xs7VlBJws#PPA410,M1 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=emdwD4Q0HdEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Development+of+Executive+Function+Working+Memory+Attention&ots=5TGlZME4CP&sig=uF-FoRPuKufEzcVD7QiuA4IMvPg#PPA64,M1 Models of Working Memory By Akira Miyake, Priti Shah]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4Yog2csUCFwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Development+of+processing+capacity+entails+representing+more+complex+relations&ots=Dgwfn4qibR&sig=BDgBocIdbTyRcH2uFpxHonp-Nek#PPR5,M1Working Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fZuFD4AJOscC&oi=fnd&pg=PA49&dq=On+the+capacity+of+attention:+Its+estimation+and+its+role+in+working+memory+and+cognitive+aptitudes+&ots=esLBgFTqDF&sig=KkkpgHEOlYmGGauovmxXCFidhqc#PPR16,M1 Variation in Working Memory By Andrew R. A. Conway, et. al.]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=00UOAAAAQAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=On+the+capacity+of+attention:+Its+estimation+and+its+role+in+working+memory+and+cognitive+aptitudes+&ots=OHEWdRVcsx&sig=0bIY_lQUk_o12DrB68wtwp7kEDgWorking Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan]
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=2L5CDYhA1R4C&pg=PA268&dq=Mike+Anderson&sig=ACfU3U1WL2kUZB9Jnk02II1yVVuaNoy5-Q#PPA89,M1 Cognition and Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Jean E. Pretz]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2OjruFlEWukC&oi=fnd&pg=PA415&dq=On+the+capacity+of+attention:+Its+estimation+and+its+role+in+working+memory+and+cognitive+aptitudes+&ots=eBlVihiMdH&sig=7OEu8Sxs1Le0Fhv_fsXiFb_NmPo#PPA91,M1The General Factor of Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Elena Grigorenko]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NZS11x10QNwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Cognitive+science+development+learning+analogy+capacity&ots=o_ZwPd9l6F&sig=L89Vll7PFlx4kP8dxxs0uWgYrII#PPR7,M1The Neurological Basis of Learning, Development and Discovery By Anton E. Lawson]
+*[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mBf217lUQpAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA89&dq=On+the+capacity+of+attention:+Its+estimation+and+its+role+in+working+memory+and+cognitive+aptitudes+&ots=nIx8MJ-O2t&sig=hYRl_bKEzPSjG3RZi0NNyhY2WDIWorking Memory and Human Cognition By John T. E. Richardson]
+==Further reading==
-*Ward, J (2006). The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience.Psychological Press.ISBN: 1-84169-534-3 hbk ISBN: 1-84169-535-1 pbk
+<small>
+{|
+|
+* European Journal of Neuroscience
+* European Journal of Pharmacology
+* Archives of Neurology
+* Cerebral Cortex
+* Neuroreport
+* Neuropsychologia
+* Neuron
+* Social neuroscience
+* Trends in Neuroscience
+* Neurological Sciences
+* Neuroscience
+* Neuroimage
+* Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
+* Brain
+* Neurology Reviews
+* Language and Social Psychology
+* Brain Behavior and Evolution
+* Neuroscience Letters
+* Visual Neuroscience
+|
+* Vision
+* Vision Research
+* Brain Research
+* Clinical Neuropsychology
+* Experimental Neurology
+* Human Evolution
+* Current Opinion in Neurobiology
+* Neuroscience Methods
+* Neuroendocrinology
+* Current Biology
+* Clinical Neuroscience Research
+* Clinical Neuroscience
+* Medicine
+* New England Journal of Medicine
+* Developmental Brain Research
+* Neurobiology
+* Biology
+* Developmental Biology
+* Progress in Brain Research
+|
+* Neuroscience Research
+* Experimental Neurology
+* Anatomy and Embryology
+* Genes and Development
+* Human Neurobiology
+* Neurophysiology
+* Synapse
+* Hippocampus
+* Behavioral Neuroscience
+* Behvaioral and Neural Biology
+* Memory and Language
+* British Journal of Pharmacology
+* Neuropsychopharmacology
+* Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
+* Neurochemical Research
+* Neural Computation
+* Trends in Cognitive Science
+* Current Opinion in Neurobiology
+* Cognitive Brain Research
+|
+* Human Brain Mapping
+* American Journal of Audiology
+* Otology and Neurotology
+* Hearing Research
+* Clinical Neurophysiology
+* Optical Society of America
+* Neural Systems
+* Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
+* Auditory Research
+* Perception
+* Hearing Research
+* Acoustical Society of America
+* Psychological Review
+* Experimental Psychology
+* Visual Cognition
+* Neurocomputing
+* Trends in Cognitive Sciences
+* Progress in Neurobiology
+* Clinical Neuropharmacology
+|}
+---------
-==See also==
+===Journal articles===
-*[[List of publications in biology#Cognitive neuroscience|Important publications in cognitive neuroscience]]
+* Schaal, D.W. (2005). Naming our concerns about neuroscience: A review of Bennet and Hacker's ''Philosophical foundations of neuroscience''. ''[[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]], 84,'' 683-692. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1389787/pdf/jeab-84-03-683.pdf Full text]
-*[[Affective neuroscience]]
+==External links==
-{{Neuroscience-stub}}
+*[http://www.in-mind.org/issue-4/there-s-something-about-zero.html There's Something about Zero]
-{{Neuroscience-footer}}
+* [http://www.cognitiveneurosciencearena.com/whatiscognitiveneuroscience.asp What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?, Jamie Ward/Psychology Press]
+* [http://cognet.mit.edu CogNet, The Brain and Cognitive Sciences Community Online, MIT]
+* [http://www.cognitiveneurosciencearena.com Cognitive Neuroscience Arena, Psychology Press]
+* [http://www.sfu.ca/cognitive-science/journal/2002/CUJCS-Spring_2002_%5B4%5D.pdf Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, CUJCS, Spring 2002]
+*[http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/cases/caseM/case.html Whole Brain Atlas Top 100 Brain Structures]
+{{Neuroscience}}
-{{enWP|Cognitive neuroscience}}
-[[Category:Cognitive neuroscience| ]]
-[[category:cognition]]
 [[Category:Biopsychology]]
-[[category:neuroscience]]
+[[Category:Cognitive neuroscience| ]]
 [[Category:Cognitive science|Neuroscience]]
-[[category:cognitive psychology]]
+[[category:Cognition]]
+[[Category:Neuropsychology]]
+[[Category:neuroscience]]
+[[Category:cognitive psychology]]
+<!--
+[[bn:বোধনমূলক স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞান]]
+[[de:Kognitive Neurowissenschaft]]
+[[es:Neurociencia cognitiva]]
+[[fr:Neurosciences cognitives]]
+[[id:Neurosains kognitif]]
+[[it:Neuroscienza cognitiva]]
+[[nl:Cognitieve neurowetenschap]]
+[[ja:認知神経科学]]
+-->
+{{enWP|Cognitive neuroscience}}