Changes: Muscarine

Latest revision as of 16:17, 21 December 2007

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

Muscarine
Amanita muscaria from which muscarine was isolated
Systematic name	(2S,4R,5S)-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl- tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl)- trimethyl-ammonium
Other names	L-(+)-muscarine, muscarin
Chemical formula	C₉H₂₀NO₂⁺
Molecular mass	174.26 g/mol
CAS number	[300-54-9]
SMILES	O[C@@H]1C[C@@H](C[N+](C)(C)C)O[C@H]1C
Disclaimer and references

Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly Clitocybe dealbata. It was first isolated from Amanita muscaria in 1869. It was the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound activation of the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system that may end in convulsions and death. Muscarine has no effects on the central nervous system because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier due to its positively charged (polar) nitrogen ion.

Muscarine mimics the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at metabotropic receptors that are also known as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Muscarine poisoning is characterized by increased salivation, sweating (perspiration), and tearflow (lacrimation) within 15 to 30 minutes after ingestion of the mushroom. With large doses, these symptoms may be followed by abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and labored breathing. Intoxication generally subsides within 2 hours. Death is rare, but may result from cardiac or respiratory failure in severe cases. The specific antidote is atropine.

Mushrooms in the genuses Entoloma and Mycena have also been found to contain levels of muscarine which can be dangerous if ingested. Muscarine has been found in harmless trace amounts in Boletus, Hygrocybe, Lactarius, and Russula.

External links

References

Katzung, Bertam G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 9th ed. (2004). ISBN 0-07-141092-9

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 |}
-'''Muscarine''', '''<small>L</small>-(+)-muscarine''', or '''muscarin''' is a [[Secondary metabolite|natural product]] found in certain [[mushroom]]s, particularly in ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' species, such as the deadly ''Clitocybe dealbata''. It was first isolated from ''Amanita muscaria'' in 1869. It was the first [[parasympathomimetic]] substance ever studied and causes profound activation of the [[Peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] [[parasympathetic nervous system]] that may end in convulsions and death. Muscarine has no effects on the  [[central nervous system]] because it does not cross the [[blood-brain barrier]] due to its [[Electric charge|positively charged]] (polar) [[nitrogen]] ion.
+'''Muscarine''', '''<small>L</small>-(+)-muscarine''', or '''muscarin''' is a [[Secondary metabolite|natural product]] found in certain mushrooms, particularly in ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' species, such as the deadly ''Clitocybe dealbata''. It was first isolated from ''Amanita muscaria'' in 1869. It was the first [[parasympathomimetic]] substance ever studied and causes profound activation of the [[Peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] [[parasympathetic nervous system]] that may end in convulsions and death. Muscarine has no effects on the  [[central nervous system]] because it does not cross the [[blood-brain barrier]] due to its [[Electric charge|positively charged]] (polar) [[nitrogen]] ion.
 Muscarine mimics the action of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[acetylcholine]] at [[metabotropic]] receptors that are also known as ''[[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|muscarinic ]]'' acetylcholine receptors.