Changes: Michael Rutter

Latest revision as of 22:58, 19 June 2013

Professional Psychology: Debating Chamber · Psychology Journals · Psychologists

Sir Michael Llewellyn Rutter CBE FRS FRCP FRCPsych FMedSci (born 15 August 1933) was the first Professor of child psychiatry in the United Kingdom. He has been described as the "father of child psychology".^[1] Currently he is Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London and consultant psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital, a post he has held since 1966.

Early life

Rutter was the oldest child born to Alice (née Rudman) & Frank Rutter.

Career

Rutter set up the Medical Research Council (UK) Child Psychiatry Research Unit in 1984 and the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre 10 years later, being honorary director of both until October 1998. He was Deputy Chairman of the Wellcome Trust from 1999 to 2004, and has been a Trustee of the Nuffield Foundation since 1992.

Rutter's work includes: early epidemiologic studies (Isle of Wight and Inner London); studies of autism involving a wide range of scientific techniques and disciplines, including DNA study and neuroimaging; links between research and practice; deprivation; influences of families and schools; genetics; reading disorders; biological and social, protective and risk factors; interactions of biological and social factors; stress; longitudinal as well as epidemiologic studies, including childhood and adult experiences and conditions; and continuities and discontinuities in normal and pathological development. The British Journal of Psychiatry credits him with a number of "breakthroughs"^[2] in these areas. Rutter is also recognized as contributing centrally to the establishment of child psychiatry as a medical and biopsychosocial specialty with a solid scientific base.^[3]

He has published over 400 scientific papers and chapters and some 40 books. He was the European Editor for Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders from 1974 till 1994.

In 1972 Rutter published 'Maternal Deprivation Reassessed',^[4] which New Society describes as "a classic in the field of child care".^[4] in which he evaluated the maternal deprivation hypothesis propounded by Dr John Bowlby in 1951.^[5] Bowlby had proposed that “the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment” and that not to do so may have significant and irreversible mental health consequences. This theory was both influential and controversial. Rutter made a significant contribution, his 1981 monograph and other papers (Rutter 1972; Rutter 1979) comprising the definitive empirical evaluation and update of Bowlby's early work on maternal deprivation. He amassed further evidence, addressed the many different underlying social and psychological mechanisms and showed that Bowlby was only partially right and often for the wrong reasons. Rutter highlighted the other forms of deprivation found in institutional care, the complexity of separation distress and suggested that anti-social behaviour was not linked to maternal deprivation as such but to family discord. The importance of these refinements of the maternal deprivation hypothesis was to reposition it as a "vulnerability factor" rather than a causative agent, with a number of varied influences determining which path a child will take.^[4]^[6]

After the end of the Ceasescu regime in Romania in 1989, Rutter led the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team, following many of the orphans adopted into Western families into their teens in a series of substantial studies on the effects of early privation and deprivation across multiple domains affecting child development including attachment and the development of new relationships. The results yielded some reason for optimism.^[7]

Awards and honors

In `995 he received the APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology.

Rutter has honorary degrees from the Universities of Leiden, Louvain, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Chicago, Minnesota, Ghent, Jyväskylä, Warwick, East Anglia, Cambridge and Yale. He has remained in practice until late into his career and the Michael Rutter Centre for Children and Adolescents, based at Maudsley Hospital, London, is named after him.

Rutter is an honorary member of the British Academy and is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He is a Founding Fellow of the Academia Europaea and the Academy of Medical Sciences and was knighted in 1992. The citation for his knighthood reads: Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London.

References

↑ Pearce, J (2005). Eric Taylor: The cheerful pessimist. Child and Adolescent Mental Health,Feb;10(1):40–41.[1]
↑ Kolvin, I (1999). The contribution of Michael Rutter. British Journal of Psychiatry, Jun;174:471-475.
↑ Hartman, L (2003). Review of Green & Yule, Research and Innovation on the Road to Modern Child Psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry, Jan;160:196-197.[2]
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Rutter, M (1981) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, Second edition, Harmondsworth, Penguin. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "FJP" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Bowlby, J (1951) Maternal Care and Mental Health, World Health Organisation WHO
↑ Holmes J. (1993) John Bowlby & Attachment Theory. Routledge. pp. 49-53. ISBN 0-415-07729-X
↑ Rutter, M (Jan/Feb 2002). Nature, nurture, and development: From evangelism through science toward policy and practice. Child Development 73 (1): 1–21.

Publications

Books

Rutter, M. (1981) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, 2nd edn, Harmondsworth: Penguin

Book Chapters

Papers

Rutter, M. (1979) Maternal deprivation 1972-1978: new findings, new concepts, new approaches, Child Development 50: 283-305.

External links

[AJP-1] Pearce, J (2005). Eric Taylor: The cheerful pessimist. Child and Adolescent Mental Health,Feb;10(1):40–41.[1]

[BJP-2] Kolvin, I (1999). The contribution of Michael Rutter. British Journal of Psychiatry, Jun;174:471-475.

[CJP-3] Hartman, L (2003). Review of Green & Yule, Research and Innovation on the Road to Modern Child Psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry, Jan;160:196-197.[2]

[FJP-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Rutter, M (1981) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, Second edition, Harmondsworth, Penguin. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "FJP" defined multiple times with different content

[DJP-5] Bowlby, J (1951) Maternal Care and Mental Health, World Health Organisation WHO

[Holmes-6] Holmes J. (1993) John Bowlby & Attachment Theory. Routledge. pp. 49-53. ISBN 0-415-07729-X

[7] Rutter, M (Jan/Feb 2002). Nature, nurture, and development: From evangelism through science toward policy and practice. Child Development 73 (1): 1–21.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Profpsy}}
-Professor Sir '''Michael Rutter''' (born 1933) is the first consultant of child psychiatry in the United Kingdom. Although he has been described as the "father of child psychology"<ref name="AJP">Pearce, J (2005). Eric Taylor: The cheerful pessimist. Child and Adolescent Mental Health,Feb;10(1):40–41.[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00115.x]</ref>, he would be more accurately characterized as the father of modern child psychiatry.
+'''Sir Michael Llewellyn Rutter''' [[CBE]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] [[FRCPsych]] [[FMedSci]] (born  15 August 1933) was the first Professor of child psychiatry in the [[United Kingdom]]. He has been described as the "father of child psychology".<ref name="AJP">Pearce, J (2005). Eric Taylor: The cheerful pessimist. Child and Adolescent Mental Health,Feb;10(1):40–41.[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00115.x]</ref> Currently he is Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at the [[Institute of Psychiatry]], [[King's College London]] and consultant psychiatrist at the [[Maudsley Hospital]], a post he has held since 1966.
+==Early life==
-Professor Sir Michael’s work includes: early epidemiologic studies (Isle of Wight and Inner London); studies of autism involving a wide range of scientific techniques and disciplines, including DNA study and neuroimaging; links between research and practice; deprivation; influences of families and schools; genetics; reading disorders; biological, social protective, and risk factors; interactions of biological and social factors; stress; longitudinal as well as epidemiologic studies, including childhood and adult experiences and conditions; and continuities and discontinuities in normal and pathological development. The British Journal of Psychiatry credits him with a number of "breakthroughs"<ref name="BJP">Kolvin, I (1999). The contribution of Michael Rutter. British Journal of  Psychiatry, Jun;174:471-475.</ref> in these areas and Professor Sir Michael Rutter is also recognized as contributing centrally to the establishment of child psychiatry as a medical and biopsychosocial specialty with a solid scientific base.<ref name="CJP">Hartman, L (2003). Review of Green & Yule, ''Research and Innovation on the Road to Modern Child Psychiatry''. Am J Psychiatry, Jan;160:196-197.[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/1/196]</ref>
-[[Image:HulaHoopKids.jpg|thumb|190px|Children playing|left]]
-He has published over 40 books including 'Maternal Deprivation Reassessed' (1972)<ref name="FJP">Rutter (1981) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, Second edition, Harmondsworth, Penguin.</ref> which New Society describes as 'A classic in the field of child care'. In this work he qualified the theory of [[Maternal deprivation|Maternal Deprivation]] which had been developed by [[John Bowlby|Dr John Bowlby]] and expressed for popular consumption in 'Maternal Care and Mental Health' (1951)<ref name="DJP">Bowlby, J (1951)  Maternal Care and Mental Health, World Health Organisation WHO</ref> and 'Child Care and the Growth of Love' (1953). That theory was that children were damaged by separation from their mother or mother figure. Professor Sir Michael Rutter pointed out that children were not invariably so damaged and that, in any event, other people, including their fathers, are also very important to children. According to Schaffer in 'Social Development' (2000)<ref name="EJP">Schaffer (2000) Social Development, Oxford, Blackwell</ref> it is now generally accepted that social convention accounts for whatever differences are observed amongst mothers and fathers.
-Professor Sir Michael Rutter has honorary degrees from the Universities of Leiden, Louvain, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Chicago, Minnesota, Ghent, Jyväskylä, Warwick, East Anglia and Cambridge. He has remained in practice until late into his career and the [[Michael Rutter Centre for Children and Adolescents]], based at [[Maudsley Hospital]], London, is named after him.
+Rutter was the oldest child born to Alice (née Rudman) & Frank Rutter.
-Professor Sir Michael Rutter is an honorary member of the [[British Academy]] and is an elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society]]. He is a Founding Fellow of the [http://www.iis.ee.ic.ac.uk/~e.gelenbe/AEInformatics.html Academia Europaea] and the [http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/html Academy of Medical Sciences] and was knighted in 1992.
+==Career==
-==Significant differences between Maternal Deprivation and the Attachment Theory==
+Rutter set up the [[Medical Research Council (UK)]] Child Psychiatry Research Unit in 1984 and the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre 10 years later, being honorary director of both until October 1998. He was Deputy Chairman of the Wellcome Trust from 1999 to 2004, and has been a Trustee of the Nuffield Foundation since 1992.
-'''Adapted from 'Clinical Implications of Attachment Concepts: Retrospect and Prospect' (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Volume. 36 No 4, p551, 1995) by Professor Sir Michael Rutter.'''
+Rutter's work includes: early epidemiologic studies (Isle of Wight and Inner London); studies of autism involving a wide range of scientific techniques and disciplines, including DNA study and neuroimaging; links between research and practice; deprivation; influences of families and schools; genetics; reading disorders; biological and social, protective and risk factors; interactions of biological and social factors; stress; longitudinal as well as epidemiologic studies, including childhood and adult experiences and conditions; and continuities and discontinuities in normal and pathological development. The [[British Journal of Psychiatry]] credits him with a number of "breakthroughs"<ref name="BJP">Kolvin, I (1999). The contribution of Michael Rutter. [[British Journal of Psychiatry]], Jun;174:471-475.</ref> in these areas. Rutter is also recognized as  contributing centrally to the establishment of child psychiatry as a medical and biopsychosocial specialty with a solid scientific base.<ref name="CJP">Hartman, L (2003). Review of Green & Yule, ''Research and Innovation on the Road to Modern Child Psychiatry''. Am J Psychiatry, Jan;160:196-197.[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/1/196]</ref>
-(1) The abandonment of the notion of '''monotropy'''. Bowlby's early writings were widely understood to mean that there was a biological need to develop a selective attachment with just one person.
+He has published over 400 scientific papers and chapters and some 40 books. He was the European Editor for [[Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders]] from 1974 till 1994.[[Image:HulaHoopKids.jpg|thumb|190px|Children playing|right]]
-(2) It came to be appreciated that '''social development''' was affected by later as well as earlier relationships.
+In 1972 Rutter published 'Maternal Deprivation Reassessed',<ref name="FJP">Rutter, M  (1981) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, Second edition, Harmondsworth, Penguin.</ref>  which New Society describes as "a classic in the field of child care".<ref name="FJP">Rutter (1981) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, Second edition, Harmondsworth, Penguin.</ref> in which he evaluated the [[maternal deprivation]] hypothesis propounded by [[John Bowlby|Dr John Bowlby]] in 1951.<ref name="DJP">Bowlby, J (1951) Maternal Care and Mental Health, World Health Organisation WHO</ref> Bowlby had proposed that “the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment” and that not to do so may have significant and irreversible mental health consequences. This theory was both influential and controversial. Rutter made a significant contribution, his 1981 monograph and other papers (Rutter 1972; Rutter 1979) comprising the definitive empirical evaluation and update of Bowlby's early work on maternal deprivation. He amassed further evidence, addressed the many different underlying social and psychological mechanisms and showed that Bowlby was only partially right and often for the wrong reasons. Rutter highlighted the other forms of deprivation found in institutional care, the complexity of separation distress and suggested that anti-social behaviour was not linked to maternal deprivation as such but to family discord. The importance of these refinements of the maternal deprivation hypothesis was to reposition it as a "vulnerability factor" rather than a causative agent, with a number of varied influences determining which path a child will take.<ref name="FJP"/><ref name="Holmes">Holmes J. (1993) ''John Bowlby & Attachment Theory.'' Routledge. pp. 49-53. ISBN 0-415-07729-X</ref>
-(3) Early accounts emphasized the need for selective attachments to develop during a relatively brief '''sensitivity period''' with the implication that even good parenting that is provided after that watershed is too late.
+After the end of the [[Ceasescu]] regime in [[Romania]] in 1989, Rutter led the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team, following many of the orphans adopted into Western families into their teens in a series of substantial studies on the effects of early privation and deprivation across multiple domains affecting [[child development]] including attachment and the development of new relationships. The results yielded some reason for optimism.<ref>{{cite journal
-(4) Bowlby drew parallels between the development of attachments and '''imprinting'''. It became apparent that there were more differences than similarities and this comparison was dropped later on and is no longer seen as helpful by most writers on [[attachment theory|'''attachment''']].
+| author = Rutter, M
+| year = 2002
+| month = Jan/Feb
+| title = Nature, nurture, and development: From evangelism through science toward policy and practice
+| journal = Child Development
+| issn = 0009-3920
+| volume = 73
+| issue = 1
+| pages = 1–21
+| pmid = 14717240
+| doi = 10.1111/1467-8624.00388
+}}</ref>
+==Awards and honors==
+In `995 he received the [[APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology]].
+Rutter has honorary degrees from the Universities of Leiden, Louvain, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Chicago, Minnesota, Ghent, Jyväskylä, Warwick, East Anglia, Cambridge and Yale. He has remained in practice until late into his career and the [[Michael Rutter Centre for Children and Adolescents]], based at [[Maudsley Hospital]], London, is named after him.
+Rutter is an honorary member of the [[British Academy]] and is an elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society]]. He is a Founding Fellow of the [http://www.iis.ee.ic.ac.uk/~e.gelenbe/AEInformatics.html Academia Europaea] and the [http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/html Academy of Medical Sciences] and was knighted in 1992. The citation for his knighthood reads: Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London.
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-==External links==
-* [http://www.outro-narrar.pt/congresso/ International Attachment Conference 2007]
-* [http://www.helpguide.org/mental/relationship_advice_adult_attachment.htm Relationship Advice: How Understanding Adult Attachment Can Help]
-* [http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/attachment-theory-1116 Attachment theory in the classroom]
-* [http://www.web-research-design.net/cgi-bin/crq/crq.pl Attachment Questionnaire]
-* [http://www.bindungsdiagnostik.de Attachment Diagnostics (German)]
-* [http://www.richardatkins.co.uk/atws Details of authors, publications, measures and books on attachment psychology]
-* [http://www.brensgumbyland.com/adconnection_link_page.htm A support forum for adults with attachment disorder or attachment related issues.. welcome!]
-* [http://www.archive.org/details/PsychogenicD Rene Spitz's movie "Psychogenic Disease in Infancy" (1957) showing examples of children with insecure attachments]
 ==See also==
+*[[Michael Rutter Centre for Children and Adolescents]]
+==Publications==
 ===Books===
 *Rutter, M. (1981) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, 2nd edn, Harmondsworth: Penguin
@@ Line 47: / Line 57: @@
 ==Further reading==
 *Green, J & Yule, W (2001) Research and Innovation on the Road to Modern Child Psychiatry.Volume 1. Festschrift for Professor Sir Michael Rutter. London:Gaskell.
 ISBN 1901242625 , ISBN 1901242
@@ Line 53: / Line 62: @@
 *Taylor, E & Green, J (2001) Research and Innovation on the Road to Modern Child Psychiatry. Volume 2: Classic Papers by Professor Sir Michael Rutter ISBN 1901242633
 ISBN 9781901242638
+==External links==
+* [http://www.outro-narrar.pt/congresso/ International Attachment Conference 2007]
+* [http://www.helpguide.org/mental/relationship_advice_adult_attachment.htm Relationship Advice: How Understanding Adult Attachment Can Help]
+* [http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/attachment-theory-1116 Attachment theory in the classroom]
+* [http://www.web-research-design.net/cgi-bin/crq/crq.pl Attachment Questionnaire]
+* [http://www.bindungsdiagnostik.de Attachment Diagnostics (German)]
+* [http://www.richardatkins.co.uk/atws Details of authors, publications, measures and books on attachment psychology]
+* [http://www.brensgumbyland.com/adconnection_link_page.htm A support forum for adults with attachment disorder or attachment related issues.. welcome!]
+* [http://www.archive.org/details/PsychogenicD Rene Spitz's movie "Psychogenic Disease in Infancy" (1957) showing examples of children with insecure attachments]
 [[Category:Developmental psychologists]]
 [[Category:British psychiatrists]]
 [[Category:Child psychiatrists]]
-[[Category:Attachment theory]]
+[[Category:Attachment]]
 [[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
 [[Category:Psychological theories]]
-[[Category:Love]]
 [[Category:Interpersonal relationships]]
 [[Category:Human development]]