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A membrane transport protein is a protein involved in the movement of a chemical such as an ion or another protein across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral membrane proteins; that is they exist within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport.

Contents 1 Facilitated diffusion 2 Active transport 2.1 Binding dependent active transport 3 Examples 4 See also 5 External links

[edit] Facilitated diffusion

A facilitated diffusion protein speeds the movement of a chemical through a membrane in the absence of energy input; therefore, the transported chemical can only move down a concentration gradient. This can be accomplished by the formation of a high-specificity pore or channel that spans the membrane.

[edit] Active transport

Transport proteins are also used in active transport, which by definition does require an energy input.

Chemiosmotic transport utilizes electrochemical gradients to drive transport. As the creation and maintenance of chemiosmotic gradients require energy input from the cell, this is a form of active transport. Prokaryotes typically use hydrogen ions as the driving force for chemiosmotic transport, while eukaryotes typically use sodium ions. A symporter/coporter transports a chemical in the same direction as the electrochemical gradient, while an antiporter moves the target chemical in a direction opposite to the gradient.

The uniporter is also often included as a category of chemiosmotic transporter, although a uniporter can also be consiered a facilitated diffusion protein on the basis of function.

[edit] Binding dependent active transport

Binding dependent active transport also moves the targeted chemical against a concentration gradient, but uses stored chemical energy, typically in the form of adenosine triphosphate, to power the transport. Generally speaking, a binding dependent transport system consists of a membrane spanning component with a high degree of specifity. The membrane spanning component changes configuration with the aid of chemical energy input (often through the use of an associated ATPase protein), thus translocating the chemical from one side of the membrane to the other.

By some definitions, proteins that catalyze the ligation of phosphate or coenzyme groups to a catabolized chemical can be considered active transport proteins in that they drive the uptake of a chemical by maintaining a steep functional concentration gradient. This pheonomenon is termed group translocation in the case of sugar phosphorylation and vectoral acylation or vectoral esterification in the case of fatty acid coenzyme A ligation.

[edit] Examples

• Karyopherin
• Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
• Glucose transporter
• ATP-binding cassette transporter genes
  • P-glycoprotein
  • CD98
• CD36
• Neurotransmitter transporters
  • Glutamate transporter
  • Norepinephrine transporter
  • Vesicular monoamine transporter
• V-ATPase
• Ion transporters
  • Na+/K+-ATPase
  • Plasma membrane Ca²⁺ ATPase
  • Proton pump
  • Hydrogen potassium ATPase
  • Sodium-chloride symporter

[edit] See also

• Carrier protein
• Ion channel
• P-loop
• TC number (classification)
• Vesicular transport protein
• Wikipedia:MeSH_D12.776#MeSH_D12.776.157.530_---_membrane_transport_proteins

[edit] External links

• Dorlands/Elsevier p_37/12672349
• MeSH Membrane+transport+proteins

v·d·e Proteins: carrier proteins
Hormone	Follistatin - Growth hormone binding protein - Insulin-like growth factor binding protein - Neurophysins (Neurophysin I, II) Sex hormone binding globulin/Androgen binding protein - Transcortin - Thyroxine-binding globulin - Transthyretin
Metal/element	calcium (Calcium-binding protein, Calmodulin-binding proteins) - copper (Ceruloplasmin) - iron (Iron-binding proteins, Transferrin receptor)
Vitamin	Retinol binding protein (4) - Transcobalamins
Other	Acyl carrier protein - Adaptor protein - Cholesterylester transfer protein - F-box protein - GTP-binding protein - Latent TGF-beta binding protein - Light-harvesting complex - Membrane transport protein

v·d·e Membrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins
ABC-transporter	A1, A12, B1, B2-3, B4, B5, B11, C4, C6, C8-9, D1, E1
Solute carrier	1A1-7, 1A3, 2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2A4, 3A1, 3A2, 4A1, 5A1-2, 5A5, 6A2, 6A3, 6A4, 7A5, 7A9, 8A1-3, 9A3, 11A2, 12A1-2, 12A3, 17A6-8, 18A1, 18A2, 18A3, 19A2, 19A3, 22A5, 24A1-2, 24A5, 25A4-6, 25A13, 25A15, 25A20, 26A2, 26A4, 34A1, 39A4, 40A1
Monosaccharide	GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5, GLUT8
Other	Amino acid (CD98) - Fatty acid (CD36) - Ion channels - Ion pumps - Mitochondrial membrane transport protein - Neurotransmitter transport proteins - Nuclear (Karyopherin)

This box: view • talk • edit Membrane transport protein: ion channels
Ca	Voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-type/CACNA1C, N-type, P-type, Q-type, R-type, T-type) - Inositol triphosphate receptor - Ryanodine receptor - Cation channels of sperm
Na: Sodium channel	Nav1.4 - Nav1.5 - Nav1.7 - Epithelial sodium channel
K: Potassium channel	Voltage-gated (KvLQT1, KvLQT2, KvLQT3, HERG, Shaker gene, KCNE1) - Calcium-activated (BK channel, SK channel) - Inward-rectifier (ROMK, KCNJ2) - Tandem pore domain
Cl: Chloride channel	Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Porin	Aquaporin (1, 2, 3, 4)
Transient receptor potential	TRPA - TRPC (TRPC6) - TRPM (TRPM6) - TRPML (Mucolipin-1) - TRPP - TRPV (TRPV1, TRPV6)
Other/general	Gap junction - Stretch-activated ion channel - Ligand-gated ion channel - Voltage-gated ion channel - Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel - Two-pore channel

pl:Białko transportowe

This page uses content from the English-language version of Wikipedia. The original article was at Membrane transport protein. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Psychology Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.