Fair and Effective Discipline for All Students: Best Practice Strategies for Educators
National Association of School Psychologists
Disciplining students, particularly those with chronic or serious behaviour problems, is a long-standing challenge for educators. They must balance the needs of the school community and those of the individual student. At the heart of this challenge is the use of punitive versus supportive disciplinary practices. Though increasingly common in recent years, reliance on punitive approaches to discipline, such as 'zero tolerance' policies, has proven largely ineffective, even counterproductive. This holds true both for general education students and those with disabilities. Current research and legislation offer alternative 'best practice' strategies that support the safe education of all students. Such effective discipline practices ensure the safety and dignity of students and staff, preserve the integrity of the learning environment, and address the causes of a student's misbehaviour in order to improve positive behavioural skills and long-term outcomes.
Punish-Based Discipline Does Not Improve School Safety, Learning or Behaviour
In recent years many schools have adopted a zero tolerance approach to school discipline that usually entails the expulsion or suspension of students as an automatic consequence of serious acts of misconduct, particularly the possession of weapons or drugs. Unfortunately, an increasing number of schools apply a zero tolerance approach to behaviours that do not necessarily threaten the safety or welfare of others. Furthermore, harsh consequences are invoked automatically, irrespective of the severity of the misbehaviour or the circumstance involved, and without consideration of the negative impact of these consequences on the welfare of the offending student or on the overall climate of the school.
Research repeatedly has demonstrated that suspension, expulsion, and other punitive consequences are not the solution to dangerous and disruptive student behaviours. In fact evidence, indicates that dangerous students do not become less dangerous to others when they are excluded from appropriate school settings; quite often they become more so. Youth who are not in school and not in the labour force are at exceedingly high risk of delinquency and crime. Each year's class of dropouts drains the nation of more than $200 billion in lost earnings and taxes every year. Billions more are spent on welfare, health care and other social services.
Zero tolerance policies as usually implemented:
- Do not increase school safety.
- Rely too heavily on suspension and expulsion,
practices that neither improve school climate nor address the source of
student alienation.
- Are related to a number of negative
consequences, including increased rates of school dropout and
discriminatory application of school discipline.
- Negatively impact minority students and
students with disabilities to a greater degree than other students—studies
have shown that these students constitute a disproportionately large
percentage of expulsions and suspensions.
- Restrict access to appropriate education,
often exacerbating the problems of students with disabilities and achievement
difficulties, and thereby increasing the probability that these students
will not complete high school.
Positive Discipline Strategies Improve Safety and Outcomes for All Students
Positive discipline strategies are research-based procedures that focus on increasing desirable behaviours instead of simply decreasing undesirable behaviours through punishment. They emphasize the importance of making positive changes in the child's environment in order to improve the child's behaviour. Such changes may entail the use of positive reinforcement, modelling, supportive teacher-student relations, family support and assistance from a variety of educational and mental health specialists.
Research has proven that positive discipline strategies benefit all students because:
- Opportunities to forge relationships with
caring adults, coupled with engaging curriculum, prevent discipline
problems.
- Discipline that is fair, corrective and
includes therapeutic group relationship-building activities with students
reduces the likelihood of further problems.
- Strategies that effectively maintain
appropriate social behaviour make schools safer. Safer schools are
more effective learning environments.
- Positive solutions address student needs,
environmental conditions, teacher interactions and matching students with
curriculum.
- Reducing student alienation through
'schools-within-a-school' and other peer relationship can dramatically
reduce acting out in schools, especially in large settings
- When students are given an appropriate education
in a conducive environment, they improve behaviour and performance
- Appropriately implemented, proactive behaviour
support systems can lead to dramatic improvements that have long-term
effects on the lifestyle, functional communication skills and problem
behaviour in individuals with disabilities or at risk for negative adult
outcomes.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 (IDEA)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, established in law in 1975, retains the basic rights and protections for children with disabilities. In 1997, President Clinton signed amendments to the Act that focus on improving the education of children with disabilities by
- Identifying
children with special needs before they enter school and providing
services to help them,
- Developing
individualized education programs (IEPs) that focus on improving
educational results through the general curriculum,
- Educating
children with disabilities with their nondisabled peers,
- Setting
higher expectations for students who are disabled and ensuring schools are
held accountable,
- Strengthening
the role of parents and fostering partnerships between parents and
schools,
- Reducing
unnecessary paperwork and other burdens.
IDEA promotes research-based practice. The importance of evidence-based discipline policies is highlighted in the IDEA Amendments of 1997* that govern services to students with disabilities. To support students with disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviours, IDEA requires the consideration of 'positive behaviour interventions, strategies and supports' when a student's behaviour 'impedes his or her own learning or that of others.' The amendments apply not only to direct implementation of supports for individual students, but also address the broader issues of school safety and climates conducive to learning for all students. Systemic changes in a school's or district's approach to discipline and behavioural intervention, including collaboration with families and community agencies, can significantly impact school climate and student learning. Schools implementing effective strategies have reported reductions in office discipline referrals by 20-60%; this results in improved academic engaged time and improved academic performance for all students. All students, both with disabilities and without, can benefit from proactive behavioural support systems'.
Research indicates that effective implementation of proactive behavioural supports includes:
- Culturally competent, family-friendly behaviour support.
- A focus both on prevention of
problem behaviours and early access to effective
behaviour support.
- Implementation with sufficient
intensity and scope to produce gains that
have a significant and durable impact on behaviour.
- For individual students, an assessment,
including a Functional Behaviour Assessment, conducted
when the problem behaviour is first observed or as a proactive activity.
Examples of effective proactive behavioural strategies. There are a number of research-based approaches to providing proactive systems of behavioural support in schools, including Positive Behaviour Support (PBS), violence prevention programs, social skills instruction and school-based mental health services. These strategies include:
- Violence prevention: The most frequent
components of a violence prevention program include a prevention
curriculum; services from school psychologists, counsellors or social
workers; family and community involvement; and implementation of effective
school-wide discipline practices. Some examples of proven programs
include: Second Step and Promoting Positive Thinking Strategies (see
below).
- Positive behavioural supports and social
skills training:: Interventions that help students with emotional/behavioural
disorders and social skills deficits have potential to significantly
improve school-wide behaviour and safety. Effective programs
include: Stop and Think (Project ACHIEVE) and Positive Behavioural
Interventions and Supports (PBIS).
- Early intervention: Interventions that target
low levels of inappropriate behaviour before they escalate into violence
can significantly reduce the need for harsh consequences later. Examples
of proven practices include First Step to Success (kindergarten) and
Positive Adolescent Choices Training (developed for African American
youth).
- In-school suspension, when focused on continuing
the curriculum, while therapeutically debriefing to identify and eliminate
the root cause of an acting-out episode, provides an alternative to
exclusion.
- Adult mentors who work with students
to help to improve self-concept and motivation to engage in appropriate
behaviour.
- Teacher support teams (or 'Intervention
Assistance Teams') evaluate both class climate and student needs, and
provide support and strategies to engage difficult students as a
prevention effort.
Alternative Educational Settings Support Academic and Behavioural Success
Not all significant behaviour problems can be adequately addressed through proactive behavioural support strategies, given the range of causal factors and more immediate concerns for student safety. However, removing students from needed educational services through suspension or expulsion is not the answer. Students who need to be removed from the regular education setting for even a short time should have access to appropriate instruction. The IDEA regulations specify an alternative to discontinuing the educational services of students with disabilities through implementation of Interim Alternative Educational Settings (IAES). An IAES is a temporary, short-term setting, and must: (1) enable the student with disabilities to continue to progress in the general curriculum, although in another setting, and to continue to receive those services and modifications that will enable the child to meet the goals set out in the IEP; and (2) include services and modifications to address the behaviour (e.g., possession of a weapon or drugs, the threat of injurious behaviour) and prevent its recurrence. IAES can only be implemented through the Individualised Education Team process, in certain circumstances, following procedures established by IDEA regulations (Bear, Quinn, & Burkholder, 2001).
Characteristics of effective alternative programs, identified through research, include:
- Low staff to student ratio with highly
trained, culturally diverse staff
- Strong component of parent and community
agency involvement
- Use of nontraditional instruction, adapted
curriculum and flexible staff roles
- Sufficient funding and resources to implement
program
- Sensitivity to individual and cultural
differences
- Clear program and student goals
- Onsite counselling services
- Multidisciplinary case management
- Research-based interventions
- Formative and summative program evaluation