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Language: Linguistics · Semiotics · Speech

This page lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing.

Abbreviations beginning with TEMPLATE:NOCAPS (a common prefix for non-) or ending with TEMPLATE:NOCAPS (a common suffix for -izer) may not be listed separately. For example, TEMPLATE:NOCAPS non-past and TEMPLATE:NOCAPS transitivizer are not listed, as they are composable from TEMPLATE:NOCAPS non- + TEMPLATE:NOCAPS past and TEMPLATE:NOCAPS transitive + TEMPLATE:NOCAPS -izer.

Gloss	Meaning
›	direction of transitivity or possession (2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1sg›sg may mean a 1sg possessor and a singular possessum)
0	zero (null), covert form (such as gender in a language where the word doesn't show it)
1	first person
2	second person
3	third person
A	agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	abessive case (TEMPLATE:NOCAPS caritive case or privative case: 'without')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	ablative case ('from')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	absolutive case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	accusative case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	accompanier
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	active voice, actor role
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	adjective
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	adessive case ('at'; more specific than TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	admonitive mood (warning)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	adverb(ial), adverbial case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	affirmative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	agentive case (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	agreement
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	allative case ('to')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	allocutive agreement
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	alienable possession
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	animate gender (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	andative (going towards: cf venitive)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	anterior tense (used for TEMPLATE:NOCAPS in some traditions)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	antessive case ('before')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	anticausative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	antipassive voice
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	aorist (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS or TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	apposition
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	applicative voice
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	apprehensive mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	approximative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	article
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	associative case (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS), assumptive mood, assertive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	agent trigger (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS agent voice)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	attenuative; attributive (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	auditory evidential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	augmentative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	auxiliary verb
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	core benefactive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	'be' verb (a conflation of TEMPLATE:NOCAPS and TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	benefactive case ('for')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	common gender; complementizer
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	(cap)ability, modal case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	causative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	centric case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	counterfactual conditional
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	circumfix
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	citation form
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	classifier
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	conjunction (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	consequential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	collective plural
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	comitative case ('together with')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	comparative; complementizer
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	completive aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	concessive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	conditional mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	conjunction (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	connective particle
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	continuative aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	contrastive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	copula
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	coreference
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	crastinal tense ('tomorrow')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	current relevance marker (as in the perfect)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	converb
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	core dative case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	dative case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	different event, change of event (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	declarative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	definite
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	deixis, deictic
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	demonstrative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	deontic mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	dependent (as in TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	desiderative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	destinative aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	determiner
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	detransitive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	motion downhill, seaward (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	diminutive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	direct evidential (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS); directional (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS); direct case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	disjunction
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	distal demonstrative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	distributive case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	ditransitive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	delimited
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	discourse marker
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	direct object
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	motion downriver (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	dual number
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	dubitative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	durative aspect, continuous aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	dyadic
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	dynamic aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	epenthetic morpheme
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	(used to form various -essive cases)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	elative case ('out of')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	emphatic
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	epistemic mood, epistemic modality
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	ergative case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	essive case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	evidential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	evitative case (= aversive case)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	exclusive person
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	exclamative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	excessive duration
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	existential ('there is')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	exocentric case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	expletive (dummy / meaningless form)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	feminine gender
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	factive evidential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	familiar register (as the T-V distinction)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	finite verb
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	focus
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	formal register (as the T-V distinction)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	final particle (joshi)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	frequentative aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	former, deceased
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	future tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	gender (G4 = the 4th gender)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	genitive case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	gerund
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	gnomic (generic) aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	goal trigger (Austronesian; = TEMPLATE:NOCAPS goal voice)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	habitual aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	humble register
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	hesternal tense ('yesterday')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	hodiernal tense ('today')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	honorific
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	hortative,
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	hearsay, reported evidential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	human, anthropic gender (cf. TEMPLATE:NOCAPS; TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	hypothetical mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inflected
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	identical (~ TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	identifiable
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	ideophone (≈ TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	ignorative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	illative case ('into')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	imperative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	imperfect (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	imprecative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	impersonal verb
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inclusive person
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inalienable possession
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inanimate gender
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inclusive person (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	indicative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	indefinite
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inessive case ('in')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	infinitive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inferential evidential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inelative case ('from within')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	instrumental case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	intensifier; interrogative (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	intentional
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	inverse
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	indirect object
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	imperfective aspect (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	irrealis mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	indirect speech
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	iterative aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	jussive mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	(used to form various -lative cases)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	second language (code-switching)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	lative case (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS, direction)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	locative case + directional
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	linker
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	locative case (includes essive case)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	logophoric
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	masculine gender
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	manner
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	middle voice
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	mimetic (≈ TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	(ad)mirative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	mood, modal, modal case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	single action verb (not iterative)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	movement
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	neuter gender
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	non- (e.g. TEMPLATE:NOCAPS non-singular, TEMPLATE:NOCAPS non-past, TEMPLATE:NOCAPS non-feminine)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	negation, negative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	non-human
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	nominalizer/nominalization
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	nominative case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	non-subject (Latin 'oblique case')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	numeral
O	patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	object
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	oblique case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	obviative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	optative mood
P	patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb (= O)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	pre-, post- (TEMPLATE:NOCAPS prehodiernal)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	participle (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS); particle (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS); partitive case (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	passive voice
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	patientive (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	paucal number
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	pegative case (a special case for the giver)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	perlative case ('per', using)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	perfect (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	personal
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	perfective aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	plural
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	pluractional
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	phrase marker, predicate marker
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	pronoun
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	primary object
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	polite register
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	possessive marker
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	postposition, postpositional case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	postessive case ('after')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	potential mood (a possible conditional)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	past / passive participle
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	past passive participle
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	past perfective
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	proper noun
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	predicative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	precative mood (requests)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	preposition, prepositional case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	present tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	present participle
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	preterite (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	perfect (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	present tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	probability
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	progressive aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	prohibitive mood ('don't!')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	prolative case (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	propositive mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	prospective aspect
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	protasis
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	proximal/proximate
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	past tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	patient trigger
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	particle
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	participle
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	partitive case ('some of')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	purposive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	question word or particle (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	quotative case or mood (marks quoted speech)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	rational gender (thinking beings)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	realis mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	recent past tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	reciprocal voice
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	referential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	reflexive voice
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	relative(izer)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	remote past tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	reported evidential (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS); repetitive (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	resultative; resumptive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	referential
S	single argument of canonical intransitive verb (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	subject
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	subjunctive mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	same event (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	semelfactive aspect ('once')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	sensory evidential mood (= TEMPLATE:NOCAPS+TEMPLATE:NOCAPS
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	sequential
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	singular (but 1.TEMPLATE:NOCAPS = 1s, 3TEMPLATE:NOCAPS = 3ms)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	singulative number
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	simultaneous aspect; similative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	subjunctive mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	specifier; speculative mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	same-subject (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	stative aspect, stative verb
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	subject
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	subordinator
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	subessive case ('under')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	sublative case ('onto', 'down onto')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	superlative (TEMPLATE:NOCAPS); supine; supplicative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	superessive case ('on')
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	trigger (used for TEMPLATE:NOCAPS, TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	tense, aspect, or mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	telic aspect (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	temporal case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	terminative case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	tense
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	topic
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	transitive verb
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	translative case (becoming)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	trial number
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	trans-numeral (neither TEMPLATE:NOCAPS nor TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	truth-value focus
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	uninflected
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	motion uphill, inland (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	undergoer role (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	motion upriver (cf TEMPLATE:NOCAPS)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	usitative
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	verb(al)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	verbalizer
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	verb, ditransitive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	venitive (coming towards; cf andative)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	veridical mood (a certain conditional)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	vialis case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	visible, visual
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	verb, intransitive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	verbal noun
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	vocative case
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	volitive mood
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	verb, transitive
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	wh-question
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	-(al)izer (e.g. TEMPLATE:NOCAPS transitivizer)
TEMPLATE:NOCAPS	zoic gender (animals)

References Edit

Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition.
Leipzig Glossing Rules
Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax.
Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar.
Blake, Guide to Terminology.
Aikhenvald, Alexandra. 2004. Evidentiality.
Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. Argument splits in Finnish grammar and discourse.
Bernd Heine, Tania Kuteva. 2006. The changing languages of Europe.
Paul Kroeber. 1999. The Salish language family: reconstructing syntax.

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