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[[Image:LawrenceKohlberg5.jpg|thumb|150px|right|''Lawrence Kohlberg'', sire of Cognitive Moral Development theory.]]
  
[[Image:LawrenceKohlberg5.jpg|thumb|150px|right|''Lawrence Kohlberg'', sire of Cognitive Moral Development theory.]]
   
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'''Lawrence Kohlberg''' (October 25, [[1927]] - January 19, [[1987]]) was born in Bronxville, New York. He served as a professor at the [[University of Chicago]] as well as [[Harvard University]]. He is famous for his work in moral education, reasoning, and development. Being a close follower of [[Jean Piaget]]'s [[theory of cognitive development]], Kohlberg's work reflects and perhaps even extends his predecessor's work. This work has been further extended and modified by such scholars as [[Carol Gilligan]].
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'''Lawrence Kohlberg''' (October 25, [[1927]] - January 19, [[1987]]) was born in Bronxville, New York. He served as a professor at the [[University of Chicago]] as well as [[Harvard University]]. He is famous for his work in moral education, reasoning, and development. A close follower of [[Jean Piaget]]'s [[theory of cognitive development]], Kohlberg's work reflected and extended his predecessor's ideas, at the same time creating a new field within psychology: "moral development". Scholars such as [[Carol Gilligan]], [[Elliot Turiel]] and [[James Rest]] have responded to Kohlberg's work with their own significant contributions.
   
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In an empirical study by Haggbloom et al. using six criteria, such as citations and recognition, Kohlberg was found to be the 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th Century.<ref>Haggbloom, S.J. et al. (2002). The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century. ''Review of General Psychology''. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–15. Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the [[Association for Psychological Science]], with three qualitative variables (converted to quantitative scores): [[National Academy of Science]] (NAS) membership, American Psychological Association (APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered .</ref>
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This work has been further extended and modified by such scholars as [[Carol Gilligan]].
  +
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==Background==
 
Lawrence Kohlberg grew up in a wealthy family and attended Phillips Academy, a private and renowned high school. During World War II, after finishing his high school education, he enlisted and became an engineer on a carrier ship. On that ship he and his shipmates decided to aid Jews attempting to escape from Europe to Palestine. They accomplished this by smuggling them in banana crates that were secretly beds, fooling government inspectors that formed the British blockade to the region.
  
Lawrence Kohlberg grew up in a wealthy family and attended Phillips Academy, a private and renowned high school. During World War II, after finishing his high school education, he enlisted and became an engineer on a carrier ship. On that ship he and his shipmates decided to aid Jews attempting to escape from Europe to Palestine. They accomplished this by smuggling them in banana crates that were secretly beds, fooling government inspectors that formed the British blockade to the region.
   
  +
==Educational record==
 
After his service in the war he applied to the [[University of Chicago]] in 1948. He tested extremely high on his entrance, and received his [[bachelor's degree]] in psychology in just one year. Kohlberg stayed in the University of Chicago for his graduate work, becoming fascinated with childrens' [[moral reasoning]] and the earlier works of Jean Piaget and others. He wrote his doctoral dissertation there in 1958, outlining what is now known as [[Kohlberg's stages of moral development]].
  
After his service in the war he applied to the [[University of Chicago]] in 1948. He tested extremely high on his entrance, and received his [[bachelor's degree]] in psychology in just one year. Kohlberg stayed in the University of Chicago for his graduate work, becoming fascinated with childrens' [[moral reasoning]] and the earlier works of Jean Piaget and others. He wrote his doctoral dissertation there in 1958, outlining what is now known as [[Kohlberg's stages of moral development]].
   
  +
==Teaching==
 
Kohlberg then taught in 1962 at the University of Chicago in the [[Committee on Human Development]], further extending his time with academia. In 1968, being 40 years old and married with two children, he became a professor of [[education]] and [[social psychology]] at [[Harvard University]]. This is also the year he befriended Carol Gilligan, a colleague and critic of his moral development stage theory.
  
Kohlberg then taught in 1962 at the University of Chicago in the [[Committee on Human Development]], further extending his time with academia. In 1968, being 40 years old and married with two children, he became a professor of [[education]] and [[social psychology]] at [[Harvard University]]. This is also the year he befriended Carol Gilligan, a colleague and critic of his moral development stage theory.
 
[[Image:LawrenceKohlberg3.jpg|left|frame|''Lawrence Kohlberg'', 1969]]
  
[[Image:LawrenceKohlberg3.jpg|left|frame|''Lawrence Kohlberg'', 1969]]
 
During a visit to Israel in 1969, Kohlberg journeyed to a kibbutz and was shocked to discover how much more the youths' moral development had progressed compared to those who were not part of kibbutzim. Jarred by what he saw, he decided to rethink his current research and start by beginning a new school called [[the Cluster School]] within Cambridge Rindge and LatinHigh School. The Cluster School ran as a '[[just community]]' where students had a basic and trustworthy relationship with one another, using democracy to make all the school's decisions. Armed with this model he started similar 'just communities' in other schools and even one in a prison.
  
During a visit to Israel in 1969, Kohlberg journeyed to a kibbutz and was shocked to discover how much more the youths' moral development had progressed compared to those who were not part of kibbutzim. Jarred by what he saw, he decided to rethink his current research and start by beginning a new school called [[the Cluster School]] within Cambridge Rindge and LatinHigh School. The Cluster School ran as a '[[just community]]' where students had a basic and trustworthy relationship with one another, using democracy to make all the school's decisions. Armed with this model he started similar 'just communities' in other schools and even one in a prison.
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==Stages of Moral Development==
  ⚫
{{main|Kohlberg's stages of moral development}}
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In his 1958 dissertation, Kohlberg wrote what are now known as [[Kohlberg's stages of moral development]].<ref name="dissertation">{{cite journal | last=Kohlberg | first=Lawrence | title=The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16 | journal=Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Chicago | year=1958 }}</ref> These stages are planes of moral adequacy conceived to explain the development of [[moral reasoning]]. Created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work of [[Jean Piaget]] and a fascination with children's reactions to [[moral dilemma]]s.<ref name="Crain">{{cite book | last=Crain | first=William C. | title=Theories of Development | edition=2Rev | url=http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/html/kohlberg.htm | publisher=Prentice-Hall | year=1985 |isbn=0-13-913617-7 }}</ref>
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His [[theory]] holds that moral reasoning,which is the basis for [[ethical]] behavior, has six identifiable developmental [[constructivism (learning theory)|constructive]] stages - each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last.<ref name="higheststage" /> In studying these, Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages originally studied earlier by Piaget,<ref name="piaget">{{cite book | last=Piaget | first=Jean | title=The Moral Judgment of the Child | publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. | location=London | year=1932 |isbn=0-02-925240-7 }}</ref> who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages.<ref name="higheststage">{{cite journal | last=Kohlberg | first=Lawrence | title=The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment | journal=Journal of Philosophy | volume=70 | year=1973 | pages=630–646 | doi=10.2307/2025030 }}</ref> Expanding considerably upon this groundwork, it was determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with [[justice]] and that its development continued throughout the [[lifespan]],<ref name="dissertation" /> even spawning dialogue of philosophical implications of such research.<ref name="philmoral">{{cite book |last=Kohlberg |first=Lawrence |title= Essays on Moral Development, Vol. I: The Philosophy of Moral Development |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco, CA |year=1981 |isbn=0-06-064760-4 }}</ref><ref name="KohlLevineHewer">{{cite book | last=Kohlberg | first=Lawrence | authorlink=Lawrence Kohlberg | coauthors=Charles Levine, Alexandra Hewer | title=Moral stages : a current formulation and a response to critics | publisher=Karger | location=Basel, NY | year=1983 |isbn=3-8055-3716-6}}</ref>
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Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with [[moral dilemmas]]. He would then categorize and classify the reasoning used in the responses, into one of six distinct stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional.<ref name="istoought">{{cite book |last=Kohlberg |first=Lawrence |title= From ''Is'' to ''Ought'': How to Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy and Get Away with It in the Study of Moral Development |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |year=1971 }}</ref><ref name="moralization">{{cite book |last=Kohlberg |first=Lawrence | coauthors=T. Lickona, ed. |title=Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues |publisher=Rinehart and Winston |location=Holt, NY |year=1976 |chapter= Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach }}</ref><ref name="measurement">{{cite book |last=Colby |first=Anne | coauthors=Kohlberg, L. |title=The Measurement of Moral Judgment Vol. 2: Standard Issue Scoring Manual |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 | isbn=0-521-24447-1}}</ref> Each level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others and has been utilized by others like [[James Rest]] in making the ''[[Defining Issues Test]]'' in 1979.<ref name="judgingmoralissues">{{cite book |last=Rest |first=James |authorlink=James Rest |title=Development in Judging Moral Issues |year=1979 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=0-8166-0891-1 }}</ref>
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Kohlberg contracted a tropical disease in 1971 while doing cross-cultural work in Belize. As a result, he struggled with [[clinical depression|depression]] and physical pain for the following 16 years. On January 19, 1987, he got a day's leave from the Massachusetts hospital where he was being treated, drove to the coast, and committed [[suicide]] by drowning himself in the Atlantic Ocean. He was 59 years old.
  
Kohlberg contracted a tropical disease in 1971 while doing cross-cultural work in Belize. As a result, he struggled with [[clinical depression|depression]] and physical pain for the following 16 years. On January 19, 1987, he got a day's leave from the Massachusetts hospital where he was being treated, drove to the coast, and committed [[suicide]] by drowning himself in the Atlantic Ocean. He was 59 years old.
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==See also==
  
==See also==
⚫
*[[Kohlberg's stages of moral development]]
  
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*[[Moral reasoning]]
  
 
*[[Just community|Just Community Schools]]
  
*[[Just community|Just Community Schools]]
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*[[Carol Gilligan]]
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*[[Moral reasoning]]
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==Notes==
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* {{cite book | last=Crain | first=William C. | title=Theories of Development | edition=2Rev | url=http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/html/kohlberg.htm | publisher=Prentice-Hall | year=1985 |isbn=0-13-913617-7 }}
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*[http://gseweb.harvard.edu/news/features/larry10012000_page1.html Reconstructing Larry: Assessing the Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg]
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*[http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/kohlberg.html PSYography: Lawrence Kohlberg]
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*[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/lawrence-kohlberg-soc/ BookRags Biography]
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* {{cite book | last=Munsey | first=Brenda ed. | title=Moral Development, Moral Education, and Kohlberg | publisher=Religious Education Press | year=1980 | isbn=0-81935-020-9 }}
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*"Kohlberg, Lawrence: Biography." Psychologists and Their Theories for Students. Ed. Kristine Krapp. Gale Group, Inc., 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 28 Oct, 2007 <http://www.enotes.com/psychology-theories/kohlberg-lawrence/biography>
   
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==References==
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{{reflist}}
   
 
==Publications==
 
==Publications==

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File:LawrenceKohlberg5.jpg

Lawrence Kohlberg, sire of Cognitive Moral Development theory.

Lawrence Kohlberg (October 25, 1927 - January 19, 1987) was born in Bronxville, New York. He served as a professor at the University of Chicago as well as Harvard University. He is famous for his work in moral education, reasoning, and development. A close follower of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Kohlberg's work reflected and extended his predecessor's ideas, at the same time creating a new field within psychology: "moral development". Scholars such as Carol Gilligan, Elliot Turiel and James Rest have responded to Kohlberg's work with their own significant contributions.

In an empirical study by Haggbloom et al. using six criteria, such as citations and recognition, Kohlberg was found to be the 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th Century.[1] 

This work has been further extended and modified by such scholars as Carol Gilligan.

Background

Lawrence Kohlberg grew up in a wealthy family and attended Phillips Academy, a private and renowned high school. During World War II, after finishing his high school education, he enlisted and became an engineer on a carrier ship. On that ship he and his shipmates decided to aid Jews attempting to escape from Europe to Palestine. They accomplished this by smuggling them in banana crates that were secretly beds, fooling government inspectors that formed the British blockade to the region.

Educational record

After his service in the war he applied to the University of Chicago in 1948. He tested extremely high on his entrance, and received his bachelor's degree in psychology in just one year. Kohlberg stayed in the University of Chicago for his graduate work, becoming fascinated with childrens' moral reasoning and the earlier works of Jean Piaget and others. He wrote his doctoral dissertation there in 1958, outlining what is now known as Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

Teaching

Kohlberg then taught in 1962 at the University of Chicago in the Committee on Human Development, further extending his time with academia. In 1968, being 40 years old and married with two children, he became a professor of education and social psychology at Harvard University. This is also the year he befriended Carol Gilligan, a colleague and critic of his moral development stage theory.

File:LawrenceKohlberg3.jpg

Lawrence Kohlberg, 1969

During a visit to Israel in 1969, Kohlberg journeyed to a kibbutz and was shocked to discover how much more the youths' moral development had progressed compared to those who were not part of kibbutzim. Jarred by what he saw, he decided to rethink his current research and start by beginning a new school called the Cluster School within Cambridge Rindge and LatinHigh School. The Cluster School ran as a 'just community' where students had a basic and trustworthy relationship with one another, using democracy to make all the school's decisions. Armed with this model he started similar 'just communities' in other schools and even one in a prison.

Stages of Moral Development

Main article: Kohlberg's stages of moral development

In his 1958 dissertation, Kohlberg wrote what are now known as Kohlberg's stages of moral development.[2] These stages are planes of moral adequacy conceived to explain the development of moral reasoning. Created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget and a fascination with children's reactions to moral dilemmas.[3]

His theory holds that moral reasoning,which is the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental constructive stages - each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last.[4] In studying these, Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages originally studied earlier by Piaget,[5] who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages.[4] Expanding considerably upon this groundwork, it was determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the lifespan,[2] even spawning dialogue of philosophical implications of such research.[6][7]

Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas. He would then categorize and classify the reasoning used in the responses, into one of six distinct stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional.[8][9][10] Each level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others and has been utilized by others like James Rest in making the Defining Issues Test in 1979.[11]


Kohlberg contracted a tropical disease in 1971 while doing cross-cultural work in Belize. As a result, he struggled with depression and physical pain for the following 16 years. On January 19, 1987, he got a day's leave from the Massachusetts hospital where he was being treated, drove to the coast, and committed suicide by drowning himself in the Atlantic Ocean. He was 59 years old.


See also


Notes

References

  1. ↑ Haggbloom, S.J. et al. (2002). The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century. Review of General Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–15. Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the Association for Psychological Science, with three qualitative variables (converted to quantitative scores): National Academy of Science (NAS) membership, American Psychological Association (APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered .
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kohlberg, Lawrence (1958). The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
  3. ↑ Crain, William C. (1985). Theories of Development, 2Rev, Prentice-Hall.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment. Journal of Philosophy 70: 630–646.
  5. ↑ Piaget, Jean (1932). The Moral Judgment of the Child, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co..
  6. ↑ Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). Essays on Moral Development, Vol. I: The Philosophy of Moral Development, San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
  7. ↑ Kohlberg, Lawrence; Charles Levine, Alexandra Hewer (1983). Moral stages : a current formulation and a response to critics, Basel, NY: Karger.
  8. ↑ Kohlberg, Lawrence (1971). From Is to Ought: How to Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy and Get Away with It in the Study of Moral Development, New York: Academic Press.
  9. ↑ Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). "Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach" Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues, Holt, NY: Rinehart and Winston.
  10. ↑ Colby, Anne; Kohlberg, L. (1987). The Measurement of Moral Judgment Vol. 2: Standard Issue Scoring Manual, Cambridge University Press.
  11. ↑ Rest, James (1979). Development in Judging Moral Issues, University of Minnesota Press.

Publications

Books

  • Kohlberg, L. (1969) Stages in the Development of Moral Thought and Action, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Book Chapters

Papers

External links

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