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(Replaced content with '{{SocPsy}} ==See also== *Gangs *Juvenile delinquency Category:Social groups')
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{{SocPsy}}
 
{{SocPsy}}
A '''gang''' is a [[Group (sociology)|group]] of people who, through the organization, formation, and establishment of an assemblage, share a common [[Identity (social science)|identity]]. In current usage it typically denotes a [[organized crime|criminal organization]] or else a [[criminal]] [[affiliation]]. In early usage, the word ''gang'' referred to a group of workmen. In the [[United Kingdom]] the word is still often used in this sense, but it later underwent [[pejoration]]. The word ''gang'' often carries a negative [[connotation]]; however, within a gang which defines itself in opposition to mainstream norms, members may adopt the phrase as a statement of identity or defiance.
 
Reports of gang-related [[homicides]] are concentrated mostly in the largest cities in the [[United States]], where there are long-standing and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by [[law enforcement]].
 
   
The [[United States Department of Justice]] estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 800,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-gangs|title=11 Facts about Gangs|work=source|accessdate=in 2009}}</ref>
 
 
Gang is from the [[past participle]] of [[Old English]] ''gan'' "to go". It is [[cognate]] with [[Old Norse]] ''gangr'' "a group of men", and it is in this sense that the word is used today, rather than the older meaning.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=gang&searchmode=none |title=gang |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |author=Douglas Harper}}</ref>
 
 
== Gangster ==
 
{{Main article|Gangster}}
 
 
The term [[gangster]] (or mobster) refers to a criminal who is a member of a [[Organized crime|crime organization]], such as a gang. The terms are widely used in reference to members of gangs associated with [[Prohibition in the United States|American prohibition]] and the [[United States|American]] offshoot of the [[Italian Mafia|Mafia]], such as the [[Chicago Outfit]] or the [[Five Families]]. The related word "mobster" is a term derived from [[Latin]] and [[Aramaic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6400497/Gangs|title=word "mobster"|work=source|accessdate=2009}}</ref>
 
 
==Historic criminal gangs==
 
[[File:Bonnieclyde f.jpg|thumb|[[Bonnie and Clyde]] were notorious bank robbers who, with their gang, traveled the Central United States during the [[Great Depression]].]]
 
A wide variety of historic gangs, such as the [[Hashshashin|The Order of Assassins]], [[Adam the Leper]]'s gang, [[Thuggee|Indian Thugs]], [[Triad (underground societies)|Chinese Triads]], [[Snakehead (gang)|Snakehead]], [[Yakuza|Japanese Yakuza]], [[Irish mafia]], [[American Old West]] [[List_of_American_Old_West_outlaws#Outlaw_Gangs|outlaw gangs]], [[Russian mafia]] and [[Italian Mafia]] [[:Category:Mafia crime families|crime families]] have existed for centuries. For example during the 1200s the members belonging to [[Sardinian]] [[Camorra]], best known as Gamurra, consisting of mercenaries, before going to [[Naples]] worked in Cagliari town as private policemen and bodyguards.
 
 
Many poor children and orphans in [[London]] survived by joining pickpocketing gangs controlled by adult criminals. At the beginning of the 19th century, child criminals in Britain were punished in the same way as adults. They were sent to adult prisons, transported to the various Australian penal colonies, whipped or even sentenced to death for petty theft.<ref>[http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Victorians/spring.html Artful Dodgers: Youth and Crime in Early Nineteenth Century London]. Heather Shore. Boydell Press, London, 1999, pp. 193; ISBN 0861932420</ref><ref>[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Learning/Learningonline/features/wc/world_city_6.htm London's children in the 19th century]. Museum of London.</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html National Affairs: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A FADING PRACTICE]. Time. March 21, 1960.</ref>
 
 
In 1850 (around the same time [[Los Angeles]] was incorporated), [[New York City]] recorded more than 200 gang wars fought largely by youth gangs.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n118_v30/ai_17150109/ 19th century AD]. Adolescence , Summer, 1995 by Ruskin Teeter.</ref> All the major cities of [[Victorian England]] in the late 19th century had gangs.<ref>[http://www.liverpool.com/features/angels-with-manky-faces-at-liverpool-unity-theatre.html Angels with Manky Faces at Liverpool Unity Theatre]. Liverpool.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1120288/The-hoodies-Warring-yobs-utterly-powerless-police-No-2009-Victorian-England-terrorised-teenage-gangs.html The first hoodies: Warring yobs and utterly powerless police. No, not 2009, but a Victorian England terrorised by teenage gangs]. Mail Online. January 17, 2009.</ref> [[Chicago]] had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang Gang (crime)]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.''</ref> These early gangs were known for many criminal activities, but in most countries could not profit from [[drug trafficking]] prior to drugs being made [[drug prohibition|illegal]] by laws such as the 1912 [[International Opium Convention]] and the 1919 [[Volstead Act]]. Gang involvement in drug trafficking increased during the 1970s and 1980s, but some gangs continue to have minimal involvement in the trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/ojjdprpt_yth_gng_prob_2001/chap7.html#c|title=The Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970-98|date=2001}}</ref>
 
 
==Gang signs==
 
{{Main|Gang signal}}
 
 
[[Image:Bloods - Gang Sign.jpg|thumb|The Gang symbol of the [[Bloods]], as the sign reads the word "blood"]]
 
 
Gangs often establish distinctive, characteristic identifiers including [[graffiti]] tags<ref>Author: Ferrell, J., Title: "Crimes of style: Urban graffiti and the politics of criminality", Publisher: New York: Garland. (235pp),Year: 1993[http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol3is4/style.html]</ref> colors, hand-signals, clothing, jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans<ref>"Gang Identifiers and Terminology", Cantrell, Mary Lynn, Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, v1 n1 p13-14 Spr 1992 [http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ480808&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ480808]</ref>, signs such as the [[swastika]], the [[noose]], the [[cross]], [[five-pointed star|five-pointed]] and [[six-pointed star]]s, [[crowns]] and [[tridents]] <ref>"Noose: ‘Shameful' sign makes ominous return", by Darryl Fears, Washington Post, Published: October 21, 2007 6:00 a.m.[http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071021/NEWS03/710210310]</ref>, flags<ref>"Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags", KA Cerulo - Sociological Forum, 1993 - Springer [http://www.springerlink.com/content/tl560310224kt623/]</ref> for example the [[Confederate flag]], secret greetings, slurs, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, rituals, and mythologies to define and differentiate themselves from rival groups and gangs.<ref>"The Seven-Stage Hate Model", United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:K-ALDOQfOVwJ:www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/2003/mar2003/mar03leb.htm+fbi+seven+stage+hate+model&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us]</ref> As an alternative language, hand-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech, graffiti, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific informational cues used to threaten, disparage, [[taunt]], [[harass]], [[intimidate]], alarm, influence<ref>[http://definitions.uslegal.com/r/racketeering-influenced-and-corrupt-organizations-act-rico/ RICO]</ref>, or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One study focused on terrorism and symbols states: "... Symbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the [[terrorist]] to act and then in defining the targets of their actions."<ref>"Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism", Authors: J. Dingley; M. Kirk-Smith, Source: Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2002 , pp. 102-128(27, Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/swi/2002/00000013/00000001/art00006]</ref> Displaying a gang sign, such as the noose, as a symbolic act can be construed as "... a threat to commit [[violence]] communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience...an offense against property or involving danger to another person that may include but is not limited to recklessly endangering another person, [[harassment]], [[stalking]], ethnic intimidation, and [[criminal mischief]]."<ref>[http://definitions.uslegal.com/t/terroristic-threat/ Terroristic Threat Law & Legal Definition]</ref>
 
 
==Gang population==
 
[[Image:Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Mara Salvatrucha]] suspect bearing gang tattoos is handcuffed. In 2004, the [[FBI]] created the [[MS-13]] National Gang Task Force to combat gang activity in the United States. A year later, the FBI helped create [[National Gang Intelligence Center]].]]
 
 
[[Los Angeles]] is the ''Gang capital of America'' with an estimated 120,000 gang members.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/18/usa.paulharris Gang mayhem grips LA], The Observer, March 18, 2007</ref> There were at least 30,000 gangs and 800,000 gang members active across the USA in 2007.<ref>[http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=1593 COPS Office: Gangs]</ref><ref>[http://www.laweekly.com/news/news/la-gangs-nine-miles-and-spreading/17861/?page=2 L.A. Gangs: Nine Miles and Spreading]. Laweekly.com. December 13, 2007.</ref> About 900,000 gang members lived "within local communities across the country," and about 147,000 were in U.S. prisons or jails in 2009.<ref>[http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2009/01/30/20090130gns-gangs0130.html Report: Gang membership on the rise across U.S.], by Kevin Johnson, ''USA Today'', January 30, 2009</ref> By 1999, [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanics]] accounted for 47% of all gang members, [[African Americans|Blacks]] 31%, [[White Americans|Whites]] 13%, and [[Asian American|Asians]] 6%.<ref>[http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/m/MichaelCarlie/what_I_learned_about/gangs/racial_composition.htm Into the Abyss: The Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs]</ref>
 
 
There are between 25,000 and 50,000 gang members in Central America’s [[El Salvador]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/10/sandrajordan.theobserver El Salvador's teenage beauty queens live and die by gang law], The Observer, November 10, 2002</ref> The Mexican [[drug cartel]]s have as many as 100,000 foot soldiers.<ref>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/03/100000-foot-soldiers-in-cartels/ 100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels], Washington Times, March 3, 2009.</ref> The [[Yakuza]] are among one the largest organized crime organizations in the world. In [[Japan]], as of 2005, there are some 86,300 known members.<ref>[http://www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai/pdf/Poj2007-33.pdf Criminal Investigation: Fight Against Organized Crime (1)], ''Overview of Japanese Police'', [[National Police Agency (Japan)|National Police Agency]] (June 2007).</ref> [[Hong Kong]]'s [[Triad (underground societies)|Triads]] include up to 160,000 members in the 21 century.<ref>[http://www.american.edu/ted/hpages/crime/Asian.htm Asian Triads]</ref> It was estimated that in the 1950s, there were 300,000 Triad members in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1688442,00.html Hong Kong's T-Shirt Contest]. TIME. November 28, 2007.</ref> The [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] government claims that police have eliminated 1,221 triad-style gangs across China since a crackdown was launched in 2006. More than 87,300 suspects have been arrested.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6796124.ece Police chief and businessmen arrested in triad crackdown]. Times Online. August 14, 2009.</ref> The [[FBI]] estimates the size of the four [[Organized crime in Italy|Italian organized crime]] groups to be approximately 25,000 members and 250,000 affiliates worldwide.<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/orgcrime/lcnindex.htm Italian Organized Crime—Overview]. FBI.gov.</ref>
 
 
== Gang violence ==
 
 
{{see|Fear of crime}}
 
{{see|Violence}}
 
 
'''Gang violence''' refers to mostly those [[illegal]] and [[non-political]] acts of violence perpetrated by gangs against [[innocent]] people, property, or other gangs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cis.org/ImmigrantGangs|title=ICE and Local Law Enforcement Target Immigrant Gangs|work=source|accessdate=2009}}</ref> Throughout history, such acts have been committed by gangs at all levels of organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Youth%20Gangs%20%20%20Members,%20Activities%20and%20Measures%20to%20Decrease%20Violence.pdf|title=U.S. Gangs: Their
 
Changing History|work=data|accessdate=2009}}</ref> Nearly every major city was ravaged by gang violence at some point in its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lang.dailynews.com/socal/gangs/articles/ivdbp2_pomona.asp|title=Gang Terror in our streets|work=|2009}}</ref> Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also function as a rite of passage for new gang members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093426|title=VIOLENCE AND STREET GANGS|work=|accessdate=2009}}</ref>
 
 
==Gang identification==
 
[[File:Thanh vien ms 13.jpg|thumb|A [[Mara Salvatrucha]] gang members with [[tattoos]] features.]]
 
 
Most gang members have [[Gang signals|identifying characteristics]] unique to their specific clique or gang affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everettpolicema.com/gang_awareness.htm|title=Gang Awareness|work=Everett Police Department|accessdate=2009}}</ref> The [[Bloods]] for instance wear red bandanas and the [[Crips]] blue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/gang|title=Gang description|work=Answers.com|accessdate=2009}}</ref> allowing the two sides to "represent" their alliances. Any disrespect of a gang member's color by an unaffiliated individual is grounds for a violent retaliation, often by multiple members of that gang. Tattoos are also common identifiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofws.org/Home/Nlnn/GangAwareness/Articles/GangIdentifiers|title=Gang Identifiers|work=Winston-Salem Police Department web site
 
|accessdate=2009}}</ref> For instance, a "18" above the eyebrow is a common [[18th Street (gang)]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kieroshaea666.tripod.com/id4.html|title=About 18th Street Gang|work=~*Know Ur Gangs*~|accessdate=2009}}</ref> member tattoo. Tattoos help a gang member gain respect and help add the essence of dedication for life. They cannot only be inked on, but burned as well. The [[Sureno]] for instance wear blue bandanas and identifier they have tattoos <ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.missouristate.edu/M/MichaelCarlie/what_I_learned_about/GANGS/graffiti_and_other_identifiers.htm|title=Graffiti and Other Gang Identifiers|work=© 2002 Michael K. Carlie|accessdate=2009}}</ref> such as "13" and Xlll,x3,southside. The [[nortenos]] for instance wear red bandanas and identifier they have tattoos such as "14" and xiv,x4,northside.
 
 
== Types ==
 
 
Many types of gangs make up the general structure of an organized group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gangwar.com/dynamics.htm|title=Street Gang Dynamics|work=The Nawojczyk Group, Inc.|accessdate=2009}}</ref> There are street gangs, which are people with similar backgrounds and motivations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.d155.org/clc/faculty/faculty_pages/smalley/documents/GANGS.pdf|title=general structure|work=source|accessdate=2009}}</ref> These usually involve [[criminal activity]]. Prison gangs are groups in a [[prison]] or correctional institution <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prisoncommission.org/statements/fleisher_mark_s.pdf|title=Societal and Correctional Context of Prison Gangs|work=source|accessdate=2009}}</ref> for mutual protection and advancement.
 
 
==Typical activities==
 
Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like extortion, [[drug trafficking]], and [[murder]],<ref name="Gang activities">{{cite web|url=http://www.crimeusa.com/prison_gangs.html|title=Gang activities|work=CrimeUSA|accessdate=2009}}</ref> both in and outside the prison system, victimize businesses through extortion or theft activities like [[hijacking]], [[stealing]] goods.<ref name="Gang activities"/> Gangs also victimize individuals by [[car theft]], [[bank robbery]], [[burglary]], Jewelry theft, [[Kidnapping]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6452688/Organized_crime|title=Organized_crime|work=source|accessdate=2009}}</ref>
 
 
Street gangs' take over territory or "turf" in a particular [[city]] and are often involved in "providing protection",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streetgangtips.com/index.php/3|title=Gang territory or "turf"|work=source|accessdate=2009}}</ref> often a thin cover for [[extortion]], as the "protection" is usually from the gang itself, or in other [[crime|criminal]] activity. Most members retain their gang affiliations when sent to prison (see [[prison gang]]). Many gangs use [[front organization|fronts]] to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/~anselmi/ChildDevelopment/solutions/2006%20Fall%20-%20Gang%20Involvement.pdf|title=Gang influence and gain revenue|work=source|accessdate=2009}}</ref>
 
 
== Notable criminal gangs ==
 
[[Image:Marasalvatrucha13.png|thumb|250px|A [[Mara Salvatrucha]] gang member with a tattoo showing his gang membership]]
 
 
Perhaps the best known criminal gangs are the Italian [[Mafia|Cosa Nostra]], most commonly known as the [[Mafia]]. The Neopolitan [[Camorra]], the Calabrian [['Ndrangheta]], Abruzzian Rancitelli (mafia), the [[Sardinian]] kidnappers or Anonima Sarda and the Apulian [[Sacra Corona Unita]] are similar [[Italy|Italian]] organized gangs. Other criminal gangs include the [[Russian Mafia]], the [[Serbian mafia]], the [[Israeli mafia|Israeli Mafia]], the [[Albanian Mafia]], [http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/38/38 Mexican] and Colombian [[Drug Cartel]]s, the [[Indian Mafia]], the Chinese [[Triad (underground societies)|Triads]], [[Irish Mob]], the Japanese [[Yakuza]], the Jamaican-British [[Yardies]], the Turkish Mafia and other crime syndicates. On a lower level in the criminal gang food chain are many street gangs, such as the [[Sureños]], [[Nortenos]], [[Latin Kings]], [[MS-13]], [[Gangster Disciples]], [[Vice Lords]], [[Bloods]] and [[Crips]]. Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the [[Mexican Mafia]], [[Folk Nation]], and the [http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/38/38 Brazilian] [[Primeiro Comando da Capital|PCC]]. Biker gangs such as the [[Hells Angels]] are also involved in organized crime.
 
 
== Gangs in prison ==
 
[[File:Utah State Prison Wasatch Facility.jpg|thumb|200px|The main entrance to the [[Utah State Prison]].]]
 
 
{{Main article|Prison gang}}
 
{{For|more|Prison|}}
 
 
Many prison gangs require members to have gang tattoos to recognize other member of the organization. Most prison gangs follow the policy of "blood in - blood out." It generally means that to get into a [[prison]] gang, one has to spill someone else's [[blood]]. Most often this requires a [[murder]].
 
 
It should be noted that prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in different state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members.
 
 
Most correctional facilities have policies prohibiting the formation of prison gangs. However, many prison gangs continue to operate with impunity. Many members are serving life imprisonment (a few are on death row) for various crimes, thus they have no incentive to leave a gang or to integrate with the general prison population.
 
 
 
== Gangs in the military ==
 
{{cquote|Gang members in uniform use their military knowledge, skills and weapons to commit and facilitate various crimes.}}
 
 
The FBI’s 2007 report on gang membership in the military states that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the military, and lists at least eight instances in the last three years in which gang members have obtained military weapons for their illegal enterprises.<ref>[http://stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=42443&archive=true Stars and Stripes] - '''Army defends recruit screening process'''</ref> ''"Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing"'', dated January 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, [[Black Disciples]], [[Gangster Disciples]], Hells Angels, Latin Kings, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, Nortenos, Surenos, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international although recruiting gang members violates military regulations.<ref>[http://stripes.com/07/feb07/gangs/ncis_gangs.pdf Intelligence Assesment] - '''Gang-Related Activity in the US Armed Forces Increasing '''</ref>
 
 
A January, 2007 article in the Chicago Sun-Times reports that gang members in the military are involved in the theft and sale of military weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including body armor. According to a conversation recorded by an undercover FBI agent, one U.S. soldier may have stolen military body armor with intentions to supply Chicago gangs with the stolen equipment.<ref>[http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/220821,CST-NWS-gang20.article]</ref> The Sun-Times began investigating the gang activity in the military after receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq. A 2006 Sun-Times article reports that gangs encourage members to enter the military to learn urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members.<ref>[http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_121103636.html CBS2Chicago] - '''Chicago Gang Graffiti Showing Up In Iraq'''</ref>
 
 
In 2006, Scott Barfield, a Defense Department investigator, said there is an online network of gangs and extremists, and that: "They're communicating with each other about weapons, about recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, about organizing within the military."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/washington/07recruit.html?ex=1309924800&en=1be0e7d4e2aac8d3&ei=5090&partner=rssuserlan New York Times] - '''Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts'''</ref>
 
 
== Known gang members ==
 
 
{{columns |
 
|col1=
 
*[[Denho Acar]]
 
*[[Salvador Agron]]
 
*[[Sonny Barger]]
 
*[[Moazzam Begg]]
 
*[[Maurice Boucher]]
 
*[[Harry Joseph Bowman]]
 
*[[Rodolfo Cadena]]
 
*[[Ruben Cavazos]]
 
*[[Chen Chi-li]]
 
*[[Ion Croitoru]]
 
*[[Nicky Cruz]]
 
*[[James Dalton]]
 
*[[Rayful Edmond]]
 
|col2=
 
*[[Mark Guardado]]
 
*[[Shauntay Henderson]]
 
*[[Allan Heyl]]
 
*[[George Jackson (Black Panther)]]
 
*[[Jan Krogh Jensen]]
 
*[[Michael Ljunggren]]
 
*[[Kenneth McGriff]]
 
*[[O. G. Mack]]
 
*[[Ramadan Abdel Rehim Mansour]]
 
*[[Howard Mason]]
 
*[[Greg Mathis]]
 
|col3=
 
*[[Benjamin Melendez]]
 
*[[Thomas Möller]]
 
*[[Erismar Rodrigues Moreira]]
 
*[[Lorenzo Nichols]]
 
*[[Jørn Nielsen]]
 
*[[José Padilla (prisoner)]]
 
*[[Hugo Pinell]]
 
*[[Emigdio Preciado, Jr.]]
 
*[[Edwin Ramos]]
 
*[[Luis J. Rodriguez]]
 
*[[Robert Sandifer]]
 
*[[Sanyika Shakur]]
 
*[[Slobbery Jim]]
 
|col4=
 
*[[Sanyika Shakur]]
 
*[[Slobbery Jim]]
 
*[[Michael Thompson (Aryan Brotherhood)]]
 
*[[Jim Tinndahn]]
 
*[[Alex Vella]]
 
*[[Raymond Washington]]
 
*[[Stanley Williams]]
 
*[[Yang Fuqing]]
 
*[[Raymon Youmaran]]
 
}}
 
   
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
{{portal|Gangs}}
+
*[[Gangs]]
  +
*[[Juvenile delinquency]]
 
{{columns |width=300px
 
|col1=
 
* [[List of gangs in the United States]]
 
* [[List of gangs in Mexico]]
 
* [[American Mafia]]
 
* [[Contract killing]]
 
* [[Criminal tattoo]]s
 
* [[Gang colors]]
 
* [[Organized crime in Italy]]
 
* [[Drug cartel]]s
 
* [[Hitman]]
 
* [[Irish mafia]]
 
* [[Gangs in Australia]]
 
* [[Gangs in Canada]]
 
* [[Gangs in the United Kingdom]]
 
* [[Gangs in New Zealand]]
 
* [[Crips]]
 
* [[Bloods]]
 
* [[Jamaican Posse]]
 
|col2=
 
* [[Irish Mob]]
 
* [[Outlaw motorcycle gang]]
 
* [[Raskol gangs]]
 
* [[Russian Mafia]]
 
* [[Prison gang]]
 
* [[Gang des Tractions Avant]]
 
* [[Gang signal]]
 
* [[Mexican Mafia]]
 
* [[Organized crime]]
 
* [[Triad (underground societies)]]
 
* [[Yakuza]]
 
* [[trinitario]]
 
* [[ñetas]]
 
* [[latin kings]]
 
* [[Highwayman]]
 
* [[Outlaw]]
 
* [[Sureno]]
 
 
}}
 
 
==Further reading==
 
* Frederick Thrasher, ''The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927 ASIN: B000IZWOBA
 
* Varrio Warfare: Violence in the Latino Community, Gabriel C. Morales, 1998 ASIN: B0018HRNHM
 
* Roberson, Cliff. "Exploring Juvenile Justice", California: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2000 ISBN 978-1928916093
 
* Daniels, Peggy. ed. "Gangs", Michigan: The Gale Group, 2008
 
 
==References==
 
{{Reflist|2}}
 
^ http://www.insideprison.com/prison_gang_profile_TRINITARIOS.asp
 
^ http://gangrelated.net/resources/articles-mainmenu-92/124-trinitarios-overview-an-emerging-threat-on-the-east-coast.html
 
^ http://www.nypost.com/seven/01142008/news/regionalnews/schools_gang_scourge_128917.htm
 
 
==External links==
 
* [http://www.knowgangs.com/ About gangs]
 
* http://forcesgangstoriots.googlepages.com/home
 
* Gangresearch.net/Archives/hagedorn/gangcomref.html A bibliography on the sociological study of Gangs]
 
* [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/maps/chisoc/G4104-C6E625-1926-T5.html A 1923-26 map of Chicago gangs made by Fredric Thrasher]
 
* [http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/COURSES/SOC415b/females.htm Jeanne Weiler, The Sociology of Female Gangs]
 
* [http://irdial.com/blogdial/?p=806 A list of the names of the Gangs of London]
 
* [http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/COURSES/SOC415b/family.htm Robert Snyder, ''Gangs: the Family in Turmoil'']
 
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/04/23/ngangs23.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/04/23/ixhome.html Ben Leapman, ''London's criminal families replaced by ethnic gangs,'' The Telegraph], 22 April 2006
 
*[http://www.gangpreventionservices.org/resources.asp Gang Profiles] - Gang Prevention Services
 
* ''John Hancock'', [http://www.corrections.com/news/article/18097 Combating Gang Activity in Prison], Gangs Across America
 
 
[[Category:Sociology]]
 
[[Category:Gangs]]
 
[[Category:Crime]]
 
[[Category:Criminology]]
 
[[Category:Urban decay]]
 
[[Category:Types of organization]]
 
   
 
[[Category:Social groups]]
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[[nl:Bende (misdaad)]]
 
[[ja:ストリートギャング]]
 
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[[pt:Gangue]]
 
[[ru:Бандитизм]]
 
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[[sr:Банда]]
 
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{{enWP|Gang}}
 

Revision as of 12:59, 4 December 2009