Psychology Wiki
Register
Advertisement

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)


This article is in need of attention from a psychologist/academic expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you are qualified.
This banner appears on articles that are weak and whose contents should be approached with academic caution.
For the state of mind see Hypnosis.

Hypnotic drugs induce sleep[1], used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia. Because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects, ranging from anxiolysis to production of unconsciousness, they are often referred to collectively as sedative-hypnotic drugs.[2] Often the treatment of insomnia will not begin with drugs at all. Since many hypnotic drugs are habit-forming, a physician will usually recommend alternative sleeping patterns, sleep hygiene, and exercise before prescribing medication for sleep, due to a large number of factors known to disturb the human sleep pattern. Hypnotic medication when prescribed should be used for the shortest period of time.[3] The benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic medications also have a number of side effects such as daytime fatigue, motor vehicle crashes, cognitive impairments and falls and fractures. Elderly people are more sensitive to these side effects and a meta analysis found that the risks generally outweigh any marginal benefits of hypnotics in the elderly.[4] A review of the literature regarding benzodiazepine hypnotic as well as Z drugs concluded that these drugs caused an unjustifiable risk to the individual and to public health and lack evidence of long term effectiveness due to tolerance. The risks include dependence, accidents and other adverse effects. Gradual discontinuation of hypnotics leads to improved health without worsening of sleep. Preferably they should be prescribed for only a few days at the lowest effective dose and avoided altogether wherever possible in the elderly.[5]

Benzodiazepines[]

Benzodiazepines are the most well known and most frequently prescribed hypnotic medication presently. However, their use in recent years is being increasingly replaced by newer nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs and the supplement melatonin. They are effective in the short term but with long term use beyond 1 - 2 weeks tolerance to their hypnotic effects develops thus making them ineffective for long term use. They are also a cause of hospital admissions especially in the elderly who are more sensitive to their effects. Additionally, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome can develop upon their discontinuation. This is characterized by rebound insomnia, anxiety, confusion, disorientation, insomnia, and perceptual disturbances. Prescription hypnotics are therefore best limited to short term use to avoid tolerance, drug dependence and the adverse effects of long term use.[6]

Benzodiazepines tend to exert their hypnotic effects at high dosage compared to the more moderate dosage needed for anxiolytic effects to be felt.[7] The downside of the hypnotic properties of benzodiazepines is that they actually worsen the sleep architecture and thus the quality of sleep.[8] They are also associated with an increased risk of road traffic accidents.[9]

Nonbenzodiazepines[]

Nonbenzodiazepines have demonstrated efficacy in treating sleep disorders. There is some limited evidence that suggests that tolerance to nonbenzodiazepines is slower to develop than with benzodiazepines. However, data is limited so no conclusions can be drawn. Data is also limited into the long term effects of nonbenzodiazepines. Further research into the safety of nonbenzodiazepines and long term effectiveness of nonbenzodiazepines has been recommended in a review of the literature.[10]

Examples[]

These drugs include:

  • Alcohol is also used as a hypnotic drug, though not medically. To quote the British National Formulary: "Alcohol is a poor hypnotic because its diuretic action interferes with sleep during the latter part of the night. Alcohol also disturbs sleep patterns, and so can worsen sleep disorders"

Abuse[]

Effects in the elderly[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. Dorlands Medical Dictionary:hypnotic.
  2. Brunton, Laurence L; Lazo, John S; Lazo Parker, Keith L (2006), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition (11 ed.), The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., ISBN 0-07-146804-8, Archived from the original on January 2 2013, http://archive.today/2013.01.02-112254/http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=651 
  3. Mendels J (September 1991). Criteria for selection of appropriate benzodiazepine hypnotic therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 52 Suppl: 42–6.
  4. Glass J, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE (November 2005). Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ 331 (7526): 1169.
  5. (December 2004)What's wrong with prescribing hypnotics?. Drug Ther Bull 42 (12): 89–93.
  6. Frighetto L, Marra C, Bandali S, Wilbur K, Naumann T, Jewesson P (March 2004). An assessment of quality of sleep and the use of drugs with sedating properties in hospitalized adult patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2: 17.
  7. Montenegro M, Veiga H, Deslandes A, et al (June 2005). [Neuromodulatory effects of caffeine and bromazepam on visual event-related potential (P300): a comparative study.]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 63 (2B): 410–5.
  8. Barbera J, Shapiro C (2005). Benefit-risk assessment of zaleplon in the treatment of insomnia. Drug Saf 28 (4): 301–18.
  9. Gustavsen I, Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Engeland A, Neutel I, Mørland J (December 2008). Road traffic accident risk related to prescriptions of the hypnotics zopiclone, zolpidem, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam. Sleep Med. 9 (8): 818–22.
  10. Benca RM (March 2005). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia: a review. Psychiatr Serv 56 (3): 332–43.

Key texts[]

Books[]

  • Bisaga, A. (2008). Benzodiazepines and other sedatives and hypnotics. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
  • Dupont, R. L., & Dupont, C. M. (2005). Sedatives/Hypnotics and Benzodiazepines. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
  • Lader, M. (1995). Sedative and hypnotic drugs: Dependence and abuse. Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
  • Mendelson, W. (2003). Long-term use of hypnotic medications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1990). Do studies of sedative/hypnotics suggest the nature of chronic insomnia? New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1990). Insomnia: The patient and the pill. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Miller, N. S., Klamen, D. L., & Costa, E. (1998). Medications of abuse and addiction: Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Morin, C. M., Baillargeon, L., & Bastien, C. (2000). Discontinuation of sleep medications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Nishino, S., Mishima, K., Mignot, E., & Dement, W. C. (2004). Sedative-Hypnotics. New York, NY: American Psychoanalytic Association.
  • Sloan, J. W., & Wala, E. P. (1998). Pharmacology of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Sowers, W. (1998). Psychological and psychiatric consequences of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

Papers[]

  • Abdalla, A. H., & Moselhy, H. F. (2001). Insomnia and bed time medications: European Journal of Psychiatry Vol 15(4) Oct-Dec 2001, 207-212.
  • Adams, R. G. (1974). Pre-sleep ingestion of two hypnotic drugs and subsequent performance: Psychopharmacologia Vol 40(2) 1974, 185-190.
  • Aden, G. C., & Thatcher, C. (1983). Quazepam in the short-term treatment of insomnia in outpatients: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 44(12) Dec 1983, 454-456.
  • Akanmu, M. A., Honda, K., & Inoue, S. (2002). Hypnotic effects of total aqueous extracts of Vervain hastata (Verbenaceae) in rats: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 56(3) Jun 2002, 309-310.
  • Akindele, M. O., & Odejide, A. O. (1978). Use and abuse of sleep inducing drugs in Ibadan: African Journal of Psychiatry Vol 4(3-4) Sep 1978, 91-95.
  • Alford, C., Bhatti, J., Leigh, T., Jamieson, A., & et al. (1996). Caffeine-induced sleep disruption: Effects on waking the following day and its reversal with an hypnotic: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1996, 185-198.
  • Alford, C., & Verster, J. (2005). NICE review: Not nice for patients! : Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 19(2) Mar 2005, 129-132.
  • Allain, H., Bentue-Ferrer, D., Le Breton, S., Polard, E., & Gandon, J.-M. (2003). Preference of insomniac patients between a single dose of zolpidem 10 mg versus zaleplon 10 mg: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 18(5) Jul 2003, 369-374.
  • Allain, H., Bentue-Ferrer, D., Polard, E., Akwa, Y., & Patat, A. (2005). Postural Instability and Consequent Falls and Hip Fractures Associated with Use of Hypnotics in the Elderly: A Comparative Review: Drugs and Aging Vol 22(9) 2005, 749-765.
  • Allain, H., Le Coz, F., Borderies, P., Schuck, S., de La Giclais, B., Patat, A., et al. (1998). Use of zolpidem 10 mg as a benzodiazepine substitute in 84 patients with insomnia: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 13(8) Dec 1998, 551-559.
  • Allain, H., & Monti, J. (1997). General safety profile of zolpidem: Safety in elderly, overdose and rebound effects: European Psychiatry Vol 12(1) 1997, 21s-29s.
  • Allain, H., Patat, A., Lieury, A., le Coz, F., & et al. (1995). Comparison study of the effects of zopiclone (7.5 mg), zolpidem, flunitrazepam and a placebo on nocturnal cognitive performance in healthy subjects, in relation to pharmacokinetics: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 129s-135s.
  • Allan, A. M., Mayes, G. G., & Draski, L. J. (1991). Gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride channels in rats selectively bred for differential acute sensitivity to alcohol: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 15(2) Apr 1991, 212-218.
  • Allen, S. R., & Oswald, I. (1973). The effects of perlapine on sleep: Psychopharmacology Vol 32(1) 1973, 1-9.
  • Allgulander, C. (1978). Dependence on sedative and hypnotic drugs: A comparative clinical and social study: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Suppl 270 1978, 1-102.
  • Allgulander, C. (1986). History and current status of sedative-hypnotic drug use and abuse: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(5) May 1986, 465-478.
  • Allgulander, C. (1996). Addiction on prescribed sedative-hypnotics: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 11(Suppl 1) Feb 1996, S49-S54.
  • Allgulander, C., & Borg, S. (1978). Sedative-hypnotic and alcohol dependence among psychiatric in-patients: British Journal of Addiction Vol 73(2) Jun 1978, 123-128.
  • Allgulander, C., Borg, S., & Vikander, B. (1984). A 4-6 year follow-up of 50 patients with primary dependence on sedative and hypnotic drugs: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141(12) Dec 1984, 1580-1582.
  • Allgulander, C., Ljungberg, L., & Fisher, L. D. (1987). Long-term prognosis in addiction on sedative and hypnotic drugs analyzed with the Cox regression model: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 75(5) May 1987, 521-531.
  • Allgulander, C., & Nasman, P. (1991). Regular hypnotic drug treatment in a sample of 32,679 Swedes: Associations with somatic and mental health, inpatient psychiatric diagnoses and suicide, derived with automated record-linkage: Psychosomatic Medicine Vol 53(1) Jan-Feb 1991, 101-108.
  • Allgulander, C., Nowak, J., & Rice, J. P. (1990). Psychopathology and treatment of 30,344 twins in Sweden: I. The appropriateness of psychoactive drug treatment: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 82(6) Dec 1990, 420-426.
  • Alvarez-Rueda, J. M., Gutierrez-Aguilar, J., Rosales, J., Diaz Martinez, A., & Lablache, B. C. (2001). Effect of zolpidem in patients with short-term insomnia: Salud Mental Vol 24(1) Feb 2001, 33-42.
  • Anderson, I. (2005). Making decisions in the absence of high quality clinical evidence: We need to bring some science into the judgement: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 19(2) Mar 2005, 133.
  • Angst, J. (1973). Analgesics consumption of 19 year old healthy women: Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie Vol 112(1) 1973, 7-19.
  • Ansoms, S., Lebon, O., Pelc, I., Cabri, C., & et al. (1991). Zopiclone or lormetazepam in the treatment of insomnia and the effect on behavior and mood in patients during the postalcoholism withdrawal period: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 49(1) Jan 1991, 54-64.
  • Ansseau, M. (1985). Benzodiazepines and sleep: Acta Psychiatrica Belgica Vol 85(4) Jul-Aug 1985, 522-532.
  • Aranko, K., Henriksson, M., Hublin, C., & Seppalainen, A. M. (1991). Misuse of zopiclone and convulsions during withdrawal: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 24(4) Jul 1991, 138-140.
  • Arnold, J. (1991). Determinants of pharmacologic effects and toxicity of benzodiazepine hypnotics: Role of lipophilicity and plasma elimination rates: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Sep 1991, 11-14.
  • Ashton, H., & Golding, J. F. (1989). Tranquillisers: Prevalence, predictors and possible consequences: Data from a large United Kingdom survey: British Journal of Addiction Vol 84(5) May 1989, 541-546.
  • Asnis, G. M., Chakraburtty, A., DuBoff, E. A., Krystal, A., Londborg, P. D., Rosenberg, R., et al. (1999). Zolpidem for persistent insomnia in SSRI-treated depressed patients: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 60(10) Oct 1999, 668-676.
  • Asplund, R. (2000). Sleep and hypnotic use in relation to perceived somatic and mental health among the elderly: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol 31(3) Nov-Dec 2000, 199-205.
  • Assicot, M. (1974). Relevance of a new hypnotic drug for psychiatry: Psychologie Medicale Vol 6(7) 1974, 1421-1425.
  • Athen, D. (1986). Comparative investigation of chlormethiazole and neuroleptic agents in the treatment of alcoholic delirium: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 167-170.
  • Ator, N. A. (2000). Zaleplon and triazolam: Drug discrimination, plasma levels, and self-administration in baboons: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 61(1) Dec 2000, 55-68.
  • Ator, N. A., Weerts, E. M., Kaminski, B. J., Kautz, M. A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2000). Zaleplon and triazolam physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 61(1) Dec 2000, 69-84.
  • Aubin, H.-J., Goldenberg, F., Tilikete, S., Harf, A., & et al. (1996). Carbamates and benzodiazepines have different effects on detoxified alcoholics' sleep polygraphy: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1996, 205-210.
  • Avidan, A. Y., Fries, B. E., James, M. L., Szafara, K. L., Wright, G. T., & Chervin, R. D. (2005). Insomnia and Hypnotic Use, Recorded in the Minimum Data Set, as Predictors of Falls and Hip Fractures in Michigan Nursing Homes: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 53(6) Jun 2005, 955-962.
  • Avidan, A. Y., Fries, B. E., Szafara, K. L., & Chervin, R. D. (2006). "Insomnia and Hypnotic Use, Recorded in the Minimum Data Set, as Predictors of Falls and Hip Fractures in Michigan Nursing Homes": Reply: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 54(7) Jul 2006, 1152-1153.
  • Ayd, F. J. (1994). Prescribing anxiolytics and hypnotics for the elderly: Psychiatric Annals Vol 24(2) Feb 1994, 91-97.
  • Baker, S. L., & Kirsch, I. (1993). Hypnotic and placebo analgesia: Order effects and the placebo label: Contemporary Hypnosis Vol 10(3) 1993, 117-126.
  • Baldwin, D. (2005). Short-term treatment with hypnotic drugs for insomnia: Going beyond the evidence: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 19(2) Mar 2005, 134-135.
  • Balestrieri, M., Bortolomasi, M., Galletta, M., & Bellantuono, C. (1997). Patterns of hypnotic drug prescription in Italy: A two-week community survey: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 170(2) Feb 1997, 176-180.
  • Balkin, T. J., O'Donnell, V. M., Wesensten, N., McCann, U., & et al. (1992). Comparison of the daytime sleep and performance effects of zolpidem versus triazolam: Psychopharmacology Vol 107(1) May 1992, 83-88.
  • Ballinger, B. R., Presly, A., Reid, A. H., & Stevenson, I. H. (1974). The effects of hypnotics on imipramine treatment: Psychopharmacologia Vol 39(3) 1974, 267-274.
  • Balter, M. B., & Uhlenhuth, E. H. (1991). The beneficial and adverse effects of hypnotics: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Jul 1991, 16-23.
  • Balter, M. B., & Uhlenhuth, E. H. (1992). New epidemiologic findings about insomnia and its treatment: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 53(12, Suppl) Dec 1992, 34-39.
  • Banerjee, U., & Das, P. (1977). Comparative study of retrograde amnesia in rats on active and passive avoidance tasks and spontaneous recovery of memory: Psychopharmacology Vol 53(3) 1977, 299-303.
  • Barker, J. L. (1975). CNS depressants: Effects on post-synaptic pharmacology: Brain Research Vol 92(1) 1975, 35-55.
  • Barker, J. L. (1975). Inhibitory and excitatory effects of CNS depressants on invertebrate synapses: Brain Research Vol 93(1) 1975, 77-90.
  • Barker, M. (1975). The nonmedical use of drugs: Vie medicale au Canada francais Vol 4(4) Apr 1975, 385-388.
  • Barrett, J. E., & et al. (1986). Behavioral studies with anxiolytic drugs: II. Interactions of zopiclone with ethyl-!b-carboline-3-carboxylate and Ro 15-1788 in squirrel monkeys: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 236(2) Feb 1986, 313-319.
  • Barron, J. L., & Sandman, C. A. (1985). Paradoxical excitement to sedative-hypnotics in mentally retarded clients: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 90(2) Sep 1985, 124-129.
  • Basile, A. S., Hanus, L., & Mendelson, W. B. (1999). Characterization of the hypnotic properties of oleamide: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 10(5) Apr 1999, 947-951.
  • Bayer, A. J., Bayer, E. M., Pathy, M. S., & Stoker, M. J. (1986). A double-blind controlled study of chlormethiazole and triazolam as hypnotics in the elderly: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 104-111.
  • Beary, M. D., Lacey, J. H., Crutchfield, M. B., & Bhat, A. V. (1984). Psycho-social stress, insomnia and temazepam: A sleep laboratory evaluation in a "general practice" sample: Psychopharmacology Vol 83(1) 1984, 17-19.
  • Beaumont, M., Batejat, D., Pierard, C., Van Beers, P., Philippe, M., Leger, D., et al. (2007). Zaleplon and zolpidem objectively alleviate sleep disturbances in mountaineers at a 3,613 meter altitude: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 30(11) Nov 2007, 1527-1533.
  • Beh, H. C. (1994). A survey of daytime napping in an elderly Australian population: Australian Journal of Psychology Vol 46(2) Aug 1994, 100-106.
  • Belleville, G., & Morin, C. M. (2008). Hypnotic discontinuation in chronic insomnia: Impact of psychological distress, readiness to change, and self-efficacy: Health Psychology Vol 27(2) Mar 2008, 239-248.
  • Bello-Brau, M. E., Morales-Blanquez, C., Abad-Alegria, F., & Calvo, E. R. (2005). Study on the consumption of hypnotics by old people in the cities of Zaragoza, Huesca and Teruel: Vigilia-Sueno Vol 17(2) Jul-Dec 2005, 82-89.
  • Bellon, A. (2006). Searching for New Options for Treating Insomnia: Are Melatonin and Raznelteon Beneficial? : Journal of Psychiatric Practice Vol 12(4) Jul 2006, 229-243.
  • Benoit, O., Bouard, G., Payan, C., Borderies, P., & et al. (1994). Effects of a single dose (10 mg) of zolpidem on visual and spectral analysis of sleep in young poor sleepers: Psychopharmacology Vol 116(3) Nov 1994, 297-303.
  • Bergener, M., Gola, R., & Hesse, C. (1989). The influence of age-dependent pharmacokinetics on the pharmacodynamics of hypnotic drugs: Comparison of two hypnotics with different half-lives: International Psychogeriatrics Vol 1(1) Spr 1989, 17-29.
  • Bergman, H., Borg, S., Engelbrektson, K., & Vikander, B. (1989). Dependence on sedative-hypnotics: Neuropsychological impairment, field dependence and clinical course in a 5-year follow-up study: British Journal of Addiction Vol 84(5) May 1989, 547-553.
  • Bergman, H., Borg, S., & Holm, L. (1980). Neuropsychological impairment and exclusive abuse of sedatives or hypnotics: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 137(2) Feb 1980, 215-217.
  • Berlin, I., Warot, D., Hergueta, T., Molinier, P., & et al. (1993). Comparison of the effects of zolpidem and triazolam on memory functions, psychomotor performances, and postural sway in healthy subjects: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 13(2) Apr 1993, 100-106.
  • Berlin, R. M. (1986). Hypnotics in renal failure: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Vol 27(7) Jul 1986, 537.
  • Berthelon, C., Bocca, M. L., Denise, P., & Pottier, A. (2003). Do zopiclone, zolpidem and flunitrazepam have residual effects on simulated task of collision anticipation? : Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 17(3) Sep 2003, 324-331.
  • Billiard, M., Bassetti, C., Dauvilliers, Y., Dolenc-Groselj, L., Lammers, G. J., Mayer, G., et al. (2006). EFNS guidelines on management of narcolepsy: European Journal of Neurology Vol 13(10) Oct 2006, 1035-1048.
  • Biondi, F., & Casadei, G. L. (1994). Results of a multicenter trial with the hypnotic zolpidem in 1152 insomniac patients: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 55(3) Mar 1994, 262-274.
  • Bischoff, R. C., Schratzer, M., & Anders, A. (1985). The normalization of sleep after surgical procedures, with and without the use of a hypnotic benzodiazepine: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 38(1) Jul 1985, 3-14.
  • Bixler, E. O., & et al. (1978). Effectiveness of temazepan with short-, intermediate-, and long-term use: Sleep laboratory evaluation: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 18(2-3) Feb-Mar 1978, 110-118.
  • Blennow, G., Romelsjo, A., Leifman, H., Leifman, A., & et al. (1994). Sedatives and hypnotics in Stockholm: Social factors and kinds of use: American Journal of Public Health Vol 84(2) Feb 1994, 242-246.
  • Bliwise, D. L., & et al. (1983). Daytime sleepiness as a criterion in hypnotic medication trials: Comparison of triazolam and flurazepam: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 6(2) Jun 1983, 156-163.
  • Bocca, M. L., Le Doze, F., Etard, O., Pottier, M., L'Hoste, J., & Denise, P. (1999). Residual effects of zolpidem 10 mg and zopiclone 7.5 mg versus flunitrazepam 1 mg and placebo on driving performance and ocular saccades: Psychopharmacology Vol 143(4) Apr 1999, 373-379.
  • Bocca, M.-L., & Denise, P. (2000). Residual effects of hypnotics on disengagement of spatial attention: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 14(4) 2000, 401-405.
  • Boethius, G., & Westerholm, B. (1977). Purchases of hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquillizers among 2,566 individuals in the county of Jamtland, Sweden: A 6-year follow-up: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 56(2) Aug 1977, 147-159.
  • Boissl, K., Dreyfus, J. F., & Delmotte, M. (1982). Studies on the dependence-inducing potential of zopiclone and triazolam: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 242-247.
  • Boman, B. (1988). L-tryptophan: A rational anti-depressant and a natural hypnotic? : Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 22(1) Mar 1988, 83-97.
  • Bond, A. J., & Lader, M. H. (1973). The residual effects of flurazepam: Psychopharmacologia Vol 32(3) 1973, 223-235.
  • Booth, D. A., & Nicholls, J. (1974). Behavioral specificity of chloralose-induced feeding in the rat: Psychopharmacologia Vol 39(2) 1974, 145-150.
  • Borbely, A. A., Akerstedt, T., Benoit, O., Holsboer, F., & et al. (1991). Hypnotics and sleep physiology: A consensus report: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 241(1) Jul 1991, 13-21.
  • Borja, N. L., & Daniel, K. L. (2006). Ramelteon for the Treatment of Insomnia: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 28(10) Oct 2006, 1540-1555.
  • Bottlender, R., Schutz, C., Moller, H. J., & Soyka, M. (1997). Zolpidem dependence in a patient with former polysubstance abuse: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 30(3) May 1997, 108-108.
  • Boulanger-Rostowsky, L., Fayet, H., Ben Moussa, N., & Ferrandi, J. (2004). Dependence on zolpidem: A report of two cases: L'Encephale Vol 30(2) Mar-Apr 2004, 153-155.
  • Bourin, M., & Dhonnchadha, B. A. N. (2001). Psychopharmacology of hypnotics: Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni Vol 11(2) 2001, 124-131.
  • Bourin, M., & Malinge, M. (1996). A new design of trial for hypnotics comparison: A double-blind cross-over trial with patient's preference assessment and continuation of the preferred treatment: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 20(3) Apr 1996, 373-385.
  • Bowery, N. G., & Dray, A. (1978). Reversal of the action of amino acid antagonists by barbiturates and other hypnotic drugs: British Journal of Pharmacology Vol 63(1) May 1978, 197-215.
  • Boyle, J., Trick, L., Johnsen, S., Roach, J., & Rubens, R. (2008). Next-day cognition, psychomotor function, and driving-related skills following nighttime administration of eszopiclone: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 23(5) Jul 2008, 385-397.
  • Braga, J. C. (1975). Dependence on methaqualone-diphenhydramine: Report of four cases: Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria Vol 33(3) Sep 1975, 261-267.
  • Briard-Luginbuhl, V., & Lepine, J. P. (1999). Anxiolytics and hypnotics use by psychiatric in-patients' children: Preliminary study: L'Encephale Vol 25(2) Mar-Apr 1999, 118-121.
  • Brown, C. R., Shroff, P., & Forrest, W. H. (1972). Relative potency of trichlorofos compared to pentobarbital as a hypnotic: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & New Drugs Vol 12(8-9) Aug 1972, 306-312.
  • Brownlee, K., Devins, G. M., Flanigan, M., Fleming, J. A. E., Morehouse, R., Moscovitch, A., et al. (2003). Are there gender differences in the prescribing of hypnotic medications for insomnia? : Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 18(1) Jan 2003, 69-73.
  • Brunner, D. P., Dijk, D.-J., Munch, M., & Borbely, A. A. (1991). Effect of zolpidem on sleep and sleep EEG spectra in healthy young men: Psychopharmacology Vol 104(1) May 1991, 1-5.
  • Burroughs, A. K., Morgan, M. Y., & Sherlock, S. (1985). Double-blind controlled trial of bromocriptine, chlordiazepoxide and chlormethiazole for alcohol withdrawal symptoms: Alcohol and Alcoholism Vol 20(3) 1985, 263-271.
  • Buser, P., Lamarche, M., & Hossmann, K. A. (1971). Effects of electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex on the startle pattern of the chloralosed cat: Archives Italiennes de Biologie Vol 109(4) Dec 1971, 397-416.
  • Busto, U. E., & Sellers, E. M. (1991). Anxiolytics and sedative/hypnotics dependence: British Journal of Addiction Vol 86(12) Dec 1991, 1647-1652.
  • Buysse, D., & Ganguli, M. (2002). Can sleep be bad for you? Can insomnia be good? : Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 59(2) Feb 2002, 137-138.
  • Caldwell, J. A., Jr., & Caldwell, J. L. (1998). Comparison of the effects of zolpidem-induced prophylactic naps to placebo naps and forced rest periods in prolonged work schedules: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 21(1) 1998, 79-90.
  • Caldwell, J. L., Prazinko, B. F., Rowe, T., Norman, D., Hall, K. K., & Caldwell, J. A. (2003). Improving daytime sleep with temazepam as a countermeasure for shift lag: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 74(2) Feb 2003, 153-163.
  • Cascade, E. F., Kalali, A. H., & Reites, J. (2007). Trend watch: Current status of hypnotic prescribing habits in the United States: Psychiatry Vol 4(9) Sep 2007, 24.
  • Caswell, L., Hoosen, I., Vassilas, C. A., & Haque, S. (2006). Reducing hypnotic use on two older adult functional wards: An effective audit? : Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 30(3) Mar 2006, 95-97.
  • Chapman, J. B., Lehman, C. L., Elliott, J., & Clark, J. D. (2006). Sleep Quality and the Role of Sleep Medications for Veterans with Chronic Pain: Pain Medicine Vol 7(2) Mar 2006, 105-114.
  • Chatwin, J. C., & Johns, W. L. (1977). Triazolam: An effective hypnotic in general practice: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 21(2) Feb 1977, 207-214.
  • Chen, H. Y., Kuo, T. B. J., Shaw, F.-Z., Lai, C. J., & Yang, C. C. H. (2005). Sleep-related vagotonic effect of zolpidem in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 181(2) Sep 2005, 270-279.
  • Chung, K. F., & Lee, C. K. Y. (2002). Over-the-counter sleeping pills: A survey of use in Hong Kong and a review of their constituents: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 24(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 430-435.
  • Church, M. W., & Johnson, L. C. (1979). Mood and performance of poor sleepers during repeated use of flurazepam: Psychopharmacology Vol 61(3) 1979, 309-316.
  • Chweh, A. Y., Yung Bor, L., & Swinyard, E. A. (1984). Hypnotic action of benzodiazepines: A possible mechanism: Life Sciences Vol 34(18) Apr 1984, 1763-1768.
  • Cibeira, J. B., & Buzzi, A. (1966). Treatment of insomnia with a new derivative of benzodiapezine, Ro. 4-5260: Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina 12(1) 1966, 33-38.
  • Clayton, A. B. (1976). The effects of psychotropic drugs upon driving-related skills: Human Factors Vol 18(3) Jun 1976, 241-252.
  • Cluydts, R. (2004). Zolpidem 'As Needed': A New Treatment Paradigm: CNS Drugs Vol 18(Suppl1) 2004, 41.
  • Cluydts, R. (2004). Zolpidem 'As Needed': Methodological Issues and Clinical Findings: CNS Drugs Vol 18(Suppl1) 2004, 25-33.
  • Cluydts, R., De Roeck, J., Cosyns, P., & Lacante, P. (1995). Antagonizing the effects of experimentally induced sleep disturbance in healthy volunteers by lormetazepam and zolpidem: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 15(2) Apr 1995, 132-137.
  • Cobb, L. A., Ripley, H. S., & Jones, J. W. (1973). Free fatty acid mobilization during suggestion of exercise and stress using hypnosis and sodium amytal: Psychosomatic Medicine Vol 35(5) Sep 1973, 367-374.
  • Cohen, C., & Sanger, D. J. (1994). Effects of chronic treatment with triazolam on operant responding in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 49(3) Nov 1994, 455-461.
  • Cohn, J. B. (1984). Double-blind crossover comparison of triazolam and lorazepam in the posthypnotic state: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 45(3) Mar 1984, 104-107.
  • Colman, I., Wadsworth, M. E. J., Croudace, T. J., & Jones, P. B. (2006). Three decades of antidepressant, anxiolytic and hypnotic use in a national population birth cohort: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 189(2) Aug 2006, 156-160.
  • Cooper, T. V., Lichstein, K. L., & Aguillard, R. N. (2003). Hypnotic dependent insomnia in an older adult with addiction-prone personality: Clinical Case Studies Vol 2(4) Oct 2003, 247-258.
  • Cotroneo, A., Gareri, P., Nicoletti, N., Lacava, R., Grassone, D., Maina, E., et al. (2007). Effectiveness and safety of hypnotic drugs in the treatment of insomnia in over 70-year old people: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol 44(Suppl 1) 2007, 121-124.
  • Cousens, K., & DiMascio, A. (1973). (-)D9THC as an hypnotic: An experimental study of three dose levels: Psychopharmacologia Vol 33(4) 1973, 355-364.
  • Cowen, P. J., Green, A. R., Nutt, D. J., & Martin, I. L. (1981). Ethyl !b-carboline carboxylate lowers seizure threshold and antagonizes flurazepam-induced sedation in rats: Nature Vol 290(5801) Mar 1981, 54-55.
  • Cravens, D. (2003). What is the best hypnotic for use in the elderly? : The Journal of Family Practice Vol 52(12) Dec 2003, 976-978.
  • Cremniter, D., Guelfi, J. D., & Fermanian, J. (1986). General practitioners' follow-up of a group of 128 depressed patients undergoing treatment: Psychiatrie & Psychobiologie Vol 1(2) Jun 1986, 162-168.
  • Crispin, A., & Crommen, A. M. (1976). A progress in electroconvulsive therapy: The non-barbiturate anesthaetic drug etomidate: Acta Psychiatrica Belgica Vol 76(4) Jul-Aug 1976, 678-687.
  • Cross, A. J., Snape, M. F., & Green, A. R. (1993). Chlormethiazole antagonises seizures induced by N-methyl-DL-aspartate without interacting with the NMDA receptor complex: Psychopharmacology Vol 112(4) Oct 1993, 403-406.
  • Cubala, W. J., & Landowski, J. (2007). Seizure following sudden zolpidem withdrawal: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 31(2) Mar 2007, 539-540.
  • Daderman, A. M., & Lidberg, L. (1999). Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) abuse in combination with alcohol causes premeditated grievous violence in male juvenile offenders: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 27(1) 1999, 83-99.
  • Dahl, L. E., Dencker, S. J., Lundin, L., & Kullingsjo, H. (1982). Comparison of nitrazepam with triazolam in insomniac outpatients: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 65(2) Feb 1982, 86-92.
  • Dahlgren, L. A., Kurtz, R. M., Strube, M. J., & Malone, M. D. (1995). Differential effects of hypnotic suggestion on multiple dimensions of pain: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 10(6) Aug 1995, 464-470.
  • Darcourt, G., Pringuey, D., Salliere, D., & Lavoisy, J. (1999). The safety and tolerability of zolpidem--An update: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 13(1) 1999, 81-93.
  • Dasberg, H. H. (1975). Effects and plasma levels of N-desmethyldiazepam after oral administration in normal volunteers: Psychopharmacologia Vol 43(2) 1975, 191-198.
  • Daurat, A., Benoit, O., & Buguet, A. (2000). Effects of zopiclone on the rest/activity rhythm after a westward flight across five time zones: Psychopharmacology Vol 149(3) Apr 2000, 241-245.
  • David, J., Grewal, R. S., & Wagle, G. P. (1974). Persistent electroencephalographic changes in rhesus monkeys after single doses of pentobarbital, nitrazepam and imipramine: Psychopharmacologia Vol 35(1) 1974, 61-75.
  • Davidson, J. R. (2008). Insomnia: Therapeutic options for women: Sleep Medicine Clinics Vol 3(1) Mar 2008, 109-119.
  • Davies, D. R. (1991). A comparison of hypnotic and non-hypnotic users in the group therapy of insomnia: Behavioural Psychotherapy Vol 19(2) 1991, 193-204.
  • de Araujo Carlini, E. L., Galduroz, J. C. F., & Nappo, S. A. (2004). Evaluation of efficacy and safety of zolpiden in patients with occasional, transitory or chronic insomnia: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 53(5) Sep-Oct 2004, 271-279.
  • de Fiebre, N. C., Marley, R. J., Wehner, J. M., & Collins, A. C. (1992). Lipid solubility of sedative-hypnotic drugs influences hypothermic and hypnotic responses of long-sleep and short-sleep mice: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 263(1) Oct 1992, 232-240.
  • de Haas, S., Dingemanse, J., Hoever, P., Cohen, A., & van Gerven, J. (2007). Pseudohallucinations after zolpidem intake: A case report: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 27(6) Dec 2007, 728-730.
  • De Saint Hilaire, Z., & Gaillard, J.-M. (1996). Possible involvement of alpha -sub-2-adrenoceptor on the hypnotic action of flunitrazepam: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 53(1) Jan 1996, 1-4.
  • de Saint Hilaire-Kafi, Z., Vallet, P. G., & Gaillard, J. M. (1991). Hypnotic action of flunitrazepam is reversed by proglumide in rats: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 15(6) 1991, 817-823.
  • de Wit, H., & Griffiths, R. R. (1991). Testing the abuse liability of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs in humans: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 28(1) Jun 1991, 83-111.
  • Declerck, A. C., Ruwe, F., O'Hanlon, J. F., & Wauquier, A. (1992). Effects of zolpidem and flunitrazepam on nocturnal sleep of women subjectively complaining of insomnia: Psychopharmacology Vol 106(4) Apr 1992, 497-501.
  • Declerck, A. C., Ruwe, F., O'Hanlon, J. F., & Wauquier, A. (1992). "Effects of zolpidem and flunitrazepam on nocturnal sleep of women subjectively complaining of insomnia": Erratum: Psychopharmacology Vol 109(1-2) Oct 1992, 254.
  • DeClerk, A. C., & Bisserbe, J. C. (1997). Short-term safety profile of zolpidem: Objective measures of cognitive effects: European Psychiatry Vol 12(1) 1997, 15s-20s.
  • Dehlin, O. (1986). Hypnotic effect of chlormethiazole in geriatric patients during long-term treatment: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 112-115.
  • Dehlin, O., & Bjornson, G. (1983). Triazolam as a hypnotic for geriatric patients: A double-blind cross-over comparison of nitrazepam and triazolam regarding effects on sleep and psychomotor performance: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 67(5) May 1983, 290-296.
  • Dehlin, O., & et al. (1982). Zopiclone to geriatric patients: A parallel double-blind dose-response clinical trial of zopiclone as a hypnotic to geriatric patients: A study in a geriatric hospital: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 173-178.
  • Dement, W. C. (1982). Rational basis for the use of sleeping pills: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 3-38.
  • Dement, W. C. (1991). Objective measurements of daytime sleepiness and performance comparing quazepam with flurazepam in two adult populations using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Sep 1991, 31-37.
  • Dement, W. C. (1992). The proper use of sleeping pills in the primary care setting: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 53(12, Suppl) Dec 1992, 50-56.
  • Demerdash, A. M., Mizaal, H., el Farouki, S., & el Mossalem, H. (1981). Some behavioural and psychosocial aspects of alcohol and drug dependence in Kuwait Psychiatric Hospital: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 63(2) Feb 1981, 173-185.
  • Demotes-Mainard, J., Philip, P., Jalfre, M., & Vincent, J. D. (1990). Cerebral electrotherapy for hypnotic drug withdrawal: L'Encephale Vol 16(4) Jul-Aug 1990, 265-267.
  • Depoortere, H., Decobert, M., Granger, P., & Riou-Merle, F. (1986). Hypnotics: Clinical value of pharmaco-EEG methods: Neuropsychobiology Vol 16(2-3) 1986, 157-162.
  • Depoortere, H., Zivkovic, B., Lloyd, K. G., Sanger, D. J., & et al. (1986). Zolpidem, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic: I. Neuropharmacological and behavioral effects: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 237(2) May 1986, 649-658.
  • Devi, K. P., Sreepriya, M., Devaki, T., & Balakrishna, K. (2003). Antinociceptive and hypnotic effects of Premna tomentosa L. (Verbenaceae) in experimental animals: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 75(2) May 2003, 261-264.
  • Devins, G. M., Flanigan, M., Fleming, J. A. E., Morehouse, R., & et al. (1995). Differential illness intrusiveness associated with sleep-promoting medications: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 153s-159s.
  • Di Perri, R., & Meduri, M. (1972). Nocturnal enuresis: Further data for the instrumental diagnosis: Acta Neurologica Vol 27(1) Jan 1972, 22-27.
  • Dick, P., Grandjean, M. E., & Tissot, R. (1983). Successful treatment of withdrawal symptoms with delta sleep-inducing peptide, a neuropeptide with potential agonistic activity on opiate receptors: Neuropsychobiology Vol 10(4) 1983, 205-208.
  • Dieperink, M. E., & Drogemuller, L. (1999). Zolpidem for insomnia related to PTSD: Psychiatric Services Vol 50(3) Mar 1999, 421.
  • Dingemanse, J., Pedrazzetti, E., & van Giersbergen, P. L. M. (2001). Multiple-dose tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of the quinolizinone hypnotic Ro 41-3696 in elderly subjects: Clinical Neuropharmacology Vol 24(2) Mar-Apr 2001, 82-90.
  • Dixon, S., Morgan, K., Mathers, N., Thompson, J., & Tomeny, M. (2006). Impact of cognitive behavior therapy on health-related quality of life among adult hypnotic users with chronic insomnia: Behavioral Sleep Medicine Vol 4(2) Mar 2006, 71-84.
  • Djezzar, S., Dugarin, J., & Dally, S. (2006). Zolpidem and Dextromoramide Abuse with Increased Metabolism: The American Journal on Addictions Vol 15(5) Sep-Oct 2006, 405-406.
  • Doble, A., Canton, T., Malgouris, C., & Stutzmann, J. M. (1995). The mechanism of action of zopiclone: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 117s-128s.
  • Dockhorn, R. J., & Dockhorn, D. W. (1996). Zolpidem in the treatment of short-term insomnia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial: Clinical Neuropharmacology Vol 19(4) Aug 1996, 333-340.
  • Dominguez, R. A., Bravo-Valverde, R. L., Kaplowitz, B. R., & Cott, J. M. (2000). Valerian as a hypnotic for Hispanic patients: Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology Vol 6(1) Feb 2000, 84-92.
  • Dominguez, R. A., Jacobson, A. F., Goldstein, B. J., & Steinbook, R. M. (1983). A crossover comparison of brotizolam and temazepam in the treatment of insomnia: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 33(3, Sect 1) Mar 1983, 372-379.
  • Dorian, P., Sellers, E. M., Kaplan, H., & Hamilton, C. (1982). Evaluation of zopiclone physical dependence liability in normal volunteers: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 228-234.
  • Drasbek, K. R., Hoestgaard-Jensen, K., & Jensen, K. (2007). Modulation of extrasynaptic THIP conductances by GABA-sub(A)-receptor modulators in mouse neocortex: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 97(3) Mar 2007, 2293-2300.
  • Drasbek, K. R., & Jensen, K. (2006). THIP, a Hypnotic and Antinociceptive Drug, Enhances an Extrasynaptic GABA-sub(A) Receptor-mediated Conductance in Mouse Neocortex: Cerebral Cortex Vol 16(8) Aug 2006, 1134-1141.
  • Drover, D., Lemmens, H., Naidu, S., Cevallos, W., Darwish, M., & Stanski, D. (2000). Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and relative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of zaleplon and zolpidem: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 22(12) Dec 2000, 1443-1461.
  • Drucker-Colin, R. R., & Giacobini, E. (1975). Sleep-inducing effect of piperidine: Brain Research Vol 88(1) 1975, 186-189.
  • Dujardin, K., Guieu, J. D., Leconte-Lambert, C., Leconte, P., Borderies, P., & de la Giclais, B. (1998). Comparison of the effects of zolpidem and flunitrazepam on sleep structure and daytime cognitive functions: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 31(1) Jan 1998, 14-18.
  • Dundar, Y., Dodd, S., Strobl, J., Boland, A., Dickson, R., & Walley, T. (2004). Comparative efficacy of newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 19(5) Jul 2004, 305-322.
  • Duran, E., Schilkrut, R., Ercilla, R., & Birkner, R. (1980). Flunitrazepam in electroconvulsive therapy: Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina Vol 26(4) Dec 1980, 300-307.
  • Dysken, M. W., Kooser, J. A., Haraszti, J. S., & Davis, J. M. (1979). Clinical usefulness of sodium amobarbital interviewing: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 36(7) Jul 1979, 789-794.
  • Edgar, D. M., Seidel, W. F., Gee, K. W., Lan, N. C., Field, G., Xia, H., et al. (1997). CCD-3693: An orally bioavailable analog of the endogenous neuroactive steroid, pregnanolone, demonstrates potent sedative hypnotic actions in the rat: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 282(1) Jul 1997, 420-429.
  • Ekman, A., Flink, R., Sundman, E., Eriksson, L. I., Brudin, L., & Sandin, R. (2007). Neuromuscular block and the electroencephalogram during sevoflurane anaesthesia: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 18(17) Nov 2007, 1817-1820.
  • Elie, R., & Deschenes, J.-P. (1982). Efficacy and tolerance of zopiclone in insomniac geriatric patients: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 179-187.
  • Elie, R., Ruther, E., Farr, I., Emilien, G., & Salinas, E. (1999). Sleep latency is shortened during 4 weeks of treatment with zaleplon, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 60(8) Aug 1999, 536-544.
  • Ellingsen, A. (1983). Double-blind trial of triazolam 0.5 mg vs. nitrazepam 5 mg in outpatients: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 67(3) Mar 1983, 154-158.
  • Emre, M., Walser, H., & Baumgartner, G. (1985). Non-convulsive status epilepticus after abrupt withdrawal of hypnotic-sedative drugs: European Archives of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences Vol 235(1) Aug 1985, 21-25.
  • Engfer, A. (2002). "Epidemiological evidence for a low abuse potential of Zolpidem": Comment: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 35(2) Mar 2002, 81.
  • Erman, M. K. (2005). Symposium Monograph Supplement: Application of Modified-Release Hypnotics: CNS Spectrums Vol 10(8) Aug 2005, 10-11.
  • Evans, S. M., Critchfield, T. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (1991). Abuse liability assessment of anxiolytics/hypnotics: Rationale and laboratory lore: British Journal of Addiction Vol 86(12) Dec 1991, 1625-1632.
  • Evans, S. M., Funderburk, F. R., & Griffiths, R. R. (1990). Zolpidem and triazolam in humans: Behavioral and subjective effects and abuse liability: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 255(3) Dec 1990, 1246-1255.
  • Fabre, L. F., & et al. (1977). Pilot open-label study of triazolam in the treatment of insomnia following alcohol withdrawal: Journal of Studies on Alcohol Vol 38(11) Nov 1977, 2188-2192.
  • Fabre, L. F., Gross, L., Pasigajen, V., & Metzler, C. (1977). Multiclinic double-blind comparison of triazolam and flurazepam for seven nights in outpatients with insomnia: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 17(7) Jul 1977, 402-409.
  • Fabre, L. F., & Harris, R. T. (1974). Pilot open-label study on U-31,889 in anxious in-patients: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 16(9) Sep 1974, 1010-1013.
  • Fabre, L. F., & Smith, W. T. (1977). Multi-clinic cross-over comparison of triazolam (Halcion ) and placebo in the treatment of co-existing insomnia and anxiety in anxious out-patients: Diseases of the Nervous System Vol 38(6) Jun 1977, 487-491.
  • Fahey, J. M., Grassi, J. M., Reddi, J. M., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2006). Acute zolpidem administration produces pharmacodynamic and receptor occupancy changes at similar doses: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 83(1) Jan 2006, 21-27.
  • Fayat-Picard, J., Gardes, J.-P., Loustalan, J. M., & Gayral, L. F. (1984). A comparative study of two hypnotics, flunitrazepam and triazolam, in sleep: On psychometric evaluation and pharmacokinetic correlation: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 142(5) May 1984, 688-695.
  • Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Riemann, D., Hohagen, F., & Berger, M. (1999). Independent sleep EEG slow-wave and spindle band dynamics associated with 4 weeks of continuous application of short-half-life hypnotics in healthy subjects: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 110(11) Nov 1999, 1965-1974.
  • Feinberg, I., Maloney, T., & Campbell, I. G. (2000). Effects of hypnotics on the sleep EEG of healthy young adults: New data and psychpharmacologic implications: Journal of Psychiatric Research Vol 34(6) Nov-Dec 2000, 423-438.
  • Fernandez, S., Wasowski, C., Paladini, A. C., & Marder, M. (2004). Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 77(2) Feb 2004, 399-404.
  • Fernandez-Guardiola, A., & et al. (1972). Polygraphic study in man to differentiate sleep-inducing action of hypnotics: Psychopharmacologia Vol 26(3) 1972, 285-295.
  • Ferrara, N., & et al. (1985). Comparison between brotizolam and nitrazepam in geriatric patients: Randomized and cross-over double-blind clinical study: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 37(2) Feb 1985, 295-308.
  • Ferreira, W. T. (1984). Multicenter study of a new hypnotic benzodiazepine: Estazolam in insomnia: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 33(1) Feb 1984, 48-55.
  • Feshchecnko, V. A., Veselis, R. A., & Reinsel, R. A. (2004). Propofol-induced alpha rhythm: Neuropsychobiology Vol 50(3) 2004, 257-266.
  • Feuerlein, W., & Reiser, E. (1986). Parameters affecting the course and results of delirium tremens treatment: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 120-123.
  • Firth, H. (1974). Sleeping pills and dream content: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 124 Jun 1974, 547-553.
  • Fisher, S. P., Davidson, K., Kulla, A., & Sugden, D. (2008). Acute sleep-promoting action of the melatonin agonist, ramelteon, in the rat: Journal of Pineal Research: Molecular, Biological, Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Melatonin Vol 45(2) Sep 2008, 125-132.
  • Fitten, L. J., Profita, J., & Bidder, T. G. (1985). {l}-Tryptophan as a hypnotic in special patients: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 33(4) Apr 1985, 294-297.
  • Fleming, J. A., McClure, D. J., Mayes, C., Phillips, R., & et al. (1990). A comparison of the efficacy, safety and withdrawal effects of zopiclone and triazolam in the treatment of insomnia: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 5(Suppl 2) Apr 1990, 29-37.
  • Flynn, A., & Cox, D. (2006). Dependence on Zopiclone: Addiction Vol 101(6) Jun 2006, 898.
  • Fondarai, J., Lokede, I., & Patay, M. (1990). Withdrawal from hypnotics in chronic users: A reasonable project: Psychologie Medicale Vol 22(13) Nov 1990, 1405-1419.
  • Fontaine, R., Beaudry, P., le Morvan, P., Beauclair, L., & et al. (1990). Zopiclone and triazolam in insomnia associated with generalized anxiety disorder: A placebo-controlled evaluation of efficacy and daytime anxiety: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 5(3) Jul 1990, 173-183.
  • Fontana, D. J., McMiller, L. V., Jr., & Commissaris, R. L. (1999). Depletion of brain norepinephrine: Differential influence on anxiolyic treatment effects: Psychopharmacology Vol 143(2) Apr 1999, 197-208.
  • Forst, J. D., Carrie, J. R., Borda, R. P., & Kellaway, P. (1973). The effects of dalmane (flurazepam hydrochloride) on human EEG characteristics: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 34(2) Feb 1973, 171-175.
  • Fossen, A., Godlibsen, O. B., Loyning, Y., & Dreyfus, J. F. (1982). Effects of hypnotics on memory: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 116-126.
  • Freemon, F. R., Al-Marashi, M. S., & Lee, J. C. (1977). The effect of a new benzodiazepine on the polygraphically monitored sleep of normal volunteers: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 17(7) Jul 1977, 398-401.
  • Freudenreich, O., & Menza, M. (2000). Zolpidem-related delirium: A case report: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 61(6) Jun 2000, 449-450.
  • Friedman, G. D. (2008). Hypnotics and skin cancer: Hint at drug carcinogenesis, coincidence, or benefit of more sleep? : Journal of Sleep Research Vol 17(3) Sep 2008, 243-244.
  • Fry, J., Scharf, M., Mangano, R., & Fujimori, M. (2000). Zaleplon improves sleep without producing rebound effects in outpatients with insomnia: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 15(3) May 2000, 141-152.
  • Gafni, I., Busto, U. E., Tyndale, R. F., Kaplan, H. L., & Sellers, E. M. (2003). The role of cytochrome P450 2C19 activity in flunitrazepam metabolism in vivo: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 23(2) Apr 2003, 169-175.
  • Gaillard, J.-M., & Phelippeau, M. (1976). Benzodiazepine-induced modifications of dream content: The effect of flunitrazepam: Neuropsychobiology Vol 2(1) 1976, 37-44.
  • Gaillard, J.-M., & Tissot, R. (1975). EEG sleep studies of insomniacs under flunitrazepam treatment: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 10(4) 1975, 199-207.
  • Gautheir, P., Arnaud, C., Stutzmann, J. M., & Gottesmann, C. (1997). Influence of zopiclone, a new generation hypnotic, on the intermediate stage and paradoxical sleep in the rat: Psychopharmacology Vol 130(2) Mar 1997, 139-143.
  • Gigli, G. L., Moroni, M., Visani, L., & Lugaresi, E. (1991). A pharmacoepidemiologic Italian multicenter study on the treatment of unselected insomniac patients with brotizolam: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 50(5) Nov 1991, 652-666.
  • Gilleard, C. J., Smits, C., & Morgan, K. (1984). Changes in hypnotic usage in residential homes for the elderly: A longitudinal study: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol 3(3) Oct 1984, 223-228.
  • Gillin, J. C., Buchsbaum, M. S., Valladares-Neto, D. C., Hong, C. C.-H., & et al. (1996). Effects of zolpidem on local cerebral glucose metabolism during non-REM sleep in normal volunteers: A positron emission tomography study: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 15(3) Sep 1996, 302-313.
  • Gillin, J. C., Spinweber, C. L., & Johnson, L. C. (1989). Rebound insomnia: A critical review: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 9(3) Jun 1989, 161-172.
  • Ginsberg, D. L. (2003). Zolpidem improvement of cognition in dementia: Primary Psychiatry Vol 10(3) Mar 2003, 22-23.
  • Ginsberg, D. L. (2005). Symposium Monograph Supplement: The Role of Modified-Release Formulations in Hypnotic Therapy for Insomnia: CNS Spectrums Vol 10(8) Aug 2005, 1-2.
  • Glass, J., Lanctot, K. L., Herrmann, N., Sproule, B. A., & Busto, U. E. (2005). Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: Meta-analysis of risks and benefits: BMJ: British Medical Journal Vol 331(7526) Nov 2005, 1169.
  • Glass, J. D., & Fromm, G. H. (1975). Chloralose induced alteration of visually evoked response from specific and non-specific regions of cat neocortex: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 39(2) Aug 1975, 198-200.
  • Glass, J. R., Sproule, B. A., Herrmann, N., Streiner, D., & Busto, U. E. (2003). Acute pharmacological effects of temazepam, diphenhydramine, and valerian in healthy elderly subjects: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 23(3) Jun 2003, 260-268.
  • Glenn, M. B. (1996). Zolpidem for the treatment of insomnia: Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation Vol 11(2) Apr 1996, 96-98.
  • Golden, S. A., & Vagnoni, C. (2000). Zolpidem dependence and prescription fraud: The American Journal on Addictions Vol 9(1) Win 2000, 96-97.
  • Goldenberg, F., Hindmarch, I., Joyce, C. R. B., Le Gal, M., & et al. (1994). Zopiclone, sleep and health-related quality of life: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 9(4) Jul-Aug 1994, 245-251.
  • Gordon, H. W., & Bogen, J. E. (1974). Hemispheric lateralization of singing after intracarotid sodium amylobarbitone: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol 37(6) Jun 1974, 727-738.
  • Gorenstein, C., Garcia, T. G., & Filho, V. G. (1985). Pharmacokinetic considerations about benzodiazepine hypnotics: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 34(4) Jul-Aug 1985, 229-236.
  • Gottschalk, L. A., & Elliott, H. W. (1976). Effects of triazolam and flurazepam on emotions and intellectual function: Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior Vol 1(5-6) 1976, 575-595.
  • Graham, K., & Vidal-Zeballos, D. (1998). Analyses of use of tranquilizers and sleeping pills across five surveys of the same population (1985-1991): The relationship with gender, age and use of other substances: Social Science & Medicine Vol 46(3) Feb 1998, 381-395.
  • Greenberg, L., Boccio, R., & Fink, M. (1989). A comparison of etomidate and methohexital anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 1(1) Mar 1989, 39-42.
  • Greenblatt, D. J. (1991). Benzodiazepine hypnotics: Sorting the pharmacokinetic facts: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Sep 1991, 4-10.
  • Greenblatt, D. J. (1992). Pharmacology of benzodiazepine hypnotics: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 53(6, Suppl) Jun 1992, 7-13.
  • Greenblatt, D. J., Harmatz, J. S., Engelhardt, N., & Shader, R. I. (1989). Pharmacokinetic determinants of dynamic differences among three benzodiazepine hypnotics: Flurazepam, temazepam, and triazolam: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 46(4) Apr 1989, 326-332.
  • Greenblatt, D. J., Shader, R. I., Divoll, M., & Harmatz, J. S. (1984). Adverse reactions to triazolam, flurazepam, and placebo in controlled clinical trials: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 45(5) May 1984, 192-195.
  • Gregor, K. J., Riley, J. A., & Downing, D. K. (1996). Concomitant use of anxiolytics and hypnotics with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 18(3) May-Jun 1996, 521-527.
  • Griebel, G., Perrault, G., & Sanger, D. J. (1998). Limited anxiolytic-like effects of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in rodents: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 12(4) 1998, 356-365.
  • Griffiths, R. R., Sannerud, C. A., Ator, N. A., Brady, J. V., & et al. (1992). Zolpidem behavioral pharmacology in baboons: Self-injection, discrimination, tolerance and withdrawal: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 260(3) Mar 1992, 1199-1208.
  • Grimaldi, D., Provini, F., Vetrugno, R., Antelmi, E., Donadio, V., Liguori, R., et al. (2008). Idiopathic central sleep apnoea syndrome treated with zolpidem: Neurological Sciences Vol 29(5) Oct 2008, 355-358.
  • Groce, J. B., Mize, C. M., & Nance, J. E. (1994). Anxiolytic and sedative/hypnotic unnecessary drug use evaluation: Journal of Geriatric Drug Therapy Vol 8(4) 1994, 73-82.
  • Gross, A., & Soyka, M. (1996). Clomethiazole treatment of alcohol withdrawal delirium in a patient under methadone maintenance: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 29(6) Nov 1996, 229-230.
  • Groves, P. M. (1979). Review of The sleeping pill: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 24 (5), May, 1979.
  • Guazzelli, M., Ciapparelli, A., Balsamo, E. L., Gemignani, A., & et al. (1993). Treatment of insomnia related to depressive disorders: Effects of zolpidem versus flunitrazepam administration and withdrawal evaluated in a double blind study: Minerva Psichiatrica Vol 34(3) Sep 1993, 193-203.
  • Gyermek, L. (1974). Benzodiazepines for supplementing steroid anesthesia: Life Sciences Vol 14(8) Apr 1974, 1433-1436.
  • Hajak, G., & Bandelow, B. (1998). Safety and tolerance of zolpidem in the treatment of disturbed sleep: A post-marketing surveillance of 16,944 cases: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 13(4) Jul 1998, 157-167.
  • Hajak, G., Bandelow, B., Zulley, J., & Pittrow, D. (2002). "As needed" pharmacotherapy combined with stimulus control treatment in chronic insomnia--Assessment of a novel intervention strategy in a primary care setting: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 14(1) Mar 2002, 1-7.
  • Hajak, G., Clarenbach, P., Fischer, W., Haase, W., & et al. (1994). Zopiclone improves sleep quality and daytime well-being in insomniac patients: Comparison with triazolam, flunitrazepam and placebo: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 9(4) Win 1994, 251-261.
  • Hajak, G., Clarenbach, P., Fischer, W., Haase, W., & et al. (1995). Effects of hypnotics on sleep quality and daytime well-being: Data from a comparative multicentre study in outpatients with insomnia: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 173s-179s.
  • Hajak, G., Clarenbach, P., Fischer, W., Rodenbeck, A., Bandelow, B., Broocks, A., et al. (1998). Rebound insomnia after hypnotic withdrawal in insomniac outpatients: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 248(3) 1998, 148-156.
  • Hajak, G., Cluydts, R., Allain, H., Estivill, E., Parrino, L., Terzano, M. G., et al. (2003). The challenge of chronic insomnia: Is non-nightly hypnotic treatment a feasible alternative? : European Psychiatry Vol 18(5) Aug 2003, 201-208.
  • Hajak, G., & Geisler, P. (2004). Experience with zolpidem 'as needed' in primary care settings: CNS Drugs Vol 18(Suppl1) 2004, 35-40.
  • Hajak, G., Muller, W. E., Wittchen, H. U., Pittrow, D., & Kirch, W. (2003). Abuse and dependence potential for the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zopiclone: A review of case reports and epidemiological data: Addiction Vol 98(10) Oct 2003, 1371-1378.
  • Hall, J. N. (1978). Relationship between locus of control and drug effects in users of narcotics, stimulants, hypnotic-sedatives, and hallucinogens: International Journal of the Addictions Vol 13(1) 1978, 143-147.
  • Halperin, J. M., Canon, J., & Iorio, L. C. (1986). Preclinical evaluation of behavioral deficits following hypnotic drug treatment: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 24(4) Apr 1986, 875-878.
  • Hardy, P., Payan, C., Bisserbe, J. C., Lepine, J. P., & Group, G. N. (1999). Anxiolytic and hypnotic use in 376 psychiatric inpatients: European Psychiatry Vol 14(1) Mar 1999, 25-32.
  • Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., & Foltin, R. W. (2003). Zolpidem-Related Effects on Performance and Mood During Simulated Night-Shift Work: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 11(4) Nov 2003, 259-268.
  • Hartelius, H., & et al. (1978). A controlled long-term study of flunitrazepam, nitrazepam and placebo, with special regard to withdrawal effects: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 58(1) Jul 1978, 1-15.
  • Hartley, L. R. (1983). Arousal, temporal, and spatial uncertainty and drug effects: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 7(1) 1983, 29-37.
  • Hartmann, E. (1977). L-tryptophane as an hypnotic agent: A review: Waking & Sleeping Vol 1(2) Apr 1977, 155-161.
  • Hauri, P. J. (1997). Can we mix behavioral therapy with hypnotics when treating insomniacs? : Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 20(12) Dec 1997, 1111-1118.
  • Haward, L. R. (1972). Barbiturate-induced hypnosis: A golden jubilee review: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society Vol 25(86) Jan 1972, 23-24.
  • Hawthorne, J. W., Zabora, J. R., & D'Lugoff, B. C. (1982). Out-patient detoxification of patients addicted to sedative-hypnotics and anxiolytics: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 9(2) Apr 1982, 143-151.
  • Hayakawa, T., Uchiyama, M., Enomoto, T., Nakajima, T., Kim, K., Shibui, K., et al. (2000). Effects of small dose of brotizolam on P300: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 54(3) Jun 2000, 319-320.
  • Hayner, G., Galloway, G., & Wiehl, W. O. (1993). Haight Ashbury Free Clinics' drug detoxification protocols: III: Benzodiazepines and other sedative-hypnotics: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs Vol 25(4) Oct-Dec 1993, 331-335.
  • Heap, M. (1993). Hypnotic and placebo analgesia: Doubts about the placebo concept: Contemporary Hypnosis Vol 10(3) 1993, 127-129.
  • Hedner, J., Yaeche, R., Emilien, G., Farr, I., Salinas, E., & Zaleplon Clinical Investigator Study, G. (2000). Zaleplon shortens subjective sleep latency and improves subjective sleep quality in elderly patients with insomnia: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 15(8) Aug 2000, 704-712.
  • Hemmeter, U., Muller, M., Bischof, R., Annen, B., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2000). Effect of zopiclone and temazepam on sleep EEG parameters, psychomotor and memory functions in healthy elderly volunteers: Psychopharmacology Vol 147(4) Jan 2000, 384-396.
  • Hesse, L. M., von Moltke, L. L., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2003). Clinically important drug interactions with zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon: CNS Drugs Vol 17(7) 2003, 513-532.
  • Heston, L. L., & Hastings, D. (1980). Psychosis with withdrawal from ethchlorvynol: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 137(2) Feb 1980, 249-250.
  • Heyer, E. J. (1996). Sedative-hypnotics. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Hicks, R. J. (1993). "Insomnia: Concerns of the family physician": Comment: The Journal of Family Practice Vol 37(5) Nov 1993, 429.
  • Higashima, M., Kinoshita, H., Yamaguchi, N., & Koshino, Y. (1997). Differences in enhancing effects of zolpidem and benzodiazepine drugs on recurrent inhibition in rat hippocampal slices: Psychopharmacology Vol 131(4) Jun 1997, 394-398.
  • Hilbert, J. M., & Battista, D. (1991). Quazepam and flurazepam: Differential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Sep 1991, 21-26.
  • Hindmarch, I. (1990). Immediate and overnight effects of zopiclone 7.5 mg and nitrazepam 5 mg with ethanol, on psychomotor performance and memory in healthy volunteers: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 5(Suppl 2) Apr 1990, 105-113.
  • Hindmarch, I. (1991). Residual effects of hypnotics: An update: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Jul 1991, 14-15.
  • Hindmarch, I. (1995). Effects of zopiclone on quality of life in insomnia: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 91s-94s.
  • Hindmarch, I., Patat, A., Stanley, N., Paty, I., & Rigney, U. (2001). Residual effects of zalepon and zolpidem following middle of the night administration five hours to one hour before awakening: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 16(2) Mar 2001, 159-167.
  • Hindmarch, I., Sherwood, N., & Kerr, J. S. (1993). Amnestic effects of triazolam and other hypnotics: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 17(3) May 1993, 407-413.
  • Hirshkowitz, M., Thornby, J. I., & Karacan, I. (1979). Sleep pharmacology and automated EEG analysis: Psychiatric Annals Vol 9(10) Oct 1979, 39-55.
  • Hjern, A. (2001). High use of sedatives and hypnotics in ethnic minorities in Sweden: Ethnicity & Health Vol 6(1) Feb 2001, 5-11.
  • Hodel, J. (1966). Valium: A hypnotranquilizer: Psychiatria et Neurologia 151(5) 1966, 259-275.
  • Hoes, M. J., Vree, T. B., & Guelen, P. J. (1980). Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic in man: L'Encephale Vol 6(1) 1980, 93-99.
  • Hoffmann, F., Glaeske, G., & Scharffetter, W. (2006). Increasing use of hypnotics obtained on private prescriptions in Germany: Sucht: Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaft und Praxis Vol 52(6) Dec 2006, 360-366.
  • Holden, J. D. (1994). Patients formerly prescribed triazolam: A study in general practice: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 11(3) Sep 1994, 120-122.
  • Hollister, L. E. (1994). New psychotherapeutic drugs: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 14(1) Feb 1994, 50-63.
  • Holm, L., Bergman, H., & Borg, S. (1980). Field dependence in patients with exclusive abuse of hypnotics or sedatives: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 50(3, Pt 1) Jun 1980, 987-992.
  • Holm, L., Bergman, H., & Borg, S. (1982). Personality characteristics of patients with exclusive abuse of sedative-hypnotic drugs: Psychological Reports Vol 51(3, Pt 1) Dec 1982, 899-903.
  • Holmes, A. L., Gilbert, S. S., & Dawson, D. (2002). Melatonin and Zopiclone: The Relationship Between Sleep Propensity and Body Temperature: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 25(3) May 2002, 301-306.
  • Homanics, G. E., Quinlan, J. J., & Firestone, L. L. (1999). Pharmacologic and behavioral responses of inbred C57BL/6J and strain 129/SvJ mouse lines: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 63(1) May 1999, 21-26.
  • Hommer, D. W. (1986). Hypnotics: Their Effects by Night and by Day: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 31 (2), Feb, 1986.
  • Hood, H. M., Metten, P., Crabbe, J. C., & Buck, K. J. (2006). Fine mapping of a sedative-hypnotic drug withdrawal locus on mouse chromosome 11: Genes, Brain & Behavior Vol 5(1) Feb 2006, 1-10.
  • Hornquist, J. O. (2002). "Sleep and hypnotic use in relation to perceived somatic and mental health among the elderly": Comment: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol 35(2) Sep-Oct 2002, 189-192.
  • Hosek, K., Bacikova, B., & Vinar, O. (1981). Patterns of psychotropic drug prescriptions in two psychiatric hospitals and two out-patient clinics: Activitas Nervosa Superior Vol 23(4) Dec 1981, 261-263.
  • Hoyler, C. L., Tekell, J. L., & Silva, J. A. (1996). Zolpidem-induced agitation and disorganization: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 18(6) Nov 1996, 452-453.
  • Hrbek, J., & et al. (1975). Acute effect of methaqualone (300 mg), glutethimide (250 mg) and cyclobarbital (200 mg) on verbal associations: Activitas Nervosa Superior Vol 17(4) 1975, 238-240.
  • Huang, W.-F., & Lai, I. C. (2005). Patterns of Sleep-Related Medications Prescribed to Elderly Outpatients with Insomnia in Taiwan: Drugs and Aging Vol 22(11) 2005, 957-965.
  • Huapaya, L. V. (1979). Seven cases of somnambulism induced by drugs: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 136(7) Jul 1979, 985-986.
  • Hubbard, B., & Kripke, D. F. (1976). Hypnotic and minor tranquilizer use among inpatients and after discharge: International Journal of the Addictions Vol 11(3) 1976, 403-408.
  • Huffmann, G., & Becker, T. (1986). The treatment of delirium tremens and of incomplete alcoholic delirium: A brief history: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 136-139.
  • Hyatt, M., Braun, N., Briscoe, G., & Dickson, L. (1993). The use of midazolam for hypnosedative interviews: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 15(4) Jul 1993, 260-262.
  • Idanpaan-Heikkila, J. (1985). Trends in utilizing hypnotics in various countries: Psychiatria Fennica Suppl 1985, 167-173.
  • Iliffe, S., Curran, H. V., Collins, R., Kee, S. C. Y., Fletcher, S., & Woods, B. (2004). Attitudes to long-term use of benzodiazepine hypnotics by older people in general practice: Findings from interviews with service users and providers: Aging & Mental Health Vol 8(3) May 2004, 242-248.
  • Ilivicky, H., Caroff, S. N., & Simone, A. F. (1995). Etomidate during ECT for elderly seizure-resistant patients: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 152(6) Jun 1995, 957-958.
  • Inanaga, K., Tanaka, M., & Mizuki, Y. (1982). Prediction of clinical efficacy of zopiclone by utilizing two psychophysiological tools in healthy volunteers: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 109-115.
  • Iruela, L. M. (1995). Zolpidem and sleepwalking: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 15(3) Jun 1995, 223.
  • Isoardi, N. A., Bertotto, M. E., Martijena, I. D., Molina, V. A., & Carrer, H. F. (2007). Lack of feedback inhibition on rat basolateral amygdala following stress or withdrawal from sedative-hypnotic drugs: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 26(4) Aug 2007, 1036-1044.
  • Isozaki, H., Tanaka, M., & Inanaga, K. (1976). Effect of a triazolobenzodiazepine derivative, estazolam, on all-night sleep pattern: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 20(4, Pt 2) Oct 1976, 493-509.
  • Ito, S.-U., Kanbayashi, T., Takemura, T., Kondo, H., Inomata, S., Szilagyi, G., et al. (2007). Acute effects of zolpidem on daytime alertness, psychomotor and physical performance: Neuroscience Research Vol 59(3) Nov 2007, 309-313.
  • Jackson, C. W., Pitner, J. K., & Mintzer, J. E. (1996). Zolpidem for the treatment of agitation in elderly demented patients: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 57(8) Aug 1996, 372-373.
  • Jackson, J. L., Louwerens, J. W., Cnossen, F., & de Jong, H. T. (1992). Testing the effects of the imidazopyridine zolpidem on memory: An ecologically valid approach: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 7(5) Sep-Oct 1992, 325-330.
  • Jackson, J. L., Louwerens, J. W., Cnossen, F., & de Jong, H. T. (1993). Testing the effects of hypnotics on memory via the telephone: Fact or fiction? : Psychopharmacology Vol 111(2) May 1993, 127-133.
  • Jaffe, J. H., Bloor, R., Crome, l., Carr, M., Alam, F., Simmons, A., et al. (2004). A postmarketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs: Addiction Vol 99(2) Feb 2004, 165-173.
  • Jambon, B., le Gal, M., & Pilate, C. (1995). Quality of life and insomnia validation study for a specifically designed questionnaire: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 87s-89s.
  • James, S. P., & Mendelson, W. B. (2004). The Use of Trazodone as a Hypnotic: A Critical Review: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 65(6) Jun 2004, 752-755.
  • Jana, A. K., Arora, M., Khess, C. R. J., & Praharaj, S. K. (2008). A case of zolpidem dependence successfully detoxified with clonazepam: The American Journal on Addictions Vol 17(4) Jul-Aug 2008, 343-344.
  • Jarbe, T. U. C., & Swedberg, M. D. B. (1998). Discriminative stimulus functions of CNS sedative drugs assessed by drug versus drug discrimination procedures in gerbils: Psychopharmacology Vol 135(2) Jan 1998, 201-212.
  • Jastreboff, P. J., & Tarnecki, R. (1975). Response of cat cerebellar vermis induced by sound: I. Influence of drugs on responses of single units: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 35(3) 1975, 209-216.
  • Jastreboff, P. J., & Tarnecki, R. (1975). Response of cat cerebellar vermis induced by sound: II. The role of the mossy & climbing fibers in acoustic transmission to the cerebellar cortex & influence of stimuli parameters: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 35(3) 1975, 217-225.
  • Jimenez, J. I. P., Romero, C. C., Dieguez, N. G., & Alino, J. J. L.-l. (2007). Pharmacological treatment of acute stress disorder with propranolol and hypnotics: Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria Vol 35(6) Nov-Dec 2007, 351-358.
  • Johnell, K., Merlo, J., Lynch, J., & Blennow, G. (2004). Neighbourhood social participation and women's use of anxiolytic-hypnotic drugs: A multilevel analysis: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health Vol 58(1) Jan 2004, 59-64.
  • Johnson, E. O., Roehrs, T., Roth, T., & Breslau, N. (1998). Epidemiology of alcohol and medication as aids to sleep in early adulthood: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 21(2) Mar 1998, 178-186.
  • Johnson, L. C., & Chernik, D. A. (1982). Sedative-hypnotics and human performance: Psychopharmacology Vol 76(2) Feb 1982, 101-113.
  • Johnson, M. W., Suess, P., & Griffiths, R. R. (2006). Ramelteon: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 63(10) Oct 2006, 1149-1157.
  • Jonas, J. M. (1992). Idiosyncratic side effects of short half-life benzodiazepine hypnotics: Fact or fancy? : Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 7(3) May-Jun 1992, 205-216.
  • Jonas, J. M., Coleman, B. S., Sheridan, A. Q., & Kalinske, R. W. (1992). Comparative clinical profiles of triazolam versus other shorter-acting hypnotics: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 53(12, Suppl) Dec 1992, 19-31.
  • Jovanovic, U. J., & Dreyfus, J. F. (1982). Polygraphical sleep recordings in insomniac patients under zopiclone or nitrazepam: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 136-145.
  • Julou, L., & et al. (1982). Pharmacological studies on Zopiclone: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 46-58.
  • Jus, K., & et al. (1979). The utilization of hypnotics in chronic schizophrenics: Some critical remarks: Biological Psychiatry Vol 14(6) Dec 1979, 955-960.
  • Kagan, F., & et al. (1975). Hypnotics: Methods of development and evaluation: (1975) Hypnotics: Methods of development and evaluation 432 pp Spectrum.
  • Kaijima, M., & et al. (1984). Hypnotic action of ethyl !b-carboline-3-carboxylate, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, in cats: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 58(3) Sep 1984, 277-281.
  • Kajimura, N., Kato, M., Okuma, T., & Onuma, T. (1994). Effects of zopiclone on sleep and symptoms in schizophrenia: Comparison with benzodiazepine hypnotics: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 18(3) May 1994, 477-490.
  • Kajimura, N., Kato, M., Okuma, T., Sekimoto, M., & et al. (1995). A quantitative sleep-EEG study on the effects of benzodiazepine and zopiclone in schizophrenic patients: Schizophrenia Research Vol 15(3) May 1995, 303-312.
  • Kajimura, N., Nishikawa, M., Uchiyama, M., Kato, M., Watanabe, T., Nakajima, T., et al. (2004). Deactivation by benzodiazepine of the basal forebrain and amygdala in normal humans during sleep: A placebo-controlled: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 161(4) Apr 2004, 748-751.
  • Kales, A., Bixler, E. O., Kales, J. D., & Scharf, M. B. (1977). Comparative effectiveness of nine hypnotic drugs: Sleep laboratory studies: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 17(4) Apr 1977, 207-213.
  • Kales, A., & et al. (1974). Chronic hypnotic-drug use: Ineffectiveness, drug-withdrawal insomnia, and dependence: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 227(5) Feb 1974, 513-517.
  • Kales, A., Soldatos, C. R., Bixler, E. O., & Kales, J. D. (1983). Early morning insomnia with rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines: Science Vol 220(4592) Apr 1983, 95-97.
  • Kaneita, Y., Uchiyama, M., Takemura, S., Yokoyama, E., Miyake, T., Harano, S., et al. (2007). Use of alcohol and hypnotic medication as aids to sleep among the Japanese general population: Sleep Medicine Vol 8(7-8) Nov 2007, 723-732.
  • Kanno, O., Sasaki, T., Watanabe, H., Takazawa, S., Nakagome, K., Nakajima, T., et al. (2000). Comparison of the effects of zolpidem and triazolam on nocturnal sleep and sleep latency in the morning: A cross-over study in healthy young volunteers: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 24(6) Aug 2000, 897-910.
  • Kanno, O., Watanabe, H., & Kazamatsuri, H. (1993). Effects of zopiclone, flunitrazepam, triazolam and levomepromazine on the transient change in sleep-wake schedule: Polygraphic study, and the evaluation of sleep and daytime condition: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 17(2) Mar 1993, 229-239.
  • Kanowski, S. (1986). Sleep disturbances and agitational states in the elderly: Therapeutic possibilities and limitations in West Germany: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 77-80.
  • Kao, C.-L., Huang, S.-C., Yang, Y.-J., & Tsai, S.-J. (2004). A Case of Parenteral Zolpidem Dependence With Opioid-Like Withdrawal Symptoms: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 65(9) Sep 2004, 1287.
  • Kasai, K., Yamada, H., Kamio, S., Nakagome, K., Iwanami, A., Fukuda, M., et al. (2002). Do high and low doses of anxiolytics and hypnotics affect mismatch negativity in schizophrenic subjects? An EEG ad MEG study: Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 113(1) Jan 2002, 141-150.
  • Kato, M., Kajimura, N., Okuma, T., Sekimoto, M., Watanabe, T., Yamadera, H., et al. (1999). Association between delta waves during sleep and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Pharmaco-EEG studies by using structurally different hypnotics: Neuropsychobiology Vol 39(3) Apr 1999, 165-172.
  • Kay, D. C., & Samiuddin, Z. (1988). Sleep disorders associated with drug abuse and drugs of abuse. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Kazarian, S. S., & et al. (1978). Effects of antianxiety agents on relaxation training: A preliminary investigation: The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des psychiatres du Canada Vol 23(6) Oct 1978, 389-394.
  • Kellner, C. H. (1997). Seizure interference by medications: How big a problem? : Convulsive Therapy Vol 13(1) Mar 1997, 1-3.
  • Kellner, R. (1975). Unwanted effects of minor tranqualizers and hypnotics: Psychiatric Annals Vol 5(11) Nov 1975, 43-49.
  • Kellner, R., Silverberg, L., Bennett, J., & Greensher, A. (1985). First-night effects of triazolam in insomnia: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 37(4) Apr 1985, 619-625.
  • Kerr, J. S., Dawe, R. A., Parkin, C., & Hindmarch, I. (1995). Zopiclone in elderly patients: Efficacy and safety: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 10(3) May-Jun 1995, 221-229.
  • Khadzhai, Y. I., & Nikolaeva, A. V. (1974). Features peculiar to the development of the somniferous effect of sodium amytal with its rectal administration: Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya Vol 37(3) 1974, 312-315.
  • Kim, Y.-d., Zhuang, H.-y., Tsutsumi, M., Okabe, A., & et al. (1993). Comparison of the effect of zopiclone and brotizolam on sleep EEG by quantitative evaluation in healthy young women: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 16(7) Oct 1993, 655-661.
  • Kimura, T., Watanabe, K., Yamamoto, I., Honda, K., & et al. (1993). Sleep promoting effects of N-3-benzyluridine in unrestrained rats: Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior Vol 18(3-4) 1993, 111-119.
  • Kirkwood, C., Neill, J., & Breden, E. (2007). Zolpidem modified-release in insomnia: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Vol 3(5) 2007, 521-526.
  • Kirsch, I., & Baker, S. L. (1993). Clinical implications of expectancy research: Activating placebo effects without deception: Contemporary Hypnosis Vol 10(3) 1993, 130-132.
  • Koella, W. P. (1982). Developing new neuropsychotropic drugs: Focus on hypnotics: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 6(4-6) 1982, 623-629.
  • Koen, L. (2003). Current issues in the use of benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia: Comment: South African Psychiatry Review Vol 6(1) Feb 2003, 6.
  • Komori, T., Tanida, M., Kikuchi, A., Shoji, K., Nakamura, S., & Nomura, J. (1997). Effects of odorant inhalation on pentobarbital-induced sleep time in rats: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 12(6) Nov-Dec 1997, 601-604.
  • Kon, Y., Jackson, M., Banerjee, R., Robertshaw, B., & Dunne, F. (1998). Use of hypnotic drugs in a learning disabilities hospital: Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 22(3) Mar 1998, 166-168.
  • Koplik, E. V., & Sudakov, K. V. (1999). Restoration of emotional stress reactions in rats following disruption of the limbic structures of the brain by delta-sleep-inducing peptide: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol 29(1) Jan-Feb 1999, 45-51.
  • Kosman, M. E. (1974). Pharmacokinetic drug interactions: Sedative, hypnotic, and antianxiety agents: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 229(11) Sep 1974, 1485-1488.
  • Kovess, V., & Ortun, M. (1990). French patterns of psychotropic drug use: Psychiatrie & Psychobiologie Vol 5(5) 1990, 301-308.
  • Krahn, L. E., & Gonzalez-Arriaza, H. L. (2004). Narcolepsy With Cataplexy: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 161(12) Dec 2004, 2181-2184.
  • Krahn, L. E., & Gonzalez-Arriaza, H. L. (2005). "The Multiple Sleep Latency Test in the Diagnosis of Narcolepsy": Reply: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(11) Nov 2005, 2199.
  • Krakow, B., Krakow, J., & Eberle, F. (2007). Polysomnography in sleep maintenance insomnia patients: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 19(1) Mar 2007, 53-54.
  • Kramer, M., Bonnet, M., Schoen, L. S., & Dexter, J. R. (1985). Efficacy and safety of midazolam 7.5 mg. in geriatric insomniacs: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 38(3) Sep 1985, 414-422.
  • Kripke, D. F. (2007). Greater incidence of depression with hypnotic use than with placebo: BMC Psychiatry 7 Aug 2007 ArtID 42.
  • Kripke, D. F. (2008). Possibility that certain hypnotics might cause cancer in skin: Journal of Sleep Research Vol 17(3) Sep 2008, 245-250.
  • Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R., & Marler, M. R. (2002). Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 59(2) Feb 2002, 131-136.
  • Kripke, D. F., Klauber, M. R., Wingard, D. L., Fell, R. L., Assmus, J. D., & Garfinkel, L. (1998). Mortality hazard associated with prescription hypnotics: Biological Psychiatry Vol 43(9) May 1998, 687-693.
  • Kripke, D. F., Lavie, P., & Hernandez, J. (1978). Polygraphic evaluation of ethchlorvynol (14 days): Psychopharmacology Vol 56(2) 1978, 221-223.
  • Kripke, D. F., Simons, R. N., Garfinkel, L., & Hammond, C. (1979). Short and long sleep and sleeping pills: Is increased mortality associated? : Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 36(1) Jan 1979, 103-116.
  • Kryger, M. H., Steljes, D., Pouliot, Z., Neufeld, H., & et al. (1991). Subjective versus objective evaluation of hypnotic efficacy: Experience with zolpidem: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 14(5) Oct 1991, 399-407.
  • Kuitunen, T., Mattila, M. J., & Seppala, T. (1990). Actions and interactions of hypnotics on human performance: Single doses of zopiclone, triazolam and alcohol: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 5(Suppl 2) Apr 1990, 115-130.
  • Kuizenga, K., & Hennis, P. J. (1996). Does lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine affect the EEG? Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum & Co.
  • Kupperman, G. L., & Mendel, M. I. (1974). Threshold of the early components of the averaged electroencephalic response determined with tone pips and clicks during drug-induced sleep: Audiology Vol 13(5) Sep 1974, 379-390.
  • Lader, M. (1986). The use of hypnotics and anxiolytics in the elderly: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 1(4) Oct 1986, 273-283.
  • Lader, M. (1994). Anxiety or depression during withdrawal of hypnotic treatments: Journal of Psychosomatic Research Vol 38(Suppl 1) 1994, 113-123.
  • Lader, M. (1998). Withdrawal reactions after stopping hypnotics in patients with insomnia: CNS Drugs Vol 10(6) Dec 1998, 425-440.
  • Lader, M. (2005). A NICE missed opportunity? : Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 19(2) Mar 2005, 136-138.
  • Lader, M. (2005). Review of Seminars in Clinical Psychopharmacology: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 20(3) Apr 2005, 215-216.
  • Lader, M., & Denney, S. C. (1982). A double-blind study to establish the residual effects of zopiclone on performance in healthy volunteers: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 98-108.
  • Lader, M. H. (1992). Rebound insomnia and newer hypnotics: Psychopharmacology Vol 108(3) Aug 1992, 248-255.
  • Lamarche, M., Hossmann, K. A., & Buser, P. (1971). Microphysiologic analysis of the influence of the cerebral cortex on the startle pattern of the chloralosed cat: Archives Italiennes de Biologie Vol 109(4) Dec 1971, 417-437.
  • Lambert, P. (1964). Psychodysleptic manifestations appearing during psycholeptic treatment: L'Encephale 53(4) 1964, 553-560.
  • Lange, C. L. (2005). Medication-Associated Somnambulism: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 44(3) Mar 2005, 211-212.
  • Lapierre, Y. D. (1974). Sedatives, hypnotics and tranquilizers: Vie medicale au Canada francais Vol 3(6) Jun 1974, 605-609.
  • Lasagna, L. (1972). Drug therapy: Hypnotic drugs: New England Journal of Medicine Vol 287(23) Dec 1972, 1182-1184.
  • Lau, C. E., Sun, L., Wang, Q., & Falk, J. L. (2002). The effect of zolpidem on operant behavior and its relation to pharmacokinetics after intravenous and subcutaneous administration: Concentration-effect relations: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 13(2) Mar 2002, 93-103.
  • Lavoisy, J., Zivkovic, B., Benavides, J., Perrault, G. H., & et al. (1992). Zolpidem's contribution in the management of sleep disorders: L'Encephale Vol 18(4) Jul-Aug 1992, 379-392.
  • Lee, Y.-J. (2004). Overview of the Therapeutic Management of Insomnia with Zolpidem: CNS Drugs Vol 18(Suppl1) 2004, 17-23.
  • Lee, Y.-J. (2004). Zolpidem 'As Needed': A New Treatment Paradigm: CNS Drugs Vol 18(Suppl1) 2004, 1.
  • Leger, D., Janus, C., Pellois, A., Quera-Salva, M. A., & et al. (1995). Sleep, morning alertness and quality of life in subjects treated with zopiclone and in good sleepers: Study comparing 167 patients and 381good sleepers: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 99s-102s.
  • Leger, D., Scheuermaier, K., & Roger, M. (1999). The relationship between alertness and sleep in a population of 769 elderly insomniacs with and without treatment with zolpidem: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol 29(2) Sep-Oct 1999, 165-173.
  • Leibowitz, M., & Sunshine, A. (1978). Long-term hypnotic efficacy and safety of triazolam and flurazepam: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 18(5-6) May-Jun 1978, 302-309.
  • Leishman, D., Ancill, R. J., & Macewan, W. (1989). Sleep disturbance in cognitively impaired elderly persons: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146(8) Aug 1989, 1078-1079.
  • Lemoine, P., Allain, H., Janus, C., & Sutet, P. (1995). Gradual withdrawal of zopiclone (7.5 mg) and zolpidem (10 mg) in insomniacs treated for at least 3 months: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 161s-165s.
  • Lemperiere, T., & et al. (1980). Study of vigilance after ingestion of zopiclone in comparison with nitrazepam and placebo. Methodology: Self-rating questionnaires and psychometric tests: L'Encephale Vol 6(1) 1980, 23-35.
  • Lettieri, C. J., Quast, T. N., Eliasson, A. H., & Andrada, T. (2008). Eszopiclone improves overnight polysomnography and continuous positive airway pressure titration: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 31(9) Sep 2008, 1310-1316.
  • Levy, N. B. (1986). "Hypnotics in renal failure": The author replies: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Vol 27(7) Jul 1986, 537-538.
  • Liappas, I. A., Malitas, P. N., Dimopoulos, N. P., Gitsa, O. E., Liappas, A. I., Nikolaou, C. K., et al. (2003). Zolpidem dependence case series: Possible neurobiological mechanisms and clinical management: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 17(1) Mar 2003, 131-135.
  • Lichstein, K. L., & Johnson, R. S. (1993). Relaxation for insomnia and hypnotic medication use in older women: Psychology and Aging Vol 8(1) Mar 1993, 103-111.
  • Lichstein, K. L., Peterson, B. A., Riedel, B. W., Means, M. K., Epperson, M. T., & Aguillard, R. N. (1999). Relaxation to assist sleep medication withdrawal: Behavior Modification Vol 23(3) Jul 1999, 379-402.
  • Lichstein, K. L., Stone, K. C., Nau, S. D., McCrae, C. S., & Payne, K. L. (2006). Insomnia in the elderly: Sleep Medicine Clinics Vol 1(2) Jun 2006, 221-229.
  • Lienert, G. A., Kohnen, R., & Keuchel, I. (1982). Need for hypnotics in young and elderly healthy subjects: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie Vol 15(1) Jan-Feb 1982, 50-52.
  • Liljenberg, B., Almqvist, M., Broman, J. E., Hetta, J., & et al. (1986). The effects of chlormethiazole in EEG recorded sleep in normal elderly volunteers: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 34-39.
  • Linet, O. I., & Rudzik, A. D. (1975). Comparison of triazolam and methyprylon as a hypnotic in insomniacs: Psychopharmacology Communications Vol 1(5) 1975, 473-480.
  • Lipani, J. A. (1978). Preference study of the hypnotic efficacy of triazolam 0.125 mg compared to placebo in geriatric patients with insomnia: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 24(4) Aug 1978, 397-402.
  • Liskow, B., & Pikalov, A. (2004). Zalepon Overdose Associated with Sleepwalking and Complex Behavior: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 43(8) Aug 2004, 427-428.
  • Liu, C.-Y., Yang, Y.-Y., & Yeh, E.-K. (1997). Efficacy and side effects of zopiclone and triazolamin in the treatment of Chinese patients with insomnia: International Medical Journal Vol 4(1) Mar 1997, 45-48.
  • Lobarinas, E., & Falk, J. L. (2000). Comparison of benzodiazepines and the non-benzodiazepine agents zolpidem and zaleplon with respect to anxiolytic action as measured by increases in hypertonic NaCl-solution drinking in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 149(2) Apr 2000, 176-180.
  • Louis-Coindet, J., Sarda, N., Pacheco, H., & Jouvet, M. (1984). Effect of S-adenosyl-{l}-homocysteine upon sleep in p-chlorophenylalanine pretreated rats: Brain Research Vol 294(2) Mar 1984, 239-245.
  • Lucchesi, L. M., de O. Braga, N. I., Manzano, G. M., Pompeia, S., & Tufik, S. (2005). Acute neurophysiological effects of the hypnotic zolpidem in healthy volunteers: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 29(4) May 2005, 557-564.
  • Lukas, S. E., Hienz, R. D., & Brady, J. V. (1985). Effects of diazepam and triazolam on auditory and visual thresholds and reaction times in the baboon: Psychopharmacology Vol 87(2) Oct 1985, 167-172.
  • Madrak, L. N., & Rosenberg, M. (2001). Zolpidem abuse: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 158(8) Aug 2001, 1330-1331.
  • Malpas, A., Legg, N. J., & Scott, D. F. (1974). Effects of hypnotics on anxious patients: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 124 May 1974, 482-484.
  • Mamelak, M., Csima, A., Buck, L., & Price, V. (1989). A comparative study on the effects of brotizolam and flurazepam on sleep and performance in the elderly: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 9(4) Aug 1989, 260-267.
  • Mamelak, M., Scima, A., & Price, V. (1982). Effects of zopiclone on the sleep of chronic insomniacs: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 156-164.
  • Marcy, R., & Quermonne, M. A. (1974). An improved method for studying psychogalvanic reaction in mice and its inhibition by psycholeptic drugs: Comparison with the effects of other pharmacological agents: Psychopharmacologia Vol 34(4) 1974, 335-349.
  • Marder, M., Viola, H., Wasowski, C., Fernandez, S., Medina, J. H., & Paladini, A. C. (2003). 6-Methylapigenin and hesperidin: New valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 75(3) Jun 2003, 537-545.
  • Mariani, J. J., & Hart, C. L. (2005). Psychosis associated with modafinil and shift work: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(10) Oct 2005, 1983.
  • Markowitz, J. S., & Brewerton, T. D. (1996). Zolpidem-induced psychosis: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 8(2) Jun 1996, 89-91.
  • Martin, J. L., & Alessi, C. A. (2006). Limited validity of minimum data set items on sleep and hypnotic use in predicting falls and hip fracture in nursing home residents: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 54(7) Jul 2006, 1150-1151.
  • Mastain, B., Vaiva, G., Guerouaou, D., Pommery, J., & et al. (1995). Dramatic improvement of catatonia with zolpidem: Revue Neurologique Vol 151(1) Jan 1995, 52-56.
  • Matejcek, M., Neff, G., Abt, K., & Wehrli, W. (1983). Pharmaco-EEG and psychometric study of the effect of single doses of temazepam and nitrazepam: Neuropsychobiology Vol 9(1) Jan-Feb 1983, 52-65.
  • Matta, B., & et al. (1974). Comparison of triazolam, flurazepam and placebo as hypnotic agents in pre-surgical patients: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 16(9) Sep 1974, 958-963.
  • Mattila, M. J., & Mattila-Evenden, M. E. (1997). Effects of alcohol and hypnosedative drugs on digit-symbol substitution: Comparison of two different computerized tests: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 11(4) 1997, 313-317.
  • Mattila, M. J., Vanakoski, J., Kalska, H., & Seppala, T. (1998). Effects of alcohol, zolpidem, and some other sedatives and hypnotics on human performance and memory: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 59(4) Apr 1998, 917-923.
  • McIntyre, T. D., & Alpern, H. P. (1989). Alterations of GABAergic activity by amino-oxyacetic acid influence barbiturate- and ethanol-induced sleep time in long-sleep and short-sleep mice: Psychological Record Vol 39(3) Sum 1989, 421-430.
  • McLean, J. R., Parker, R. B., & Coughenour, L. L. (1978). Effect of antipsychotic and other classes of drugs on spontaneous locomotor activity and neurotoxicity in mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 8(1) Jan 1978, 97-99.
  • McMahon, L. R., Jerussi, T. P., & France, C. P. (2003). Stereoselective discriminative stimulus effects of zopiclone in rhesus monkeys: Psychopharmacology Vol 165(3) Jan 2003, 222-228.
  • McMillan, D. E., & Wenger, G. R. (1983). Effects of barbiturates and other sedative hypnotics in pigeons trained to discriminate phencyclidine from saline: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 40(2) Sep 1983, 133-142.
  • Melendez, J., Galli, I., Boric, K., Ortega, A., Zuniga, L., Henriquez-Roldan, C. F., et al. (2005). Zolpidem and triazolam do not affect the nocturnal sleep-induced memory improvement: Psychopharmacology Vol 181(1) Aug 2005, 21-26.
  • Mellman, T. A., Bustamante, V., David, D., & Fins, A. I. (2002). Hypnotic medication in the aftermath of trauma: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 63(12) Dec 2002, 1183-1184.
  • Mellman, T. A., Byers, P. M., & Augenstein, J. S. (1998). Pilot evaluation of hypnotic medication during acute traumatic stress response: Journal of Traumatic Stress Vol 11(3) Jul 1998, 563-569.
  • Mello de Paula, A. J. (1982). Comparative study of zopiclone and pentobarbitone as hypnotics: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 188-195.
  • Mendels, J. (1991). Criteria for selection of appropriate benzodiazepine hypnotic therapy: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Sep 1991, 42-46.
  • Mendels, J. (1994). Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of quazepam for the treatment of insomnia in psychiatric outpatients: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 55(2) Feb 1994, 60-65.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1987). Pharmacotherapy of insomnia: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 10(4) Dec 1987, 555-563.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1991). Safety of short-acting benzodiazepine hypnotics in patients with impaired respiration: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 148(10) Oct 1991, 1401.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1993). Insomnia and related sleep disorders: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 16(4) Dec 1993, 841-851.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1994). Sleepwalking associated with zolpidem: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 14(2) Apr 1994, 150.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1995). Effects of flurazepam and zolpidem on the perception of sleep in insomniacs: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 18(2) Feb 1995, 92-96.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1995). Effects of flurazepam and zolpidem on the perception of sleep in normal volunteers: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 18(2) Feb 1995, 88-91.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1996). The use of sedative/hypnotic medication and its correlation with falling down in the hospital: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 19(9) Nov 1996, 698-701.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (1997). Efficacy of melatonin as a hypnotic agent: Journal of Biological Rhythms Vol 12(6) Dec 1997, 651-656.
  • Mendelson, W. B. (2001). Neurotransmitters and sleep: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 62(Suppl10) 2001, 5-8.
  • Mendelson, W. B., & Basile, A. S. (1999). The hypnotic actions of oleamide are blocked by a camabinoid receptor antagonist: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 10(15) Oct 1999, 3237-3239.
  • Mendelson, W. B., Goodwin, D. W., Hill, S. Y., & Reichman, J. D. (1976). The morning after: Residual EEG effects of triazolam and flurazepam, alone and in combination with alcohol: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 19(2) Feb 1976, 155-163.
  • Mendelson, W. B., & Rich, C. L. (1993). Sedatives and suicide: The San Diego study: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 88(5) Nov 1993, 337-341.
  • Mendelson, W. B., Thompson, C., & Franko, T. (1996). Adverse reactions to sedative/hypnotics: Three years' experience: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 19(9) Nov 1996, 702-706.
  • Meririnne, E., Kankaanpaa, A., Lillsunde, P., & Seppala, T. (1999). The effects of diazepam and zolpidem on cocaine- and amphetamine-induced place preference: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 62(1) Jan 1999, 159-164.
  • Merlotti, L. A., Roehrs, T., Koshorek, G., Zorick, F., & et al. (1989). The dose effects of zolpidem on the sleep of healthy normals: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 9(1) Feb 1989, 9-14.
  • Milas, M., Sucur, Z., & Mihanovic, M. (1995). Use of anxyolitics and hypnotics by pupils in split area: Socijalna Psihijatrija Vol 23(1-2) Jun 1995, 97-106.
  • Mintzer, M. Z., Frey, J. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (1998). Zolpidem is differentiated from triazolam in humans using a three-response drug discrimination procedure: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 9(7) Nov 1998, 545-559.
  • Mintzer, M. Z., Frey, J. M., Yingling, J. E., & Griffiths, R. R. (1997). Triazolam and zolpidem: A comparison of their psychomotor, cognitive, and subjective effects in healthy volunteers: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 8(6-7) Nov 1997, 561-574.
  • Mintzer, M. Z., & Griffiths, R. R. (1999). Selective effects of zolpidem on human memory functions: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 13(1) 1999, 18-31.
  • Mintzer, M. Z., & Griffiths, R. R. (1999). Triazolam and zolpidem: Effects on human memory and attentional processes: Psychopharmacology Vol 144(1) May 1999, 8-19.
  • Mishima, K., Satoh, K., Shimizu, T., & Hishikawa, Y. (1997). Hypnotic and hypothermic action of daytime-administered melatonin: Psychopharmacology Vol 133(2) Sep 1997, 168-171.
  • Miyamoto, M., Hirata, K., Miyamoto, T., Iwase, T., & Koshikawa, C. (2002). Hypnotic prescriptions in a university hospital: Analysis of data from the computer-ordering system: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 56(3) Jun 2002, 305-306.
  • Miyamoto, M., Nishikawa, H., Doken, Y., Hirai, K., Uchikawa, O., & Ohkawa, S. (2004). The Sleep-Promoting Action of Ramelteon (TAK-375) in Freely Moving Cats: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 27(7) Nov 2004, 1319-1325.
  • Mizuki, Y., Hirano, H., Miyoshi, A., Hamasaki, J., & et al. (1987). Residual effects of zopiclone on subsequent daytime functions in normal humans: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 2(2) Jun 1987, 119-126.
  • Mizuki, Y., Suetsugi, M., Hotta, H., Ushijima, I., & et al. (1995). Stimulatory effect of butoctamide hydrogen succinate on REM sleep in normal humans: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 19(3) May 1995, 385-401.
  • Molyneaux, P., Emerson, E., & Caine, A. (1999). Prescription of psychotropic medication to people with intellectual disabilities in primary health-care settings: Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities Vol 12(1) 1999, 46-57.
  • Momose, T., Ishii, S., & Kuge, T. (1976). Controlled comparison of estazolam and nitrazepam as hypnotics on the preoperative night sleep: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 19(3) Mar 1976, 277-291.
  • Monaco, V., & Bonfante, A. (1985). Long-term use of doxefazepam, a new hypnotic benzodiazepine: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 37(4) Apr 1985, 626-647.
  • Monti, J. M., & Altier, H. (1973). Flunitrazepam (Ro 5-4200) and sleep cycle in normal subjects: Psychopharmacologia Vol 32(4) 1973, 343-349.
  • Monti, J. M., Altier, H., Prandro, M., & Gil, J. L. (1975). The actions of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) on heart and respiratory rates and skin potential fluctuations during the sleep cycle in normal volunteers and neurotic patients with insomnia: Psychopharmacologia Vol 43(2) 1975, 187-190.
  • Monti, J. M., Attali, P., Monti, D., Zipfel, A., & et al. (1994). Zolpidem and rebound insomnia: A double-blind, controlled polysomnographic study in chronic insomniac patients: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 27(4) Jul 1994, 166-175.
  • Monti, J. M., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2007). Eszopiclone: Its use in the treatment of insomnia: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Vol 3(4) 2007, 441-453.
  • Montplaisir, J., & Barbezieux, M. (1981). Sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in the treatment of essential hypersomnia: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 26(3) Apr 1981, 162-166.
  • Montplaisir, J., Hawa, R., Moller, H., Morin, C., Fortin, M., Matte, J., et al. (2003). Zopiclone and zaleplon vs benzodiazepines in the treatment of insomnia: Canadian consensus statement: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 18(1) Jan 2003, 29-38.
  • Moon, C. A., Hindmarch, I., & Holland, R. L. (1990). The effect of zopiclone 7.5 mg on the sleep, mood and performance of shift workers: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 5(Suppl 2) Apr 1990, 79-83.
  • Morgan, A. J. (1973). Minor tranquilizers, hypnotics, and sedatives: American Journal of Nursing Vol 73(7) Jul 1973, 1220-1222.
  • Morgan, K. (1983). Sedative-hypnotic drug use and ageing: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Vol 2(3) Nov 1983, 181-199.
  • Morgan, K. (1987). Sleep and aging: A research-based guide to sleep in later life. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Morgan, W. W. (1990). Abuse liability of barbiturates and other sedative-hypnotics: Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse Vol 9(1-2) 1990, 67-82.
  • Morin, C. M., Colecchi, C., Brink, D., Astruc, M., & et al. (1995). How "blind" are double-blind placebo-controlled trials of benzodiazepine hypnotics? : Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 18(4) May 1995, 240-245.
  • Moron, P., Marafante, J. M., Fabre, A. P., & Danjoux, J. (1977). The psychiatric aspects of voluntary poisoning with Mandrax: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 2(2) Jul 1977, 298-303.
  • Mucher, H. (1961). On the influence of pharmacological stress on performance in the matching test: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie 8 1961, 393-399.
  • Mukai, M., Uchimura, N., Takeuchi, N., Kuwahara, H., Hashizume, Y., Nose, I., et al. (2001). Study of the withdrawal of hypnotics: Questionnaire on hypnotic use and its withdrawal: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 55(3) Jun 2001, 209-210.
  • Muller, W. E., & Stillbauer, A. E. (1983). Benzodiazepine hypnotics: Time course and potency of benzodiazepine receptor occupation after oral application: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 18(4) Apr 1983, 545-549.
  • Myrsten, A.-L., Rydberg, U., Idestrom, C.-M., & Lamble, R. (1980). Alcohol intoxication and hangover: Modification of hangover by chlormethiazole: Psychopharmacology Vol 69(2) Jul 1980, 117-125.
  • Nair, N. P., & Schwartz, G. (1978). Triazolam in insomnia: A standard-controlled trial: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 23(3, Pt 2) Mar 1978, 388-392.
  • Najib, J. (2006). Eszopiclone, a Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative-Hypnotic Agent for the Treatment of Transient and Chronic Insomnia: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 28(4) Apr 2006, 491-516.
  • Nakajima, T., Kajimura, N., Kato, M., Watanabe, T., Hori, T., & Takahashi, K. (2002). Napping predicts responsiveness to hypnotics in patients with primary circadian rhythm disorder: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 56(3) Jun 2002, 231-232.
  • Nakajima, T., Takazawa, S., Hayashida, S., Nakagome, K., Sasaki, T., & Kanno, O. (2000). Effects of zolpidem and zopiclone on cognitive and attentional function in young healthy volunteers: An event-related potential study: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 54(1) Feb 2000, 37-40.
  • Nakamura, R. K., Myslobodsky, M. S., Coppola, R., Johannesen-Conway, J., & et al. (1987). Effects of !g-hydroxybutyrate on the performance of monkeys in a Go/No-go visual discrimination task: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 26(1) Oct 1987, 19-27.
  • Nakazawa, Y., & et al. (1975). Effects of thienodiazepine derivatives on human sleep as compared to those of benzodiazepine derivatives: Psychopharmacologia Vol 44(2) 1975, 165-171.
  • Nakazawa, Y., & et al. (1979). Individual variations in the effects of flurazepam, clorazepate, {l}-dopa and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on REM sleep in man: Psychopharmacology Vol 60(2) 1979, 203-206.
  • Nakra, B. R., Gfeller, J. D., & Hassan, R. (1992). A double-blind comparison of the effects of temazepam and triazolam on residual, daytime performance in elderly insomniacs: International Psychogeriatrics Vol 4(1) Sum 1992, 45-53.
  • Neubauer, D. N. (2005). Symposium Monograph Supplement: Extending a Compound's Effect: Developing Modified-Release Formulations: CNS Spectrums Vol 10(8) Aug 2005, 8-9.
  • Ngen, C. C., & Hassan, R. (1990). A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zopiclone 7.5 mg and temazepam 20 mg in insomnia: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 5(3) Jul 1990, 165-171.
  • Nicholson, A. N. (1986). Transient insomnia and rapidly eliminated hypnotics: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 9(2) Jun 1986, 317-323.
  • Nicholson, A. N. (1988). The significance of impaired performance: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 3(Suppl 1) May 1988, 117-127.
  • Nicholson, A. N., Roth, T., & Stone, B. M. (1985). Hypnotics and aircrew: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 56(4) Apr 1985, 299-303.
  • Nicholson, A. N., & Stone, B. M. (1982). Zopiclone: Sleep and performance studies in healthy man: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 92-97.
  • Niedhammer, I., Lert, F., & Marne, M. J. (1995). Psychotropic drug use and shift work among French nurses (1980-1990): Psychological Medicine Vol 25(2) Mar 1995, 329-338.
  • Nishida, T., Nakazawa, Y., Kotorii, T., Sakamoto, T., & et al. (1989). Attitude of patients with sleep disorders towards hypnotic drugs: Kyushu Neuro-psychiatry Vol 35(2) Aug 1989, 111-115.
  • No authorship, i. (1994). Guidelines on psychotropic drugs for the EC: European Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 4(1) Mar 1994, 61-77.
  • Nolen, W. A., Haffmans, P. J., Bouvy, P. F., & Duivenvoorden, H. J. (1993). Hypnotics as concurrent medication in depression: A placebo-controlled, double-blind comparison of flunitrazepam and lormetazepam in patients with major depression, treated with a (tri)cyclic antidepressant: Journal of Affective Disorders Vol 28(3) Jul 1993, 179-188.
  • Norman, T. R., Fulton, A., Burrows, G. D., & Davies, B. (1984). An open evaluation of midazolam as a hypnotic: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 36(3) Sep 1984, 461-467.
  • Nuhic, Z., & Kramer, M. (2007). Mortality risk associated with insomnia and sleeping pill use: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology Vol 7(2) May 2007, 477-489.
  • Nutt, D. J. (2005). NICE: The National Institute of Clinical Excellence - or Eccentricity? Reflections on the Z-drugs as hypnotics: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 19(2) Mar 2005, 125-127.
  • Obal, F., & et al. (1985). Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) and an analogue on sleep and brain temperature in rats at night: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 23(6) Dec 1985, 953-957.
  • Ochiai, T., & et al. (1972). Pharmacology of a new hypnotic drug: HQ-355: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology Vol 22(3) Jun 1972, 431-434.
  • Ogura, C., & et al. (1980). Residual effects of hypnotics: Triazolam, flurazepam, and nitrazepam: Psychopharmacology Vol 68(1) Apr 1980, 61-65.
  • O'Hanlon, J. F. (1995). Zopiclone's residual effects on psychomotor and information processing skills involved in complex tasks such as car driving: A critical review: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 137s-143s.
  • Ohayon, M. M., Caulet, M., Arbus, L., Billard, M., Coquerel, A., Guieu, J. D., et al. (1999). Are prescribed medications effective in the treatment of insomnia complaints? : Journal of Psychosomatic Research Vol 47(4) Oct 1999, 359-368.
  • Ohta, M. (1976). The reticulospinal inhibitory pathway and a neural basis of the excitement stage of anesthesia: Kyushu Neuro-psychiatry Vol 22(3-4) 1976, 242-245.
  • Okawa, K. K. (1978). Comparison of triazolam .25 mg and flurazepam 15 mg in treating geriatric insomniacs: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 23(3, Pt 2) Mar 1978, 381-387.
  • Okuma, T. (1995). The perspective of management of sleep disorders in Japan: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 103s-108s.
  • Okuma, T., & Honda, H. (1978). Model insomnia, noise, and methylphenidate used for the evaluation of hypnotic drugs: Psychopharmacology Vol 57(2) 1978, 127-132.
  • Okuma, T., Matsuoka, H., Matsue, Y., & Toyomura, K. (1982). Model insomnia by methylphenidate and caffeine and use in the evaluation of temazepam: Psychopharmacology Vol 76(3) Mar 1982, 201-208.
  • Olry, R., & Haines, D. E. (2006). Elpenor's Syndrome: The Link Between One of Ulysses' Companions and the Tenth President of the Third French Republic: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences Vol 15(2) Jun 2006, 159-161.
  • Omvik, S., Sivertsen, B., Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Havik, O. E., & Nordhus, I. H. (2008). Daytime functioning in older patients suffering from chronic insomnia: Treatment outcome in a randomized controlled trial comparing CBT with Zopiclone: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 46(5) May 2008, 623-641.
  • Ongini, E., Mariotti, M., & Mancia, M. (1982). Effects of a new benzodiazepine hypnotic (quazepam--SCH 16134) on EEG synchronization and sleep-inducing mechanisms in cats: Neuropharmacology Vol 21(5) May 1982, 405-412.
  • Oskooilar, N. (2005). A case of premature ventricular contractions with modafinil: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(10) Oct 2005, 1983-1984.
  • Pacheco-Cano, M. T., Garcia-Hernandez, F., Prospero-Garcia, O., & Drucker-Colin, R. (1990). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces REM recovery in insomniac forebrain lesioned cats: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 13(4) 1990, 297-303.
  • Pagot, R., Cramer, P., L'Heritier, C., Coquelin, J. P., & et al. (1993). Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of zolpidem 20 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg in anxious or depressed insomniac patients: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 53(1) Jan 1993, 88-97.
  • Palagini, L., Campbell, I. G., Tan, X., Guazzelli, M., & Feinberg, I. (2000). Independence of sleep EEG responses to GABAergic hypnotics: Biological implications: Journal of Psychiatric Research Vol 34(4-5) Jul-Aug 2000, 293-300.
  • Palermo, T. M., Koren, G., & Blumer, J. L. (2002). Rational pharmacotherapy for childhood sleep disturbances: Characteristics of an ideal hypnotic: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 63(SupplB) 2002, B67-B79.
  • Pallares, M. (1989). Loprazolam: A new imidazolbenzodiazepine for the treatment of the insomnia: Actas Luso-Espanolas de Neurologia, Psiquiatria y Ciencias Afines Vol 17(1) Jan-Feb 1989, 49-52.
  • Palsson, A. (1986). The efficacy of early chlormethiazole medication in the prevention of delirium tremens: A retrospective study of the outcome of different drug treatment strategies at the Helsingborg psychiatric clinics, 1975-1980: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 140-145.
  • Paparrigopoulos, T., Tzavellas, E., Karaiskos, D., & Liappas, I. (2008). Intranasal zaleplon abuse: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 165(11) Nov 2008, 1489-1490.
  • Parrino, L., Fioriti, G., & Terzano, M. G. (1996). Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) rate in the polygraphic investigation of classic and novel hypnotic drugs: European Psychiatry Vol 11(Suppl 1) 1996, 15s-19s.
  • Parrino, L., Smerieri, A., Giglia, F., Milioli, G., De Paolis, F., & Terzano, M. G. (2008). Polysomnographic study of intermittent zolpidem treatment in primary sleep maintenance insomnia: Clinical Neuropharmacology Vol 31(1) Jan-Feb 2008, 40-50.
  • Parrino, L., & Terzano, M. G. (1996). Polysomnographic effects of hypnotic drugs: Psychopharmacology Vol 126(1) Jul 1996, 1-16.
  • Patat, A., Paty, I., & Hindmarch, I. (2001). Pharmacodynamic profile of zaleplon, a new non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 16(5) Jul 2001, 369-392.
  • Patel, A. G., Gura, R., Kurian, T., Lambert, M. T., & et al. (1991). A comparison of the hypnotic effects of temazepam capsules and temazepam elixir: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 6(1) Spr 1991, 1-9.
  • Pathiyal, A., Hylan, T. R., Jones, J. K., Davtian, D., Sverdlov, L., & Keyser, M. (1997). Prescribing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics by general practitioners in the Netherlands: A multivariate analysis: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 19(4) Jul-Aug 1997, 798-810.
  • Pat-Horenczyk, R. (1998). Changes in attitudes toward insomnia following cognitive intervention as part of a withdrawal treatment from hypnotics: Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy Vol 26(4) Oct 1998, 345-357.
  • Pathy, M. S., Bayer, A. J., & Stoker, M. J. (1986). A double-blind comparison of chlormethiazole and temazepam in elderly patients with sleep disturbances: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 99-103.
  • Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., & Love, E. J. (1996). Self-reported depressive symptoms following treatment with corticosteroids and sedative-hypnotics: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine Vol 26(1) 1996, 15-24.
  • Paty, J., Anastassiou, E., Besset, A., Blin, O., & et al. (1991). Efficacy and tolerance of a shift from benzodiazepine hypnotic drugs to zolpidem. An open study based on general practitioners: Psychologie Medicale Vol 23(Spec Issue 13) Nov 1991, 1521-1525.
  • Paul, M. A., Gray, G., Kenny, G., & Pigeau, R. A. (2003). Impact of Melatonin, Zaleplon, Zopiclone, and Temazepam on Psychomotor Performance: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 74(12) Dec 2003, 1263-1270.
  • Paulo de C. Bechelli, L., Navas, F., & Pierangelo, S. A. (1982). Comparison of the reinforcing properties of zopiclone and triazolam in former alcoholics: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 235-241.
  • Paunovic, V. R., & Ivkovic, M. (2003). STILNOX (Zolpidem): Psihijatrija Danas Vol 35(Suppl1) 2003, 43-53.
  • Peck, A. W., Adams, R., Bye, C., & Wilkinson, R. T. (1976). Residual effects of hypnotic drugs: Evidence for individual differences on vigilance: Psychopharmacology Vol 47(2) 1976, 213-216.
  • Peissolo, A., Boyer, P., Lepine, J. P., & Bisserbe, J. C. (1996). Epidemiology of anxiolytics and hypnotics use in France and in the world: L'Encephale Vol 22(3) May-Jun 1996, 187-196.
  • Pelicier, Y., & Pelicier, M. (1978). Overstepped neurosis and pharmacomania: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 136(6-8) Jun-Oct 1978, 936-941.
  • Pelissolo, A., Gourion, D., Notides, C., Bouvard, M., Lepine, J. P., & Mouren-Simeon, M. C. (2001). Familial factors influencing the consumption of anxiolytics and hypnotics by children and adolescents: European Psychiatry Vol 16(1) Feb 2001, 11-17.
  • Pelissolo, A., Notides, C., Lepine, J.-P., & Bisserbe, J.-C. (1999). Anxiolytic and hypnotic use by general hospital inpatient: The impact of psychopathology and general medical conditions: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 21(2) Mar-Apr 1999, 79-86.
  • Perlman, B., & Hogben, G. (1977). Effects of changes in standing medication distribution times on PRN drug use: Diseases of the Nervous System Vol 38(3) Mar 1977, 181-185.
  • Petre Quadens, O., Hoffman, G., & Buytaert, G. (1982). Effects of zopiclone as compared to flurazepam on sleep in women over 40 years of age: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 146-155.
  • Phillips, B., & Mannino, D. M. (2005). Does insomnia kill? : Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 28(8) Dec 2005, 965-971.
  • Pichot, P., & Serdaru, M. (1972). Pharmacology of sleeping: Psychologie Medicale Vol 4(4) 1972, 649-678.
  • Picone, D. A., D'Mello, D. A., Foote, M. L., & Msibi, B. (1993). A review of the utilization of sedative-hypnotic drugs in a general hospital: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 15(1) Jan 1993, 51-54.
  • Pies, R. W. (1995). Dose-related sensory distortions with zolpidem: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 56(1) Jan 1995, 35-36.
  • Pilcher, J. J., & Sessions, G. R. (1999). Differential effects of zolpidem, triazolam, and diazepam on performance in a radial maze task: Psychobiology Vol 27(4) Dec 1999, 491-499.
  • Pitner, J. K., Gardner, M., Neville, M., & Mintzer, J. (1997). Zolpidem-induced psychosis in an older woman: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 45(4) Apr 1997, 533-534.
  • Porcu, S., Bellatreccia, A., Ferrara, M., & Casagrande, M. (1997). Acutely shifting the sleep-wake cycle: Nighttime sleepiness after diurnal administration of temazepam or placebo: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 68(8) Aug 1997, 688-694.
  • Porot, M., & Becamel, G. (1981). Comparative study of the hypnogenic action of bromazepam and flunitrazepam: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 139(8) 1981, 919-923.
  • Porot, M., Maillot, S., & Becamel, G. (1981). Are benzodiazepines anxiolytics or hypnotics? : Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 139(8) 1981, 915-919.
  • Poyares, D., Pinto, L. R., Jr., Tavares, S., & Barros-Vieira, S. (2005). Sleep promoters and insomnia: Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria Vol 27(Suppl1) May 2005, 2-7.
  • Preskorn, S. H., & Denner, L. J. (1977). Benzodiazepines and withdrawal psychosis: Report of three cases: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 237(1) Jan 1977, 36-38.
  • Price, W. A., & Giannini, A. J. (1986). Triazolam overdose: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 47(1) Jan 1986, 50.
  • Priest, R. G., Terzano, M. G., Parrino, L., & Boyer, P. (1997). Efficacy of zolpidem in insomnia: European Psychiatry Vol 12(1) 1997, 5s-14s.
  • Quaglio, G., Lugoboni, F., Fornasiero, A., Lechi, A., Gerra, G., & Mezzelani, P. (2005). Dependence on zolpidem: Two case reports of detoxification with flumazenil infusion: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 20(5) Sep 2005, 285-287.
  • Quera-Salva, M. A., Orluc, A., Goldenberg, F., & Guilleminault, C. (1991). Insomnia and use of hypnotics: Study of a French population: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 14(5) Oct 1991, 386-391.
  • Rack, M., Davis, J., Roffwarg, H. P., Richert, A., & Baran, A. S. (2005). The Multiple Sleep Latency Test in the Diagnosis of Narcolepsy: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(11) Nov 2005, 2198-2199.
  • Radat, F., Morand, P., & Ferreri, M. (1997). Sleep-enhancing drugs: Confrontations Psychiatriques No 38 1997, 155-178.
  • Radulovacki, M., Virus, R. M., Djuricic-Nedelson, M., & Green, R. D. (1984). Adenosine analogs and sleep in rats: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 228(2) Feb 1984, 268-274.
  • Ramanadham, S., & Lyness, W. H. (1982). Potentiation of barbiturate- and halothane-induced hypnosis after probenecid or sulfinpyrazone pretreatment: Neuropharmacology Vol 21(6) Jun 1982, 569-573.
  • Ramsey, C. S., & McGlohn, S. E. (1997). Zolpidem as a fatigue countermeasure: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 68(10) Oct 1997, 926-931.
  • Ravishankar, A., & Carnwath, T. (1998). Zolpidem tolerance and dependence--Two case reports: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 12(1) 1998, 103-104.
  • Ray, W. A., Griffin, M. R., Schaffner, W., Baugh, D. K., & et al. (1987). Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture: New England Journal of Medicine Vol 316(7) Feb 1987, 363-369.
  • Reed, M. D., & Findling, R. L. (2002). Overview of current management of sleep disturbances in children: I--Pharmacotherapy: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 63(SupplB) 2002, B18-B37.
  • Reeves, R. L. (1977). Comparison of triazolam, flurazepam, and placebo as hypnotics in geriatric patients with insomnia: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 17(5-6) May-Jun 1977, 319-323.
  • Regestein, Q. R., & Reich, P. (1985). Agitation observed during treatment with newer hypnotic drugs: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 46(7) Jul 1985, 280-283.
  • Reid, K., Guo, T.-Z., Davies, M. F., & Maze, M. (1997). Nifedipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, restores the hypnotic response in rats made tolerant to the Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 283(3) Dec 1997, 993-999.
  • Reinsel, R., Veselis, R. A., Dinistrian, A., Duff, M., & et al. (1996). Quantitative comparison of drug-induced amnesic effects: Choice of measures from a verbal learning task. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum & Co.
  • Reinsel, R., Veselis, R. A., & Feshchenko, V. A. (1996). Comparison of implicit and explicit memory during conscious sedation with four sedative-hypnotic agents. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum & Co.
  • Richman, N. (1985). A double-blind drug trial of treatment in young children with waking problems: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol 26(4) Jul 1985, 591-598.
  • Roache, J. D., & Griffiths, R. R. (1986). Repeated administration of diazepam and triazolam to subjects with histories of drug abuse: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 17(1) May 1986, 15-29.
  • Rodriguez, G., Rosadini, G., Sannita, W. G., & Strumia, E. (1984). Effects of doxefazepam on normal sleep: An EEG and neuropsychological study: Neuropsychobiology Vol 11(2) 1984, 133-139.
  • Roehrs, T., Merlotti, L., Zorick, F., & Roth, T. (1994). Sedative, memory, and performance effects of hypnotics: Psychopharmacology Vol 116(2) Oct 1994, 130-134.
  • Roehrs, T., Zorick, F., Wittig, R., & Roth, T. (1985). Efficacy of a reduced triazolam dose in elderly insomniacs: Neurobiology of Aging Vol 6(4) Win 1985, 293-296.
  • Roehrs, T. A., & Roth, T. (2000). Depressants, sedatives, and hypnotics: Kazdin, Alan E (Ed).
  • Roger, M., Attali, P., & Coquelin, J.-P. (1993). Multicenter, double-blind, controlled comparison of zolpidem and triazolam in elderly patients with insomnia: Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy Vol 15(1) Jan -Feb 1993, 127-136.
  • Roman, D. (1972). Schizophrenia-like psychosis following "Mandrax" overdose: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 121(565) Dec 1972, 619-620.
  • Rosadini, G., de Carli, F., & Ferrillo, F. (1992). An EEG computerized system for the evaluation of hypnotic drugs: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 13(3) Dec 1992, 291-297.
  • Roschke, J., Mann, K., Aldenhoff, J. B., & Benkert, O. (1994). Functional properties of the brain during sleep under subchronic zopiclone administration in man: European Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 4(1) Mar 1994, 21-30.
  • Rosenberg, J., & Geisler, A. (1994). The use of hypnotics in general practice: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 48(6) 1994, 429-433.
  • Rosenberg, R. P. (2006). Sleep maintenance insomnia: Strengths and weaknesses of current pharmacologic therapies: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 18(1) Jan-Mar 2006, 49-56.
  • Roth, T. (1999). New trends in insomnia management: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 13(4, Suppl 1) 1999, S37-S40.
  • Roth, T., Kramer, M., & Schwartz, J. L. (1974). Triazolam: A sleep laboratory study of a new benzodiazepine hypnotic: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 16(2) Feb 1974, 117-123.
  • Roth, T., & Richardson, G. (1997). Commentary: Is melatonin administration an effective hypnotic? : Journal of Biological Rhythms Vol 12(6) Dec 1997, 666-669.
  • Roth, T., & Roehrs, T. (1985). Determinants of residual effects of hypnotics: Accident Analysis & Prevention Vol 17(4) Aug 1985, 291-296.
  • Roth, T., Roehrs, T., & Zorick, F. (1988). Pharmacological treatment of sleep disorders. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Roth, T., Roehrs, T., Zorick, F., Stepanski, E., & et al. (1985). Pharmacological and patient considerations in hypnotic use: Psychiatria Fennica Suppl 1985, 222-230.
  • Roth, T., & Roehrs, T. A. (1991). A review of the safety profiles of benzodiazepine hypnotics: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Sep 1991, 38-41.
  • Roth, T., Wright, K. P., Jr., & Walsh, J. (2006). Effect of Tiagabine on Sleep in Elderly Subjects With Primary Insomnia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 29(3) Mar 2006, 335-341.
  • Roth, T., Zorick, F. J., Wittig, R., & Roehrs, T. A. (1982). Pharmacological and medical considerations in hypnotic use: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 5(Suppl 1) 1982, S46-S52.
  • Rowlett, J. K., & Woolverton, W. L. (1997). Discriminative stimulus effects of zolpidem in pentobarbital-trained subjects: I. Comparison with triazolam in rhesus monkeys and rats: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 280(1) Jan 1997, 162-173.
  • Ruiz Doblado, S., Torrecilla Rojas, A., & Perez Cano, A. (1998). Prescription of antidepressants, benzodiazepines and no-benzodiazepine hypnotics in primary care: II. A pharmacoepidemiological study: Anales de Psiquiatria Vol 14(1) Jan 1998, 1-7.
  • Runge, I., Sastre-y-Hernandez, M., Horowski, R., & Fichte, K. (1985). Use of lormetazepam (NoctamidReg.) as a hypnotic in depressed patients: Double-blind study on interactions with anti-depressant medication: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 38(6) Dec 1985, 953-959.
  • Rush, C. R. (1998). Behavioral pharmacology of zolpidem relative to benzodiazepines: A review: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 61(3) Nov 1998, 253-269.
  • Rush, C. R., & Baker, R. W. (2001). Zolpidem and triazolam interact differentially with a delay interval on a digit-enter-and-recall task: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 16(2) Mar 2001, 147-157.
  • Rush, C. R., Baker, R. W., & Rowlett, J. K. (2000). Discriminative-stimulus effects of zolpidem, triazolam, pentobarbital, and caffeine in zolpidem-trained humans: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 8(1) Feb 2000, 22-36.
  • Rush, C. R., Baker, R. W., & Wright, K. (1999). Acute behavioral effects and abuse potential of trazodone, zolpidem and triazolam in humans: Psychopharmacology Vol 144(3) Jun 1999, 220-233.
  • Rush, C. R., Frey, J. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (1999). Zaleplon and triazolam in humans: Acute behavioral effect and abuse potential: Psychopharmacology Vol 145(1) Jul 1999, 39-51.
  • Rush, C. R., & Griffiths, R. R. (1996). Zolpidem, triazolam, and temazepam: Behavioral and subject-rated effects in normal volunteers: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 16(2) Apr 1996, 146-157.
  • Rush, C. R., Madakasira, S., & Goldman, N. H. (1996). Acute behavioral effects of estazolam and triazolam in non-drug-abusing volunteers: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 4(3) Aug 1996, 300-307.
  • Rush, C. R., Madakasira, S., Goldman, N. H., Woolverton, W. L., & Rowlett, J. K. (1997). Discriminative stimulus effects of zolpidem in pentobarbital-trained subjects: II. Comparison with triazolam and caffeine in humans: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 280(1) Jan 1997, 174-188.
  • Saario, I. (1977). Effect of hypnotics or psychotropic drugs and alcohol on psychomotor skills: Psychiatria Fennica 1977, 131-144.
  • Saiz-Ruiz, J., Cebollada, A., & Ibanez, A. (1994). Sleep disorders in bipolar depression: Hypnotics vs sedative antidepressants: Journal of Psychosomatic Research Vol 38(Suppl 1) 1994, 55-60.
  • Sakkas, P., Psarros, C., Masdrakis, V., Liappas, J., & Christodoulou, G. N. (1999). Dependence on zolpidem: A case report: European Psychiatry Vol 14(6) Oct 1999, 358-359.
  • Sakurai, T., & Maki, T. (1985). Effect of depas on sleep disturbance in chronic schizophrenia: Kyushu Neuro-psychiatry Vol 31(3-4) 1985, 270-281.
  • Saletu-Zyhlarz, G., Anderer, P., Brandstatter, N., Dantendorfer, K., Gruber, G., Mandl, M., et al. (2000). Placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies on the acute effects of zolpidem on objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality in nonorganic insomnia related to neurotic and stress-related disorder: Neuropsychobiology Vol 41(3) Apr 2000, 139-148.
  • Sambrooks, J. E., MacCulloch, M. J., & Rooney, J. F. (1975). The automated assessment of the effect of flurazepam and nitrazepam on mood state: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 51(3) Mar 1975, 201-209.
  • Sanchez Blanque, A., Sanz-Carrillo, C., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (1994). Attitudes of general hospital doctors on the use of anxiolytic-hypnotics: Psiquis: Revista de Psiquiatria, Psicologia y Psicosomatica Vol 15(10) Nov-Dec 1994, 46-56.
  • Sanger, D. J. (1997). The effects of new hypnotic drugs in rats trained to discriminate ethanol: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 8(4) Aug 1997, 287-292.
  • Sanger, D. J. (2004). The Pharmacology and Mechanisms of Action of New Generation, Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotic Agents: CNS Drugs Vol 18(Suppl1) 2004, 9-15.
  • Sanger, D. J., & Depoortere, H. (1998). The pharmacology and mechanism of action of zolpidem: CNS Drug Reviews Vol 4(4) Win 1998, 323-340.
  • Sanger, D. J., Joly, D., & Zivkovic, B. (1986). Effects of zolpidem, a new imidazopyridine hypnotic, on the acquisition of conditioned fear in mice: Comparison with triazolam and CL 218,872: Psychopharmacology Vol 90(2) Sep 1986, 207-210.
  • Sanger, D. J., Perrault, G., Morel, E., Joly, D., & et al. (1987). The behavioral profile of zolpidem, a novel hypnotic drug of imidazopyridine structure: Physiology & Behavior Vol 41(3) 1987, 235-240.
  • Sanger, D. J., & Zivkovic, B. (1986). The discriminative stimulus properties of zolpidem, a novel imidazopyridine hypnotic: Psychopharmacology Vol 89(3) Jul 1986, 317-322.
  • Sanger, D. J., & Zivkovic, B. (1987). Discriminative stimulus properties of chlordiazepoxide and zolpidem: Agonist and antagonist effects of CGS 9896 and ZK 91296: Neuropharmacology Vol 26(5) May 1987, 499-505.
  • Sanger, D. J., & Zivkovic, B. (1987). Investigation of the development of tolerance to the actions of zolpidem and midazolam: Neuropharmacology Vol 26(10) Oct 1987, 1513-1518.
  • Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2008). Zolpidem, somnambulism, and nocturnal eating: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 30(1) Jan-Feb 2008, 90-91.
  • Santos, M. R., & Romi, J. C. (1973). Lorazepam: Clinical trial with a new benzodiazepine: Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Vol 14(5) Sep 1973, 298-301.
  • Sastre-y-Hernandez, M., Visser, P., Schutt, B., & Fichte, K. (1988). Sublingual lormetazepam in the treatment of sleep disorders in general practice patients: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 3(2) Jun 1988, 139-144.
  • Satomura, T., Sakamoto, T., ShIrakawa, S., Tsutsumi, Y., Mukai, M., Ohyama, T., et al. (2001). Hypnotic action of melatonin during daytime administration and its comparison with triazolam: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 55(3) Jun 2001, 303-304.
  • Scharf, M., Erman, M., Rosenberg, R., Seiden, D., McCall, W. V., Amato, D., et al. (2005). A 2-week efficacy and safety study of eszopiclone in elderly patients with primary insomnia: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 28(6) Oct 2005, 720-727.
  • Scharf, M. B., & Brown, L. (1986). Hypnotic drugs: Use and abuse: Clinical Psychology Review Vol 6(1) 1986, 39-50.
  • Scharf, M. B., Fletcher, K., & Graham, J. P. (1988). Comparative amnestic effects of benzodiazepine hypnotic agents: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 49(4) Apr 1988, 134-137.
  • Scharf, M. B., Mayleben, D. W., Kaffeman, M., Krall, R., & et al. (1991). Dose response effects of zolpidem in normal geriatric subjects: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(2) Feb 1991, 77-83.
  • Scharf, M. B., Mendels, J., Thorpy, M. J., & Weiss, B. (1994). Safety of long-term zolpidem treatment in patients with insomnia: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 55(9) Sep 1994, 1100-1111.
  • Scharf, M. B., Roth, T., Vogel, G. W., & Walsh, J. K. (1994). A multicenter, placebo-controlled study evaluating zolpidem in the treatment of chronic insomnia: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 55(5) May 1994, 192-199.
  • Scheuler, W., Stinshoff, D., & Kubicki, S. (1983). The alpha-sleep pattern: Differentiation from other sleep patterns and effect of hypnotics: Neuropsychobiology Vol 10(2-3) 1983, 183-189.
  • Schied, H. W., Braunschweiger, M., & Schupmann, A. (1986). Treatment of delirium tremens in German psychiatric hospitals: Results of a recent survey: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 153-156.
  • Schied, H. W., Kimmerle, K., & Braunschweiger, M. (1986). A retrospective comparison of delirium tremens cases before and after the availability of chlormethiazole: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 157-161.
  • Schneider-Helmert, D. (1985). Overestimations of hypnotic drug effects by insomniacs: A hypothesis: Psychopharmacology Vol 87(1) Sep 1985, 107-110.
  • Schols, J. M. (1991). Sleeping problems and use of hypnotics in a nursing home: An inventory examination: Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie Vol 22(4) Aug 1991, 139-142.
  • Schuler, M., Gaillard, J. M., & Tissot, R. (1972). Comparison of the sleep-inducing effect of Ro 5-4200 and nitrazepam: Psychopharmacologia Vol 27(2) 1972, 123-130.
  • Schwartz, J. L., Kramer, M., & Roth, T. (1974). Triazolam: A new benzodiazepine hypnotic and its effect on mood: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 16(9) Sep 1974, 964-970.
  • Seibt, J., Aton, S. J., Jha, S. K., Coleman, T., Dumoulin, M. C., & Frank, M. G. (2008). The non-benzodiazepine hypnotic zolpidem impairs sleep-dependent cortical plasticity: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 31(10) Oct 2008, 1381-1391.
  • Seoane, J. R., & Baile, C. A. (1973). Feeding behavior in sheep as related to the hypnotic activities of barbiturates injected into the third ventricle: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 1(1) Jan 1973, 47-53.
  • Seppala, M. (1993). Sleep and hypnotics in the elderly: Epidemiological and pharmacological studies in an urban community and in nursing homes: Psychiatria Fennica Vol 24 1993, 177-192.
  • Seppala, T., Nuotto, E., & Dreyfus, J. F. (1982). Drug-alcohol interactions on psychomotor skills: Zopiclone and flunitrazepam: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 127-135.
  • Serrone, D. M. (1973). Over-the-counter drugs: A challenge for drug education: Journal of Drug Education Vol 3(2) Sum 1973, 101-110.
  • Shapiro, C. M., MacFarlane, J. G., & MacLean, A. W. (1993). Alleviating sleep-related discontinuance symptoms associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal: A new approach: Journal of Psychosomatic Research Vol 37(Suppl 1) 1993, 55-57.
  • Shapiro, C. M., Sherman, D., & Peck, D. F. (1995). Withdrawal from benzodiazepines by initially switching to zopiclone: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 145s-151s.
  • Shaw, G. K. (1986). Chlormethiazole in the management of alcohol withdrawal: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 162-166.
  • Shinomiya, K., Shigemoto, Y., Omichi, J., Utsu, Y., Mio, M., & Kamei, C. (2004). Effects of three hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in sleep-disturbed rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 173(1-2) Apr 2004, 203-209.
  • Sicard, B. A., Trocherie, S., Moreau, J., Vieillefond, H., & et al. (1993). Evaluation of zolpidem on alertness and psychomotor abilities among aviation ground personnel and pilots: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 64(5) May 1993, 371-375.
  • Silva, A., Collao, A., Orellana, M., Melendez, J., Caviedes, P., & Cardenas, A. M. (2003). Zopiclone, but not brotizolam, impairs memory storage during sleep: Neuroscience Research Vol 47(2) Oct 2003, 241-243.
  • Silvestri, R., Ferrillo, F., Murri, L., Massetani, R., & et al. (1996). Rebound insomnia after abrupt discontinuation of hypnotic treatment: Double-blind randomized comparison of zolpidem versus triazolam: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1996, 225-233.
  • Simon, P., & Boutelier, I. (1982). Pharmacology of hypnotics: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 39-45.
  • Singer, K., Lo, C. W., & Tam, Y. K. (1978). Comparative evaluation of hypnotic efficacy of flunitrazepam in psychiatric in-patients: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 57(5) May 1978, 382-388.
  • Skaer, T. L., Sclar, D. A., & Robison, L. M. (2001). Complaints of insomnia in the USA 1995-1998: Prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and pharmacologic treatment patterns: Primary Care Psychiatry Vol 7(4) Dec 2001, 145-151.
  • Smirne, S., & et al. (1985). Intermediate-term hypnotic efficacy of doxefazepam: A sleep laboratory study in insomniacs: Current Therapeutic Research Vol 37(4) Apr 1985, 648-657.
  • Smirne, S., Franceschi, M., & Comi, G. (1974). Rapid EEG activity after single doses of sleep-inducing drugs in normal subjects: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 98(6) Dec 1974, 1189-1193.
  • Smith, B. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2001). Effects of alprazolam, caffeine and zolpidem in humans trained to discriminate triazolam from placebo: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 61(3) Feb 2001, 249-260.
  • Smith, D. H., Christensen, D. B., Stergachis, A., & Holmes, G. (1998). A randomized controlled trial of a drug use review intervention for sedative hypnotic medications: Medical Care Vol 36(7) Jul 1998, 1013-1021.
  • Smith, M. A., & Stoops, W. W. (2001). Sensitivity to the effects of sedative-hypnotics on motor performance: Influence of task difficulty and chronic phenobarbital administration: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 12(2) Apr 2001, 125-134.
  • Sofia, R. D., & Knobloch, L. C. (1973). The interaction of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol pretreatment with various sedative-hypnotic drugs: Psychopharmacologia Vol 30(2) 1973, 185-194.
  • Soldatos, C. R., Dikeos, D. G., & Whitehead, A. (1999). Tolerance and rebound insomnia with rapidly eliminated hypnotics: A meta-analysis of sleep laboratory studies: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 14(5) Sep 1999, 287-303.
  • Sowerbutts, K., Thom, A. A., & Thom, A. S. (1996). Survey of sleep inducing medication prescription and administration in a hospital for people with developmental disabilities: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 42(83, Pt 2) Jul 1996, 160-166.
  • Soyka, M. (2002). "Epidemiological evidence for a low abuse potential of Zolpidem": Comment Reply: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 35(2) Mar 2002, 81-82.
  • Soyka, M., Bottlender, R., & Moller, H. J. (2000). Epidemiological evidence for a low abuse potential of zolpidem: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 33(4) Jul 2000, 138-141.
  • Soyka, M., & Schutz, C. G. (1997). Letter to the editor: Addiction Vol 92(10) Oct 1997, 1369-1370.
  • Speca, A. (2003). Lormetazepam in clinical practice: Medicina Psicosomatica Vol 48(1-2) Jan-Jun 2003, 49-68.
  • Spehr, W., & Stemmler, G. (1984). Determinants of chlormethiazole-induced EEG effects in chronic alcoholics: Neuropsychobiology Vol 12(4) 1984, 265-269.
  • Speirs, C. F., Virden, S., & Scott, D. F. (1972). A simultaneous plasma level and EEG assessment of an oral hypnotic (ethinamate): European Journal of Pharmacology Vol 20(1) Oct 1972, 127-129.
  • Spinweber, C. L., & Johnson, L. C. (1982). Effects of triazolam (0.5 mg) on sleep, performance, memory, and arousal threshold: Psychopharmacology Vol 76(1) Jan 1982, 5-12.
  • Spotts, J. V., & Shontz, F. C. (1984). The phenomenological structure of drug-induced ego states: II. Barbiturates and sedative-hypnotics: Phenomenology and implications: International Journal of the Addictions Vol 19(3) May 1984, 295-326.
  • Srinivasan, V., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Trahkt, I., Spence, D. W., Poeggeler, B., Hardeland, R., et al. (2009). Melatonin and melatonergic drugs on sleep: Possible mechanisms of action: International Journal of Neuroscience Vol 119(6) Jun 2009, 821-846.
  • Stahl, S. M., Markowitz, J. S., Gutterman, E. M., & Papadopoulos, G. (2003). Co-use of donepezil and hypnotics among Alzheimer's disease patients living in the community: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 64(4) Apr 2003, 466-472.
  • Staner, L., Ertle, S., Boeijinga, P., Rinaudo, G., Arnal, M. A., Muzet, A., et al. (2005). Next-day residual effects of hypnotics in DSM-IV primary insomnia: a driving simulator study with simultaneous electroencephalogram monitoring: Psychopharmacology Vol 181(4) Oct 2005, 790-798.
  • Staner, L., Luthringer, R., & Macher, J. P. (2003). Development of compounds actives in insomnia: Recent developements and methodological aspects: Revue Neurologique Vol 159(11) Nov 2003, 6S48-6S55.
  • Stanojlovic, O., Zivanovic, D., Mirkovic, S., & Mikhaleva, I. (2004). Delta sleep-inducing peptide and its tetrapeptide analogue alleviate severity of metaphit seizures: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 77(2) Feb 2004, 227-234.
  • Stephens, D. N., & Voet, B. (1994). Differential effects of anxiolytic and non-anxiolytic benzodiazepine receptor ligands on performance of a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 5(1) Feb 1994, 4-14.
  • Stewart, R., Besset, A., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Lindesay, J., Jenkins, R., et al. (2006). Insomnia comorbidity and impact and hypnotic use by age group in a national survey population aged 16 to 74 years: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 29(11) Nov 2006, 1391-1397.
  • Stika, L., Honzakova, L., & Elis, J. (1985). Trends in utilisation of psychotropic drugs from 1978 till 1983: Activitas Nervosa Superior Vol 27(4) Dec 1985, 269-270.
  • Stille, G. (1986). Experimental studies and clinical experiences on the dependency potential of chlormethiazole: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 129-135.
  • Stille, G., Sayers, A., Lauener, H., & Eichenberger, E. (1973). 6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)morphanthridine (perlapine), a new tricyclic compound with sedative and sleep-promoting properties: A pharmacological study: Psychopharmacologia Vol 28(4) 1973, 325-337.
  • Stocchi, F. (1992). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics: Comparison of hypnotic drugs: Giornale di Neuropsicofarmacologia Vol 14(4) Jul-Aug 1992, 121-124.
  • Stoops, W. W., & Rush, C. R. (2003). Differential effects in humans after repeated administrations of zolpidem and triazolam: American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Vol 29(2) 2003, 281-299.
  • Stoops, W. W., & Rush, C. R. (2003). "Differential effects in humans after repeated administrations of zolpidem and triazolam": Erratum: American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Vol 29(4) Nov 2003, 895-896.
  • Stutzmann, J. M., Piot, O., Reibaud, M., Doble, A., & et al. (1992). Pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of the cyclopyrrolones: L'Encephale Vol 18(4) Jul-Aug 1992, 393-400.
  • Subhan, Z., & Hindmarch, I. (1984). Effects of zopiclone and benzodiazepine hypnotics on search in short-term memory: Neuropsychobiology Vol 12(4) 1984, 244-248.
  • Sulcova, A., Demlova, R., & Priborska, Z. (1995). Behavioural effects of the hypnotic drug zolpidem in rodents: Homeostasis in Health and Disease Vol 36(1) Feb 1995, 47-48.
  • Svitek, J., Heberlein, A., Bleich, S., Wiltfang, J., Kornhuber, J., & Hillemacher, T. (2008). Extensive craving in high dose zolpidem dependency: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 32(2) Feb 2008, 591-592.
  • Sweetwood, H. L., & et al. (1980). Sleep disorder over time: Psychiatric correlates among males: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 136 May 1980, 456-462.
  • Swift, C. G. (1986). Special problems relating to the use of hypnotics in the elderly: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 92-98.
  • Sykes, R. (2003). Current issues in the use of benzodizepines for the treatment of insomnia: South African Psychiatry Review Vol 6(1) Feb 2003, 4-6.
  • Syvalahti, E. K. (1985). Drug treatment of insomnia: Indications and complications: Annals of Clinical Research Vol 17(5) 1985, 265-272.
  • Tada, K., Sato, Y., Sakai, T., Ueda, N., & et al. (1994). Effects of zopiclone, triazolam, and nitrazepam on standing steadiness: Neuropsychobiology Vol 29(1) Jan 1994, 17-22.
  • Tafti, M., Besset, A., & Billiard, M. (1992). Effects of zopiclone on subjective evaluation of sleep and daytime alertness and on psychomotor and physical performance tests in athletes: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 16(1) Jan 1992, 55-63.
  • Takahashi, H., Yoshimoto, M., Higuchi, H., Shimizu, T., & Hishikawa, Y. (1999). Different effects of L-type and T-type calcium channel blockers on the hypnotic potency of triazolam and zolpidem in rats: European Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 9(4) Jun 1999, 317-321.
  • Takahashi, T., Okajima, Y., Otsubo, T., Shinoda, J., Mimura, M., Nakagome, K., et al. (2003). Comparison of hangover effects among triazolam, flunitrazepam and quazepam in healthy subjects: A preliminary report: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 57(3) Jun 2003, 303-309.
  • Tang, A. H., Smith, M. W., Carter, D. B., Im, W. B., & et al. (1995). U-90042, a sedative/hypnotic compound that interacts differentially with the GABA-sub(A ) receptor subtypes: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 275(2) Nov 1995, 761-767.
  • Tansella, M., & et al. (1975). N-desmethyldiazepam and amylobarbitone sodium as hypnotics in anxious patients: Plasma levels, clinical efficacy and residual effects: Psychopharmacologia Vol 41(2) 1975, 81-85.
  • Tarasoff, G., & Osti, K. (2007). Black-market value of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and hypnotics in Las Vegas, Nevada: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 164(2) Feb 2007, 350.
  • Tazaki, T., Tada, K., Nogami, Y., Takemura, N., & et al. (1989). Effects of butoctamide hydrogen succinate and nitrazepam on psychomotor function and EEG in healthy volunteers: Psychopharmacology Vol 97(3) Mar 1989, 370-375.
  • Terzano, M. G., & Parrino, L. (1992). Evaluation of EEG cyclic alternating pattern during sleep in insomniacs and controls under placebo and acute treatment with zolpidem: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 15(1) Feb 1992, 64-70.
  • Terzano, M. G., Parrino, L., Boselli, M., Dell'Orso, S., & et al. (1995). Changes of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) parameters in situational insomnia under brotizolam and triazolam: Psychopharmacology Vol 120(3) Aug 1995, 237-243.
  • Thakore, J., & Dinan, T. G. (1992). Physical dependence following zopiclone usage: A case report: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 7(2) Mar-Apr 1992, 143-145.
  • Thaminy, S., Reymann, J.-M., Heresbach, N., Allain, H., Lechat, P., & Bentue-Ferrer, D. (1997). Is chlormethiazole neuroprotective in experimental global cerebral ischemia? A microdialysis and behavioral study: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 56(4) Apr 1997, 737-745.
  • Thienhaus, O. J. (2007). Addressing inmate sleep disorders. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
  • Timotijevic, I., Paunovic, V. R., Jasovic-Gasic, M., Preradovic, M., Ignjatovic-Ristic, D., Mihajlovic, G., et al. (2003). Stilnox in the treatment of insomnia: Psihijatrija Danas Vol 35(Suppl1) 2003, 55-75.
  • Timotijevic, I., Tasic, A., Vezmar, M., Todorovic, M., & Bokonjic, S. (1997). Brotizolame (LENDORMIN) in treatment of insomnia and anxious-depressive disorders: Psihijatrija Danas Vol 29(1-2) 1997, 61-77.
  • Tobiansky, R. I. (1991). Effect of the cyclopyrrolone hypnotic zopiclone on ECT seizure duration: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 5(3) 1991, 268-269.
  • Tompkins, E. C. (1974). The use of the immobility reflex (animal hypnosis) as a possible procedure for detecting sedative activity: Life Sciences Vol 15(4) Aug 1974, 671-684.
  • Toner, L. C., Tsambiras, B. M., Catalano, G., Catalano, M. C., & Cooper, D. S. (2000). Central nervous system side effects associated with zolpidem treatment: Clinical Neuropharmacology Vol 23(1) Jan-Feb 2000, 54-58.
  • Torii, S., Mitsumori, K., Inubushi, S., & Yanagisawa, I. (1973). The REM sleep-inducing action of a naturally occurring organic bromine compound in the encephale isole cat: Psychopharmacologia Vol 29(1) 1973, 65-75.
  • Tripodianakis, J., Potagas, C., Papageorgiou, P., Lazaridou, M., & Matikas, N. (2003). Zolpidem-related epileptic seizures: A case report: European Psychiatry Vol 18(3) May 2003, 140-141.
  • Troy, S. M., Lucki, I., Unruh, M. A., Cevallos, W. H., Leister, C. A., Martin, P. T., et al. (2000). Comparison of the effects of zaleplon, zolpidem, and triazolam on memory, learning, and psychomotor performance: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 20(3) Jun 2000, 328-337.
  • Uchida, S., Okudaira, N., Nishihara, K., & Iguchi, Y. (1996). Flunitrazepam effects on human sleep EEG spectra: Differences in NREM, REM and individual responses: Life Sciences Vol 58(10) Feb 1996, PL199-PL205.
  • Uchimura, N., Takeuchi, N., Kuwahara, H., Nose, I., Hashizume, Y., Shirakawa, S., et al. (2002). Situation and problem of administration methods and the intermission of hypnotics: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 56(3) Jun 2002, 295-296.
  • Uhlig, T., Huppe, M., Nidermaier, B., & Pestel, G. (1996). Mood effects of zolpidem versus phenobarbital combined with promethazine in an anesthesiological setting: Neuropsychobiology Vol 34(2) 1996, 90-97.
  • Ulmar, G. (1987). Sleep disorders and use of hypnosedatives in the psychiatric hospital: Nervenarzt Vol 58(12) Dec 1987, 773-775.
  • Unden, M., & Schechter, B. R. (1996). Next day effects after nighttime treatment with zolpidem: A review: European Psychiatry Vol 11(Suppl 1) 1996, 21s-30s.
  • Uramura, K., Funahashi, H., Muroya, S., Shioda, S., Takigawa, M., & Yada, T. (2001). Orexin-a activates phospholipase C- and protein kinase C-mediated Ca-super(2+ ) signaling in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 12(9) Jul 2001, 1885-1889.
  • Vadhan, N. P., Hart, C. L., Roe, B., Colley, J., Haney, M., & Foltin, R. W. (2006). Substance Use and Psychosocial Outcomes Following Participation in Residential Laboratory Studies of Marijuana, Methamphetamine and Zolpidem: American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Vol 32(4) 2006, 589-597.
  • Van Moffaert, M., & Pilate, C. (1995). Zopiclone in the treatment of insomnia in depressed patients: European Psychiatry Vol 10(Suppl 3) 1995, 167s-172s.
  • Vanover, K. E., & Barrett, J. E. (1994). Evaluation of the discriminative stimulus effects of the novel sedative-hypnotic CL 284,846: Psychopharmacology Vol 115(3) Jul 1994, 289-296.
  • Vartzopoulos, D., Bozikas, V., Phocas, C., Karavatos, A., & Kaprinis, G. (2000). Dependence on zolpidem in high dose: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 15(3) May 2000, 181-182.
  • Veldkamp, W., Straw, R. N., Metzler, C. M., & Demissianos, H. V. (1974). Efficacy and residual effect evaluation of a new hypnotic, triazolam: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 14(2-3) Feb 1974, 102-111.
  • Vera, F., Luna-Villegas, G., Ferna-1ndez-Mas, R., Navarro, J. F., & Fernandez-Guardiola, A. (1999). Effect of the administration of gabaergic agonists of the GABA-sub(A)/BDZ receptor on sleep in human subjects: Salud Mental Vol 22(3) Jun 1999, 5-13.
  • Vera, F., Navarro, J. F., Blanca, M. J., Luna, G., & Fernandez-Guardiola, A. (2001). Residual effects of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics on diurnal attention in a reaction time task: Psicothema Vol 13(2) May 2001, 290-293.
  • Vera, F., Navarro, J. F., Luna-Villegas, G., Fernandez-Mas, R., & Fernandez-Guardiola, A. (2000). Residual effects of the administration of hypnotics on electroencephalographic patterns in healthy volunteers: Salud Mental Vol 23(2) Apr 2000, 31-35.
  • Vermeeren, A. (2004). Residual Effects of Hypnotics: Epidemiology and Clinical Implications: CNS Drugs Vol 18(5) 2004, 297-328.
  • Vermeeren, A., Danjou, P. E., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (1998). Residual effects of evening and middle-of-the-night administration of zaleplon 10 and 20 mg on memory and actual driving performance: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 13(Suppl 2) Nov 1998, S98-S107.
  • Vermeeren, A., Riedel, W. J., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Darwish, M., Paty, I., & Patat, A. (2002). Differential residual effects of zaleplon and zopiclone on actual driving: A comparison with a low dose of alcohol: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 25(2) Mar 2002, 224-231.
  • Verster, J. C., Volkerts, E. R., Schreuder, A. H. C. M. L., Eijken, E. J. E., van Heucklum, J. H. G., Veldhuijzen, D. S., et al. (2002). Residual effects of middle of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions and psychomotor performance: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 22(6) Dec 2002, 576-583.
  • Vissers, F., van der Grinten, R., van der Horst, F., Kester, A., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2003). Use of hypnotic and tranquillising drugs in general practice: Determinants, satisfaction, and the motivation to stop: The patient's view: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care Vol 21(3) Sep 2003, 159-161.
  • Viukari, M., Linnoila, M., & Aalto, U. (1978). Efficacy and side effects of flurazepam, fosazepam, and nitrazepam as sleeping aids in psychogeriatric patients: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 57(1) Jan 1978, 27-35.
  • Viukari, M., & Miettinen, P. (1984). Diazepam, promethazine and propiomazine as hypnotics in elderly inpatients: Neuropsychobiology Vol 12(2-3) 1984, 134-137.
  • Viukari, M., Vartio, T., & Verho, E. (1984). Low doses of brotizolam and nitrazepam as hypnotics in the elderly: Neuropsychobiology Vol 12(2-3) 1984, 130-133.
  • Voderholzer, U., Riemann, D., Hornyak, M., Backhaus, J., Feige, B., & Hohagen, F. (2001). A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study on the polysomnographic withdrawal effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam in healthy subjects: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 251(3) 2001, 117-123.
  • Vogel, G. (1992). Clinical uses and advantages of low doses of benzodiazepine hypnotics: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 53(6, Suppl) Jun 1992, 19-22.
  • Vogel, G., & et al. (1975). The effect of triazolam on the sleep of insomniacs: Psychopharmacologia Vol 41(1) 1975, 65-69.
  • Vogel, G. W., Barker, K., Gibbons, P., & Thurmond, A. (1976). A comparison of the effects of flurazepam 30 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg on the sleep of insomniacs: Psychopharmacology Vol 47(1) 1976, 81-86.
  • Vogel, J. R., & Nathan, B. A. (1975). Learned taste aversions induced by hypnotic drugs: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 3(2) Mar-Apr 1975, 189-194.
  • Volkerts, E. R., Van Laar, M. W., Van Willigenburg, A. P., Plomp, T. A., & et al. (1992). A comparative study of on-the-road and simulated driving performance after nocturnal treatment with lormetazepam 1 mg and oxazepam 50 mg: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 7(5) Sep-Oct 1992, 297-309.
  • Wacker, H. R., Battegay, R., & Schlosser, C. (1989). Longitudinal study on the consumption of analgesics, tranquilizers and hypnotics by healthy Swiss men over a 13-year period (1972-1985): European Archives of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences Vol 239(2) Sep 1989, 87-92.
  • Wadsworth, E. J. K., Moss, S. C., Simpson, S. A., & Smith, A. P. (2003). Preliminary investigation of the association between psychotropic medication use and accidents, minor injuries and cognitive failures: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 18(7) Oct 2003, 535-540.
  • Walsh, J. K. (2004). Pharmacologic Management of Insomnia: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 65(Suppl16) 2004, 41-45.
  • Walsh, J. K., Deacon, S., Dijk, D.-J., & Lundahl, J. (2007). The selective extrasynaptic GABAasymptotic-to > agonist, gaboxadol, improves traditional hypnotic efficacy measures and enhances slow wave activity in a model of transient insomnia: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 30(5) May 2007, 593-602.
  • Walsh, J. K., Erman, M., Erwin, C. W., Jamieson, A., Mahowald, M., Regestein, Q., et al. (1998). Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSMIII-R primary insomnia: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 13(3) May-Jun 1998, 191-198.
  • Walsh, J. K., Krystal, A. D., Amato, D. A., Rubens, R., Caron, J., Wessel, T. C., et al. (2007). Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with eszopiclone for six months: Effect on sleep, quality of life, and work limitations: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 30(8) Sep 2007, 959-968.
  • Walsh, J. K., Pollak, C. P., Scharf, M. B., Schweitzer, P. K., & Vogel, G. W. (2000). Lack of residual sedation following middle-of-the-night zaleplon administration in sleep maintenance insomnia: Clinical Neuropharmacology Vol 23(1) Jan-Feb 2000, 17-21.
  • Walsh, J. K., Snyder, E., Hall, J., Randazzo, A. C., Griffin, K., Groeger, J., et al. (2008). Slow wave sleep enhancement with gaboxadol reduces daytime sleepiness during sleep restriction: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 31(5) May 2008, 659-672.
  • Walsh, J. K., Soubrane, C., & Roth, T. (2008). Efficacy and safety of zolpidem extended release in elderly primary insomnia patients: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 16(1) Jan 2008, 44-57.
  • Wamsley, J. K., & Hunt, M. A. (1991). Relative affinity of quazepam for Type-1 benzodiazepine receptors in brain: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 52(Suppl) Sep 1991, 15-20.
  • Wancata, J., Benda, N., Lesch, O., & Muller, C. (1998). Use of anxiolytics and hypnotics in gynecological, surgical and medical departments of general hospitals: Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 31(5) Sep 1998, 178-186.
  • Wang, M. (1986). Changes in psychophysiological and conditioning variables during chlormethiazole-medicated and unmedicated ethanol withdrawal: Preliminary report: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(329, Suppl) 1986, 146-152.
  • Wang, R. I., & Stockdale, S. L. (1977). A subjective and objective method assessing the efficacy of hypnotic medications in insomniacs: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol 17(11-12) Nov-Dec 1977, 728-733.
  • Ware, J. C., Walsh, J. K., Scharf, M. B., Roehrs, T., Roth, T., & Vogel, G. W. (1997). Minimal rebound insomnia after treatment with 10-mg zolpidem: Clinical Neuropharmacology Vol 20(2) Apr 1997, 116-125.
  • Wauquier, A., Van Den Broeck, W. A., Verheyen, J. L., & Janssen, P. A. (1978). Electroencephalographic study of the short-acting hypnotics etomidate and methohexital in dogs: European Journal of Pharmacology Vol 47(4) Feb 1978, 367-377.
  • Weerts, E. M., Ator, N. A., Grech, D. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (1998). Zolpidem physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 285(1) Apr 1998, 41-53.
  • Weerts, E. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (1998). Zolpidem self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of long-term continuous availability in baboons: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 9(3) May 1998, 285-297.
  • Weizman, R., Paz, L., Peter, Y., Toren, P., & Pick, C. G. (2001). Behavioral effects of agents active at the gamma -aminobutyric acid receptor complex in the staircase paradigm: Brain Research Vol 901(1-2) May 2001, 137-142.
  • Wesensten, N. J., Balkin, T. J., & Belenky, G. L. (1996). Effects of daytime administration of zolpidem and triazolam on performance: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 67(2) Feb 1996, 115-120.
  • Wesensten, N. J., Balkin, T. J., Davis, H. Q., & Belensky, G. L. (1995). Reversal of triazolam- and zolpidem-induced memory impairment by flumazenil: Psychopharmacology Vol 121(2) Sep 1995, 242-249.
  • Wesnes, K., & Warburton, D. M. (1984). A comparison of temazepam and flurazepam in terms of sleep quality and residual changes in performance: Neuropsychobiology Vol 11(4) Oct 1984, 255-259.
  • Wesnes, K., & Warburton, D. M. (1986). Effects of temazepam on sleep quality and subsequent mental efficiency under normal sleeping conditions and following delayed sleep onset: Neuropsychobiology Vol 15(3-4) Sep 1986, 187-191.
  • Wheatley, D. (1985). Insomnia in the community: The patient who cannot sleep: Psychiatria Fennica Suppl 1985, 174-180.
  • Wheatley, D. (1985). Zopiclone: A non-benzodiazepine hypnotic: Controlled comparison to temazepam in insomnia: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146 Mar 1985, 312-314.
  • Wheatley, D. (1986). Brotizolam: A new short-acting hypnotic: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 1(1) Jan 1986, 36-44.
  • Whitmore, J. N., Fischer, J. R., Jr., & Storm, W. F. (2004). Hypnotic Efficacy of Zaleplon for Daytime Sleep in Rested Individuals: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 27(5) Feb 2004, 895-898.
  • Wichniak, A., Murawiec, S., & Jernajczyk, W. (2006). Pharmacological treatment of insomnia: Psychiatria Polska Vol 40(3) 2006, 563-577.
  • Wickstrom, E., & et al. (1982). A comparative study of zopiclone and flunitrazepam in insomniacs seen by general practitioners: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 165-172.
  • Wilcock, M., Mackenzie, I., & Bolt, J. (1999). Country-wide survey of the repeat prescription of hypnotics: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 174 Mar 1999, 277.
  • Wilkinson, C. J. (1995). The acute effects of zolpidem, administered alone and with alcohol, on cognitive and psychomotor function: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 56(7) Jul 1995, 309-318.
  • Wilkinson, C. J. (1998). The abuse potential of zolpidem administered alone and with alcohol: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 60(1) May 1998, 193-202.
  • Williams, R. L. (1980). Sleeping-pill insomnia: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 41(5) May 1980, 153-154.
  • Willumeit, H. P., Ott, H., & Kuschel, C. (1991). Effects of lormetazepam and other benzodiazepine receptor ligands on car driving-related skills: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental Vol 6(3) Sep 1991, 209-218.
  • Willumeit, H. P., Ott, H., & Kuschel, C. (1993). Driving performance models: Comparison of a tracking simulator and an over-the-road test in relation to drug intake. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wilson, S., & Nutt, D. (2008). Drug treatment of chronic insomnia--Dawn at the end of a long night? : Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 22(7) Sep 2008, 703-706.
  • Windholz, G., & Witherspoon, L. H. (1993). Sleep as a cure for schizophrenia: A historical episode: History of Psychiatry Vol 4(13, Pt 1) Mar 1993, 83-93.
  • Winkelman, J., & Pies, R. (2005). Current Patterns and Future Directions in the Treatment of Insomnia: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 17(1) Jan-Mar 2005, 31-40.
  • Witkin, J. M. (1984). Effects of some volatile sedative-hypnotics on punished behavior: Psychopharmacology Vol 84(1) Sep 1984, 16-19.
  • Woodward, M. (1999). Hypnosedatives in the elderly: A guide to appropriate use: CNS Drugs Vol 11(4) Apr 1999, 263-279.
  • Wu, R., Zhang, C., Deng, J., & Long, C. (2002). Comparison between cognitive-behavior therapy and medication on chronic insomnia: Chinese Mental Health Journal Vol 16(10) Oct 2002, 677-680.
  • Xi, M., & Chase, M. H. (2008). Effects of eszopiclone and zolpidem on sleep and waking states in the adult guinea pig: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 31(7) Jul 2008, 1043-1051.
  • Yakabowich, M. R. (1992). Hypnotics in the elderly: Appropriate usage guidelines: Journal of Geriatric Drug Therapy Vol 6(3) 1992, 5-21.
  • Yamadera, H., Kato, M., Tsukahara, Y., Kajimura, N., & Okuma, T. (1997). Relationship between the effects of a hypnotic drug, zopiclone, on polysomnography and on daytime EEGs: Neuropsychobiology Vol 35(3) Apr 1997, 152-155.
  • Yamadera, H., Suzuki, H., Kudo, Y., Asayama, K., Ito, T., & Endo, S. (2002). The study of polysomnography and sleepiness the morning after administration of triazolam and brotizolam: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 56(3) Jun 2002, 297-298.
  • Yanagita, T. (1982). Dependence potential of zopiclone studied in monkeys: International Pharmacopsychiatry Vol 17(Suppl 2) 1982, 216-227.
  • Yeo, G. T., De Burgh, S. P. H., Letton, T., Shaw, J., & et al. (1994). Educational visiting and hypnosedative prescribing in general practice: Family Practice Vol 11(1) Mar 1994, 57-61.
  • Yerbury, R. E., & Cooper, S. J. (1989). Novel benzodiazepine receptor ligands: Palatable food intake following zolpidem, CGS 17867A, or Ro23-0364, in the rat: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 33(2) Jun 1989, 303-307.
  • Yoshimoto, M., Higuchi, H., Kamata, M., Yoshida, K., Shimizu, T., & Hishikawa, Y. (1999). The effects of benzodiazepine (triazolam), cyclopyrrolone (zopiclone) and imidazopyridine (zolpidem) hypnotics on the frequency of hippocampal theta activity and sleep structure in rats: European Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 9(1-2) Jan 1999, 29-35.
  • Young, S. N. (2003). Is tryptophan a natural hypnotic?: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Vol 28(2) Mar 2003, 160.
  • Youssef, N. A., & Rich, C. L. (2008). Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 20(3) 2008, 157-169.
  • Yuen, E. J., Zisselman, M. H., Louis, D. Z., & Rovner, B. W. (1997). Sedative-hypnotic use by the elderly: Effects on hospital length of stay and costs: Journal of Mental Health Administration Vol 24(1) Win 1997, 90-97.
  • Zammit, G. K. (2007). Ramelteon: A novel hypnotic indicated for the treatment of insomnia: Psychiatry Vol 4(9) Sep 2007, 36-42.
  • Zapata-Sudo, G., Pontes, L. B., Gabriel, D., Mendes, T. C. F., Ribeiro, N. M., Pinto, A. C., et al. (2007). Sedative-hypnotic profile of novel isatin ketals: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 86(4) Apr 2007, 678-685.
  • Zavesicka, L., Brunovsky, M., Matousek, M., & Sos, P. (2008). Discontinuation of hypnotics during cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: BMC Psychiatry Sept 8 2008 ArtID 80.
  • Zhao, C.-s., Puurunen, K., Schallert, T., Sivenius, J., & Jolkkonen, J. (2005). Behavioral effects of photothrombotic ischemic cortical injury in aged rats treated with the sedative-hypnotic GABAergic drug zopiclone: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 160(2) May 2005, 260-266.
  • Zimatkin, S. M., Liopo, A. V., Satanovskaya, V. I., Bardina, L. R., & Deitrich, R. A. (2001). Relationship of brain ethanol metabolism to the hypnotic effect of ethanol. II: Studies in selectively bred rats and mice: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 25(7) Jul 2001, 982-988.
  • Zimatkin, S. M., Liopo, A. V., Slychenkov, V. S., & Deitrich, R. A. (2001). Relationship of brain ethanol metabolism to the hypnotic effect of ethanol. I: Studies in outbred animals: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 25(7) Jul 2001, 976-981.
  • Zimmermann-Tansella, C., Tansella, M., & Lader, M. (1976). The effects of chlordesmethyldiazepam on behavioral performance and subjective judgment in normal subjects: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Vol (10, Pt 1) Oct 1976, 481-488.
  • Zisselman, M. H., Rovner, B. W., Yuen, E. J., & Louis, D. Z. (1996). Sedative-hypnotic use and increased hospital stay and costs in older people: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 44(11) Nov 1996, 1371-1374.

Additional material[]

Books[]

  • Caldwell, J. A., Jr., & Caldwell, J. L. (2000). Studying pharmacological performance enhancement with behavioral, subjective, and electroencephalographic measures. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • O'Hanlon, J. F. (1988). Are actual driving tests necessary for evaluating drug safety? London, England: CNS (Clinical Neuroscience) Publishers.

Papers[]

Dissertations[]

  • Brady, K. T., Myrick, H., & Malcolm, R. (1999). Sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic agents. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Barron-Quinn, J. L. (1982). The relationship of sedative-hypnotic response to self-injurious behavior and stereotypy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Freeman, R. F. (1995). EEG topographic differences between dissociation and distraction during cold pressor pain. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Gordon, L. B. (1978). Sedative-hypnotic abusers, polydrug abusers: A personality assessment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Nelson, R. A. (2008). Effects of a non-pharmacological intervention on the sleep behavior and sedative/hypnotic drug use of nursing home residents. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Sauerbrey, K. J. (1990). Sleep disorders and the elderly: The effect of progressive relaxation training versus sedative-hypnotic treatment on insomnia: Dissertation Abstracts International.

External links[]


This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).
Advertisement