# Changes: Hodgkin-Huxley model

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The Hodgkin-Huxley Model is a scientific model that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. It is a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that approximates the electrical characteristics of excitable cells such as neurons and cardiac myocytes.

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley described the model in 1952 to explain the ionic mechanisms underlying the initiation and propagation of action potentials in the squid giant axon.[1] They received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.

## Basic ComponentsEdit

The components of a typical Hodgkin-Huxley model are shown in the figure. Each component of an excitable cell has a biophysical analog. The lipid bilayer is represented as a capacitance (Cm). Voltage-gated ion channels are represented by nonlinear electrical conductances (gn, where n is the specific ion channel), meaning that the conductance is voltage and time-dependent. This was later shown to be mediated by voltage-gated cation channel proteins, each of which has an open probability that is voltage-dependent. Leak channels are represented by linear conductances (gL). The electrochemical gradients driving the flow of ions are represented by batteries (En and EL), the values of which are determined from the Nernst potential of the ionic species of interest. Finally, ion pumps are represented by current sources (Ip).

The time derivative of the potential across the membrane ($\dot{V}_m$) is proportional to the sum of the currents in the circuit. This is represented as follows:

$\dot{V}_{m}= -\frac{1}{C_m} (\sum\limits ^{}_{i} I_{i} ),$

where Ii denotes the individual ionic currents of the model.

## Ionic Current CharacterizationEdit

The current flowing through the ion channels is mathematically represented by the following equation:

${I}_{i}(V_m,t)= (V_m - E_i) {g_i}\;$

where $E_i$ is the reversal potential of the i-th ion channel.

In voltage-gated ion channels, the channel conductance gi is a function of both time and voltage (gn(t,V) in the figure), while in leak channels gi is a constant (gL in the figure). The current generated by ion pumps is dependent on the ionic species specific to that pump. The following sections will describe these formulations in more detail.

### Voltage-Gated Ion ChannelsEdit

Under the Hodgkin-Huxley formulation, conductances for voltage-gated channels (gn(t,V)) are expressed as:

${g}_{n}(V_m,t) = \bar{g}_n \phi^{\alpha} \chi^{\beta}$

$\dot{\phi}(V_m,t) = \frac{1}{\tau_{\phi}} (\phi_{\infty} - \phi)$

$\dot{\chi}(V_m,t) = \frac{1}{\tau_{\chi}} (\chi_{\infty} - \chi)$,

where $\phi$ and $\chi$ are gating variables for activation and inactivation, respectively, representing the fraction of the maximum conductance available at any given time and voltage. $\bar{g}_n$ is the maximal value of the conductance. $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are constants and $\tau_{\phi}$ and $\tau_{\chi}$ are the time constants for activation and inactivation, respectively. $\phi_{\infty}$ and $\chi_{\infty}$ are the steady state values for activation and inactivation, respectively, and are usually represented by Boltzmann equations as functions of $V_m$.

In order to characterize voltage-gated channels, the equations will be fit to voltage-clamp data. For a derivation of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations under voltage-clamp see.[2] Briefly, when the membrane potential is held at a constant value (i.e., voltage-clamp), for each value of the membrane potential the nonlinear gating equations reduce to linear differential equations of the form:

$\phi(t) = \phi_{0} - [ (\phi_{0}-\phi_{\infty})(1 - e^{-t/\tau_{\phi}})]$

$\chi(t) = \chi_{0} - [ (\chi_{0}-\chi_{\infty})(1 - e^{-t/\tau_{\chi}})]$

Thus, for every value of membrane potential, $V_{m}$, the following equation can be fit to the current curve:

$I_{n}(t)=\bar{g}_{n} \phi^{\alpha} \chi^{\beta} (V_{m}-E_{n})$.

The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm,[3][4] a modified Gauss-Newton algorithm, is often used to fit these equations to voltage-clamp data.

### Leak ChannelsEdit

Leak channels account for the natural permeability of the membrane to ions and take the form of the equation for voltage-gated channels, where the conductance $g_i$ is a constant.

### Pumps and ExchangersEdit

The membrane potential depends upon the maintenance of ionic concentration gradients across it. The maintenance of these concentration gradients requires active transport of ionic species. The sodium-potassium and sodium-calcium exchangers are the best known of these. Some of the basic properties of the Na/Ca exchanger have already been well-established: the stoichiometry of exchange is 3 Na+:1 Ca2+ and the exchanger is electrogenic and voltage-sensitive. The Na/K exchanger has also been described in detail.[5]