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Habits are automatic routines of behavior that are repeated regularly, without thinking.^[1] They are learned, not instinctive, human behaviors that occur automatically, without the explicit contemporaneous intention of the person. The person may not be paying attention to or be conscious or aware of the behavior. When the behavior is brought to the person's attention, they may be able to control it.^{[How to reference and link to summary or text]}

Habit is an important part of the definition of such fundamental psychological concepts as self.

Contents 1 Aspects of habits 2 In Early Thought 3 In Early Psychological Thought 4 Pragmatism and functional psychology 5 In Self-help Literature 6 In Behaviorism 7 In cognitive neuroscience 8 In contemporary thought 9 In Psychotherapy 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 Further reading 13 External links

Aspects of habitsEdit

• Generalized habit strength
• Habit strength

In Early ThoughtEdit

In Early Psychological ThoughtEdit

Pragmatism and functional psychologyEdit

Habit loomed large in the psychological writing of the Pragmatism, William James and John Dewey, and the functional psychologists, the early advocates of which were students of Dewey. Chapter IV of James's Principles of Psychology puts habit as a fundamental building block of human behavior and mentions habit as applicable in thought as well.

For Dewey habit is even more central.

In Self-help LiteratureEdit

In BehaviorismEdit

In cognitive neuroscienceEdit

In contemporary thoughtEdit

Ellen Langer in her books, especially Mindfulness, has portrayed mindfulness as good and habit, mindlessness, as bad. "A mindful approach to any activity has three characteristics: the continuous creation of new categories; openness to new information; and an implicit awareness of more than one perspective." "Mindlessness, in contrast, is characterized by an entrapment in old categories; by automatic behavior that precludes attending to new signals; and by action that operates from a single perspective."

In contrast Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi in Flow seems to portray habitual behavior as indispensable for and almost indistinguishable from flow, which he clearly views as a good thing.

Daniel Wegner simply declares that all of our behavior is automatic in the sense of being beyond our conscious control and that the experience of conscious control is an illusion.

In PsychotherapyEdit

See alsoEdit

Absent-mindedness Addiction Eating habits Habit disorders Habit reversal Habituation Habitus John Dewey Self-management Self-regulation Study habits The Principles of Psychology William James

Habit Modification Approaches Behavior modification Cognitive behavior therapy Habit reversal training Paradoxical intention Maladaptive Behavior with Habitual Elements Childhood obesity Hair pulling Nail-biting Neurodermatitis Nose-picking Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Procrastination Thumbsucking Tobacco smoking

Physiological Habits Habit cough Parafunctional habit (Dentistry) Reflex Tic

FootnotesEdit

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

• James Rowland Angell and Addison W. Moore. "Studies from the Psychological Laboratory of the University of Chicago: 1. Reaction-Time: A Study in Attention and Habit." Psychological Review 3, (1896): 245-258.)

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