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[[File:Gray743 cingulate gyrus.png|thumb|250px|[[Coronal section]] of brain. Cingulate cortex is shown in yellow.]]
'''Cingulate gyrus''' (belt ridge in eng.) is a [[gyrus]] in the medial part of the [[brain]]. It partially wraps around the [[corpus callosum]] and is limited above by the [[cingulate sulcus]].
 
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The '''cingulate cortex''' is a part of the [[brain]] situated in the medial aspect of the [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]]. It includes the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the [[limbic lobe]], separate from the adjacent [[frontal lobe|frontal]] and [[parietal lobe|parietal]] lobes.
  +
  +
It receives inputs from the [[thalamus]] and the [[neocortex]], and projects to the [[entorhinal cortex]] via the [[cingulum]]. It is an integral part of the [[limbic system]], which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, and is also important for [[executive function]] and respiratory control.
  +
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==History==
  +
  +
[[Cingulum]] means belt in Latin. The name was likely chosen because this cortex, in great part, surrounds the [[corpus callosum]]. Cingulate is an adjective (cingularis or cingulatus).
  +
The cingulate cortex is a part of the "grand lobe limbique" of [[Paul Broca|Broca (1898)]] that consisted (in addition to the olfactory part, which is no more considered there today) of a superior cingulate part, supracallosal; and an inferior hippocampic part, infracallosal. The [[limbic lobe]] was separated from the remainder of the cortex by Broca for two reasons: first that it is not convoluted, and second that the gyri are directed parasagittally (contrary to the transverse [[gyrification]]). Since the parasagittal gyrification is observed in non-primate species, the limbic lobe was thus declared to be "bestial". As with other parts of the cortex, there have been and continue to be discrepancies concerning boundaries and naming. [[Korbinian Brodmann|Brodmann (1909)]], a student of [[Cécile Vogt-Mugnier]] and [[Oskar Vogt]], who worked on cercopithecus (and not much in human (Bailey and von Bonin)), elaborated a system of numeration that had unfortunately no typological logics (1, 2 and 3 are sensory, 4 is motor, 5 is parietal, 6 is premotor and 7 is again parietal!). Area 25 was even not placed by him in the same place in the human brain. Area 24 (anterior) was distinguished from 23 (posterior) on the basis that it was agranular. More recently, the typographical von Economo's system was adopted by Bailey and von Bonin. Simple typographical naming should be preferred, for evident heuristic purposes.
  +
  +
==Subdivisions==
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Based on [[Cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex| cerebral cytoarchitectonics]] it has been divided into the [[Brodmann area]]s [[Brodmann area 23|23]], [[Brodmann area 24| 24]], [[Brodmann area 26|26]], [[Brodmann area 29|29]], [[Brodmann area 30|30]], [[Brodmann area 31| 31]] and [[Brodmann area 32|32]]. The areas [[Brodmann area 26| 26]], [[Brodmann area 29|29]] and [[Brodmann area 30|30]] are usually referred to as the retrosplenial areas.
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===Anterior cingulate cortex===
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{{main|Anterior cingulate cortex}}
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This corresponds to area 24 of Brodmann and ''LA'' of [[Constantin von Economo]] and Bailey and von Bonin.
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It is continued anteriorly by the [[subgenual cortex]] (area 25).
  +
It is cytoarchitectonically [[agranular]].
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It has a gyral part on the surface and a sulcal part.
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[[Anterior cingulate cortex]] can further be divided in the [[perigenual anterior cingulate cortex]] and [[midcingulate cortex]]. The anterior cingulate cortex receives primarily its afferent axons from the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei ([[intralaminar and midline]] of the thalamus, see [[thalamus]]).
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The nucleus anterior receives mamillo-thalamic afferences. The mamillary neurons receive axons from the [[subiculum]].
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The whole forms a part of [[Papez_circuit|Papez' circuit]].
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The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the [[cingulum]] to other Broca's limbic areas.
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The ACC is involved in error and conflict detection processes, such as in the [[go/no-go task]].
  +
  +
===Posterior cingulate cortex===
  +
{{main|Posterior cingulate cortex}}
  +
This corresponds to area 23 of Brodmann LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. It is granular. It is followed posteriorly by the retrosplenial cortex (area 29). Dorsally is the granular area 31. The posterior cingulate cortex receives a great part of its afferent axons from the superficial nucleus (or nucleus superior- falsely LD-) of the thalamus (see [[thalamus]]), which itself receives axons from the subiculum. To some extent it thus duplicates Papez' circuit. It receives also direct afferents from the subiculum of the hippocampus.
  +
  +
===Cingulum and interconnections===
  +
At the base of the cingulate cortex is a thick parasagittal bundle, the cingulum. It strongly increases in evolution, and in humans it can even be dissected. The cingulum is used for the connections of the two subdivisions described above and with the parahippocampal gyrus.
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  +
The cingulate cortex can also be differentiated based on its [[thalamus|thalamic]] connections: Midline and intralaminar nuclei.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| author = [[Brent A. Vogt]], D. L. Rosene, and D. N. Pandya
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| title = Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey
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| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
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| month = April
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| year = 1979
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| volume = 204
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| issue = 4389
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| pages = 205&ndash;207
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| doi = 10.1126/science.107587
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| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/204/4389/205
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| pmid = 107587
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}}</ref>
   
The cortical part of the cingulate gyrus is referred to as [[cingulate cortex]].
 
   
==Connections==
 
The cingulate gyrus receives inputs from the [[anterior nucleus]] of the [[thalamus]] and the [[neocortex]], as well as from [[somatosensory]] areas of the [[cerebral cortex]]. It projects to the [[entorhinal cortex]] via the [[cingulum]].
 
   
 
==Function==
 
==Function==
It functions as an integral part of the [[limbic system]], which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate [[Priming (psychology)|unconscious priming]] is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus.
+
It functions as an integral part of the [[limbic system]], which is involved with [[emotion]] formation and processing, [[learning]], and [[memory]]. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate [[Priming (psychology)|unconscious priming]] is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus.
  +
   
==External links==
 
* {{BrainMaps|cingulate%20gyrus|cingulate gyrus}}
 
* {{RocheLexicon|13048.000-3}}
 
   
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
  +
* [[Brodmann area 24]]
 
* [[Cingulate sulcus]]
 
* [[Cingulate sulcus]]
 
* [[Cingulate cortex]]
 
* [[Cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 24]]
+
* [[Papez circuit]]
   
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
* [http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/79/4/2231.pdf Pain Stimuli Recorded Over the Human Anterior Cingulate Gyrus], Lenz, et al.
 
* [http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/79/4/2231.pdf Pain Stimuli Recorded Over the Human Anterior Cingulate Gyrus], Lenz, et al.
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
  +
 
==External links==
 
* {{BrainMaps|cingulate%20gyrus|cingulate gyrus}}
 
* {{RocheLexicon|13048.000-3}}
   
 
{{Limbic system}}
 
{{Limbic system}}

Latest revision as of 14:18, 8 November 2013

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Brain: Gyrus cinguli
Gray727
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere.
[[Image:|250px|center|]]
Latin gyrus cinguli
Gray's subject #
Part of
Components
Artery
Vein
BrainInfo/UW hier-141
MeSH [1]
File:Gray743 cingulate gyrus.png

Coronal section of brain. Cingulate cortex is shown in yellow.

The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It includes the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe, separate from the adjacent frontal and parietal lobes.

It receives inputs from the thalamus and the neocortex, and projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, and is also important for executive function and respiratory control.

History

Cingulum means belt in Latin. The name was likely chosen because this cortex, in great part, surrounds the corpus callosum. Cingulate is an adjective (cingularis or cingulatus). The cingulate cortex is a part of the "grand lobe limbique" of Broca (1898) that consisted (in addition to the olfactory part, which is no more considered there today) of a superior cingulate part, supracallosal; and an inferior hippocampic part, infracallosal. The limbic lobe was separated from the remainder of the cortex by Broca for two reasons: first that it is not convoluted, and second that the gyri are directed parasagittally (contrary to the transverse gyrification). Since the parasagittal gyrification is observed in non-primate species, the limbic lobe was thus declared to be "bestial". As with other parts of the cortex, there have been and continue to be discrepancies concerning boundaries and naming. Brodmann (1909), a student of Cécile Vogt-Mugnier and Oskar Vogt, who worked on cercopithecus (and not much in human (Bailey and von Bonin)), elaborated a system of numeration that had unfortunately no typological logics (1, 2 and 3 are sensory, 4 is motor, 5 is parietal, 6 is premotor and 7 is again parietal!). Area 25 was even not placed by him in the same place in the human brain. Area 24 (anterior) was distinguished from 23 (posterior) on the basis that it was agranular. More recently, the typographical von Economo's system was adopted by Bailey and von Bonin. Simple typographical naming should be preferred, for evident heuristic purposes.

Subdivisions

Based on cerebral cytoarchitectonics it has been divided into the Brodmann areas 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31 and 32. The areas 26, 29 and 30 are usually referred to as the retrosplenial areas.

Anterior cingulate cortex

Main article: Anterior cingulate cortex

This corresponds to area 24 of Brodmann and LA of Constantin von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. It is continued anteriorly by the subgenual cortex (area 25). It is cytoarchitectonically agranular. It has a gyral part on the surface and a sulcal part. Anterior cingulate cortex can further be divided in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and midcingulate cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex receives primarily its afferent axons from the intralaminar and midline thalamic nuclei (intralaminar and midline of the thalamus, see thalamus). The nucleus anterior receives mamillo-thalamic afferences. The mamillary neurons receive axons from the subiculum. The whole forms a part of Papez' circuit. The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the cingulum to other Broca's limbic areas. The ACC is involved in error and conflict detection processes, such as in the go/no-go task.

Posterior cingulate cortex

Main article: Posterior cingulate cortex

This corresponds to area 23 of Brodmann LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. It is granular. It is followed posteriorly by the retrosplenial cortex (area 29). Dorsally is the granular area 31. The posterior cingulate cortex receives a great part of its afferent axons from the superficial nucleus (or nucleus superior- falsely LD-) of the thalamus (see thalamus), which itself receives axons from the subiculum. To some extent it thus duplicates Papez' circuit. It receives also direct afferents from the subiculum of the hippocampus.

Cingulum and interconnections

At the base of the cingulate cortex is a thick parasagittal bundle, the cingulum. It strongly increases in evolution, and in humans it can even be dissected. The cingulum is used for the connections of the two subdivisions described above and with the parahippocampal gyrus.

The cingulate cortex can also be differentiated based on its thalamic connections: Midline and intralaminar nuclei.[1]


Function

It functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus.


See also

References

  1. Brent A. Vogt, D. L. Rosene, and D. N. Pandya (April 1979). Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey. Science 204 (4389): 205–207.

External links



Human brain: Limbic system
Amygdala - Cingulate gyrus - Fornicate gyrus - Hippocampus - Hypothalamus - Mammillary body - Nucleus accumbens - Orbitofrontal cortex - Parahippocampal gyrus
Telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) - edit

primary sulci/fissures: medial longitudinal, lateral, central, parietoöccipital, calcarine, cingulate

frontal lobe: precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, 4), precentral sulcus, superior frontal gyrus (6, 8), middle frontal gyrus (46), inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, 44-pars opercularis, 45-pars triangularis), prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47)

parietal lobe: postcentral sulcus, postcentral gyrus (1, 2, 3, 43), superior parietal lobule (5), inferior parietal lobule (39-angular gyrus, 40), precuneus (7), intraparietal sulcus

occipital lobe: primary visual cortex (17), cuneus, lingual gyrus, 18, 19 (18 and 19 span whole lobe)

temporal lobe: transverse temporal gyrus (41-42-primary auditory cortex), superior temporal gyrus (38, 22-Wernicke's area), middle temporal gyrus (21), inferior temporal gyrus (20), fusiform gyrus (36, 37)

limbic lobe/fornicate gyrus: cingulate cortex/cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), posterior cingulate (23, 31),
isthmus (26, 29, 30), parahippocampal gyrus (piriform cortex, 25, 27, 35), entorhinal cortex (28, 34)

subcortical/insular cortex: rhinencephalon, olfactory bulb, corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, ependyma, internal capsule, corona radiata, external capsule

hippocampal formation: dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum

basal ganglia: striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen), lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus), claustrum, extreme capsule, amygdala, nucleus accumbens

Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.


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