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| − | '''Glutamate decarboxylase''' (GAD) is an [[enzyme]] that catalyzes the decarboxylation of [[glutamate]] to [[GABA]]. GAD uses [[Pyridoxal-phosphate|PLP]] as a [[cofactor]]. |
+ | '''Glutamate decarboxylase''' or '''Glutamate acid decarboxylase''' ('''GAD''') is an [[enzyme]] that catalyzes the decarboxylation of [[glutamate]] to [[GABA]]. GAD uses [[Pyridoxal-phosphate|PLP]] as a [[cofactor]]. |
| − | In mammals, GAD exists in two [[isoform]]s encoded by two different [[gene]]s - ''Gad1'' and ''Gad2''. These isoforms are GAD<sub>67</sub> and GAD<sub>65</sub> with molecular weights of 67 and 65 [[kDa]], respectively.<ref name="twogenes1">Erlander MG, Tillakaratne NJK, Feldblum S, Patel N, Tobin AJ (1991) Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases. Neuron 7:91-100. PMID 2069816</ref> GAD1 and GAD2 are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a [[neurotransmitter]], GAD2 is also expressed in the pancreas. |
+ | In mammals, GAD exists in two [[isoform]]s encoded by two different [[gene]]s - ''Gad1'' and ''Gad2''. These isoforms are GAD<sub>67</sub> and GAD<sub>65</sub> with molecular weights of 67 and 65 [[kDa]], respectively.<ref name="twogenes1">Erlander MG, Tillakaratne NJK, Feldblum S, Patel N, Tobin AJ (1991) Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases. Neuron 7:91-100. PMID 2069816</ref> [[GAD1]] and [[GAD2]] are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a [[neurotransmitter]], GAD2 is also expressed in the pancreas. |
==Role in pathology== |
==Role in pathology== |
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Latest revision as of 20:58, 7 July 2013
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| Glutamate decarboxylase | |
|---|---|
| Symbol(s): | GAD1 GAD2 |
| Locus: | [[Chromosome__(human)|]] |
| EC number | 4.1.1.15 |
| EntrezGene | 24379 |
| OMIM | 605363 |
| RefSeq | [1] |
| UniProt | Q99259 |
Glutamate decarboxylase or Glutamate acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA. GAD uses PLP as a cofactor.
In mammals, GAD exists in two isoforms encoded by two different genes - Gad1 and Gad2. These isoforms are GAD67 and GAD65 with molecular weights of 67 and 65 kDa, respectively.[1] GAD1 and GAD2 are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a neurotransmitter, GAD2 is also expressed in the pancreas.
Role in pathology
Diabetes
Both GAD67 and GAD65 are targets of autoantibodies in people who later develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [2] FT, FT.
Schizophrenia and Bipolar disorder
Substantial dysregulation of GAD mRNA expression is observed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[3]
- Main article: Schizophrenia and glutamate decarboxylase
- Main article: Bipolar disorder and glutamate decarboxylase
References
- ↑ Erlander MG, Tillakaratne NJK, Feldblum S, Patel N, Tobin AJ (1991) Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases. Neuron 7:91-100. PMID 2069816
- ↑ Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, De Camilli P. (1990) Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature. 347(6289):151-6. PMID 1697648
- ↑ Woo TU, Walsh JP, Benes FM. (2004) Arch Gen Psychiatry. 61(7):649-57. Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA-containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PMID 15237077
- ru:Глутаматдекарбоксилаза
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