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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Studies concerning genetic association aim to test whether single-locus alleles or genotype frequencies (or more generally, multilocus haplotype frequencies) are different between 2 groups (usually diseased subjects and healthy controls). Genetic association studies are based on the principle that genotypes are measured "directly", i.e. by sequencing the actual genetic code.