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'''Food deprivation''' is the restriction of free access to '''food''', particularly in experimental settings where it is used as a technique to manipulate organisms to work for rewards and to establish levels of motivation. |
'''Food deprivation''' is the restriction of free access to '''food''', particularly in experimental settings where it is used as a technique to manipulate organisms to work for rewards and to establish levels of motivation. |
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==Famine and hunger== |
==Famine and hunger== |
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[[Image:€2 commemorative coin Italy 2004.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Italy|Italian]] [[€2 commemorative coins|€2 commemorative coin]] of 2004 celebrating the World Food Programme]] |
[[Image:€2 commemorative coin Italy 2004.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Italy|Italian]] [[€2 commemorative coins|€2 commemorative coin]] of 2004 celebrating the World Food Programme]] |
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| − | Food deprivation leads to malnutrition and ultimately [[starvation]]. This is often connected with [[famine]], which involves the absence of food in entire communities. This can have a devastating and widespread effect on human health and mortality. |
+ | Food deprivation leads to malnutrition and ultimately [[starvation]]. This is often connected with [[famine]], which involves the absence of food in entire communities. This can have a devastating and widespread effect on human health and mortality. Rationing is sometimes used to distribute food in times of shortage, most notably during times of war.<ref name="Messer" /> |
Starvation is a significant international problem. Approximately 815 million people are undernourished, and over 16,000 children die per day from hunger-related causes.<ref>[[World Health Organization]]</ref> Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] and is measured using [[famine scales]].<ref>Howe, 353-372</ref> |
Starvation is a significant international problem. Approximately 815 million people are undernourished, and over 16,000 children die per day from hunger-related causes.<ref>[[World Health Organization]]</ref> Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] and is measured using [[famine scales]].<ref>Howe, 353-372</ref> |
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| − | ===Food aid=== |
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| − | [[Food aid]] can benefit people suffering from a shortage of food. It can be used to improve peoples' lives in the short term, so that a society can increase its standard of living to the point that food aid is no longer required.<ref>World Food Programme</ref> Conversely, badly managed food aid can create problems by disrupting local markets, depressing crop prices, and discouraging food production. Sometimes a cycle of food aid dependence can develop.<ref>Shah</ref> Its provision, or threatened withdrawal, is sometimes used as a political tool to influence the policies of the destination country, a strategy known as [[food politics]]. Sometimes, food aid provisions will require certain types of food be purchased from certain sellers, and food aid can be misused to enhance the markets of donor countries.<ref>Kripke</ref> International efforts to distribute food to the neediest countries are often co-ordinated by the [[World Food Programme]].<ref>United Nations World Food program</ref> |
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Food deprivation is the restriction of free access to food, particularly in experimental settings where it is used as a technique to manipulate organisms to work for rewards and to establish levels of motivation.
In the wider context food deprivation can lead to hunger, starvation , nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition with broad impacts on cognitive functioning.
Famine and hunger
Italian €2 commemorative coin of 2004 celebrating the World Food Programme
Food deprivation leads to malnutrition and ultimately starvation. This is often connected with famine, which involves the absence of food in entire communities. This can have a devastating and widespread effect on human health and mortality. Rationing is sometimes used to distribute food in times of shortage, most notably during times of war.[1]
Starvation is a significant international problem. Approximately 815 million people are undernourished, and over 16,000 children die per day from hunger-related causes.[2] Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and is measured using famine scales.[3]
See also
- Avitaminosis (vitamin deficiency)
- Diets
- Deprivation
- Food intake
- Food preferences
- Stimulus deprivation
References
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2005. . Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0200e/a0200e00.htm on 2006-09-29.
- Howe, P. and S. Devereux. Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales: A Proposal for an Instrumental Definition of Famine. 2004.
- Messer, Ellen; Derose, Laurie Fields and Sara Millman. Who's Hungry? and How Do We Know?: Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation. United Nations University Press, 1998. ISBN 92-808-0985-7.
- World Health Organization. WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en/ on 2006-09-29.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMesser - ↑ World Health Organization
- ↑ Howe, 353-372