Fathers
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A father is defined as a male parent of an offspring.[1] The term "paternal" refers to father, parallel to "maternal" for mother.
According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier, the parental role assumed by human males is a critical difference between human society and that of humans' closest biological relatives - chimpanzees and bonobos - who appear to be unaware of their "father" connection.[2][3]
The father-child relationship is the defining factor of the fatherhood role.[4][5] "Fathers who are able to develop into responsible parents are able to engender a number of significant benefits for themselves, their communities, and most importantly, their children."[6] For example, children who experience significant father involvement tend to exhibit higher scores on assessments of cognitive development, enhanced social skills and fewer behavior problems.[7][8][9]
The father is often seen as an authority figure.[10][11][12][13] According to Deleuze, the father authority exercises repression over sexual desire.[14] Like mothers, human fathers may be categorised according to their biological, social or legal relationship with the child.[15] Historically, the biological relationship paternity has been determinative of fatherhood. However, proof of paternity has been intrinsically problematic and so social rules often determined who would be regarded as a father, e.g. the husband of the mother.
This method of the determination of fatherhood has persisted since Roman times in the famous sentence: Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant (Mother is always certain; the father is whom the marriage shows). The historical approach has been destabilised with the recent emergence of accurate scientific testing, particularly DNA testing. As a result, the law on fatherhood is undergoing rapid changes. In the United States, the Uniform Parentage Act essentially defines a father as a man who conceives a child through sexual intercourse.[citation needed]
The most familiar English terms for father include dad, daddy, papa, pop and pa. Other colloquial expressions include my old man.
Contents |
[edit] Categories
- Natural/Biological father - the most common category: child product of man and woman
- Birth father - the biological father of a child who, due to adoption or parental separation, does not raise the child
- Surprise father - where the men did not know that there was a child until possibly years afterwards
- Posthumous father - father died before children were born (or even conceived in the case of artificial insemination)
- Teenage father/youthful father - may be associated with premarital sexual intercourse
- Non-parental father - unmarried father whose name does not appear on child's birth certificate: does not have legal responsibility but continues to have financial responsibility (UK)
- Sperm donor father - a genetic connection but man does not have legal or financial responsibility if conducted through licensed clinics
[edit] Non-biological (social / legal relationship between father and child)
- Step-father - wife/partner has child from previous relationship
- Father-in-law - the father of one's spouse
- Adoptive father - child is adopted(not of their blood)
- Foster father - child is raised by a man who is not the biological or adoptive father usually as part of a couple.
- Cuckolded father - where child is the product of the mother's adulterous relationship
- Social father - where man takes de facto responsibility for a child (in such a situation the child is known as a "child of the family" in English law)
- Mothers's partner - assumption that current partner fills father role
- Mothers's husband - under some jurisdictions (e.g. in Quebec civil law), if the mother is married to another man, the latter will be defined as the father
- DI Dad - social / legal father of children produced via Donor Insemination where a donor's sperm were used to impregnate the DI Dad's spouse.
[edit] Fatherhood defined by contact level with child
- Weekend/holiday father - where child(ren) only stay(s) with father at weekends, holidays, etc.
- Absent father - father who cannot or will not spend time with his child(ren)
- Second father - a non-parent whose contact and support is robust enough that near parental bond occurs (often used for older male siblings who significantly aid in raising a child).
- Stay at home dad - the male equivalent of a housewife with child
- Where man in couple originally seeking IVF treatment withdraws consent before fertilisation (UK)
- Where the apparently male partner in an IVF arrangement turns out to be legally a female (evidenced by birth certificate) at the time of the treatment (UK) (TLR 1st June 2006)
- A biological child of a man who, for the special reason above, is not their legal father, has no automatic right to financial support or inheritance. Legal fatherlessness refers to a legal status and not to the issue of whether the father is now dead or alive.
[edit] See also
- Adolescent fathers
- Animal parentlal behavior
- Expectant fathers
- Father absence
- Father child communication
- Father child relations
- Fathers' rights
- Human male
- Marriage strike
- Masculine psychology
- Mother
- Non-human fatherhood
- Paternal bond
- Patriarchy
- Responsible Fatherhood
- Single fathers
- Sociology of fatherhood
[edit] References
- ↑ WordNet. URL accessed on 2007-12-14.
- ↑ Maurice Godelier, Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004
- ↑ New Left Review - Jack Goody: The Labyrinth of Kinship. URL accessed on 2007-07-24.
- ↑ Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 2006. "Measuring Father Involvement in Young Children's Lives." National Center for Education Statistics. Fathers of U.S. children born in 2001.
- ↑ Minnesota Fathers & Families Network. "Do We Count Fathers in Minnesota?" (Saint Paul, MN: Author, 2007). 51.
- ↑ Minnesota Fathers & Families Network. "Fathers to the Forefront: A five-year plan to strengthen Minnesota families." (Saint Paul, MN: Author. 2007).[1]
- ↑ Pruett, K. "Fatherneed: Why father care is as essential as mother care for your child," New York: Free Press, 2000.
- ↑ "The Effects of Father Involvement: A Summary of the Research Evidence," Father Involvement Initiative Ontario Network, Fall 2002 newsletter.
- ↑ Anderson Moore, K. "Family Structure and Child Well-being" Washington, DC: Child Trends, 2003.
- ↑ Osaki, Harumi Killing Oneself, Killing the Father: On Deleuze's Suicide in Comparison with Blanchot's Notion of Death Literature and Theology, doi:10.1093/litthe/frm019
- ↑ [Foucault's response to Freud: sado-masochism and the aestheticization of power http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2342/is_n3_v29/ai_18096757/pg_4]
- ↑ Eva L. Corredor (Dis)embodiments of the Father in Maghrebian Fiction. The French Review, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Dec., 1992), pp. 295-304
- ↑ Paul Rosefeldt; Peter Lang, 1996. The Absent Father in Modern Drama [CHAPTER 3 - QUESTIONING THE FATHER'S AUTHORITY http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9916349]
- ↑ Deleuze, Gilles. Coldness and Cruelty. Masochism. Trans. Jean McNeil. New York: Zone, 1989. pp. 63-68. [2]
- ↑ Minnesota Fathers & Families Network. "Do We Count Fathers in Minnesota?" (Saint Paul, MN: Author, 2007). 14.
[edit] Bibliography
- S Kraemer (1991) The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process. Family Process 30 (4), 377–392. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x
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