Changes: Exophthalmos

**Exophthalmos**
ICD-10	H052
ICD-9	376.2-376.3
OMIM	[1]
DiseasesDB	18612
MedlinePlus	003033
eMedicine	oph/616
MeSH	{{{MeshNumber}}}

Latest revision as of 06:38, 14 April 2010

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

Bilateral exophthalmos.jpg|

Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmia or proptosis) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.

In the case of Graves' disease, the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles which can be visualized by CT or MRI.^[1]

If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eye lids to fail to close during sleep leading to corneal dryness and damage. Another possible complication would be a form of redness/irritation called "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis," where the area above the cornea becomes inflammed as a result of increased friction when blinking. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery leading to blindness.

Exophthalmos vs. proptosis

Some sources define exophthalmos as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm and proptosis as a protusion equal to or less than 18 mm. (Epstein et al., 2003). Others define exophthalmos as protrusion secondary to endocrine dysfunction and proptosis as any non-endocrine-mediated protrusion [2].

Causes

Leukemias
Orbital cellulitis
Meningioma, sphenoid wing
Dacryoadenitis
Mucormycosis
Dermoid
Orbital fracture: apex, floor, medial wall, zygomatic
Duane syndrome
Carotid cavernous fistula
Congenital glaucoma
Eyelid ptosis: adult, congenital
Hand-Schuller-Christian disease,
Hemangioma, cavernous
Thyroid ophthalmopathy (Graves' disease)
High altitude cerebral edema (proptosis)

Exophthalmos in dogs

File:Exophthalmos in pug.JPG

Exophthalmos in a Pug

Main article: Eye proptosis

Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is seen in brachycephalic (short nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. However, it can lead to keratitis secondary to exposure of the cornea. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the Pug, Boston Terrier, Pekingese, and Shih Tzu.

References

↑ Owen Epstein, David Perkin, John Cookson, David P de Bono (April 2003). Clinical examination, 3rd edition, St. Louis: Mosby.

External links

[1] Owen Epstein, David Perkin, John Cookson, David P de Bono (April 2003). Clinical examination, 3rd edition, St. Louis: Mosby.

[1]

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   MeshID         = D005094 |
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-{{distinguish|ptosis}}
 '''Exophthalmos''' (also called '''exophthalmia''' or '''proptosis''') is a bulging of the [[eye]] anteriorly out of the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]].  Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in [[Graves-Basedow disease|Graves' disease]]) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor).  Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.