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{{BioPsy}}
  
{{BioPsy}}
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{{Drugs}}
 
:''"Dissociative" redirects here; see [[dissociation]] for the dissociative state in [[psychology]].''
  
:''"Dissociative" redirects here; see [[dissociation]] for the dissociative state in [[psychology]].''
   
−
A '''dissociative''' is a drug which reduces (or blocks) signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain, typically, but not necessarily, or limited to the physical [[sense]]s. Such a state of [[sensory deprivation]] and [[dissociation]] can facilitate self exploration, [[hallucination]]s, and [[dream]]like states of mind which may resemble some [[psychedelic]] mindstates. Essentially similar states of mind can be reached via contrasting paths—psychedelic or dissociative. That said, the entire experience, risks and benefits are markedly different.
 +
A '''dissociative''' is a drug which reduces (or blocks) signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain, typically, but not necessarily, limited to the [[sense]]s. Such a state of [[sensory deprivation]] and [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]] can facilitate self-exploration, [[hallucination]]s, and [[dream]]like states of mind which may resemble some [[psychedelic]] mindstates. Essentially, similar states of mind can be reached via contrasting paths—psychedelic or dissociative. That said, the entire experience's risks and benefits are markedly different.
   
−
The primary dissociatives are similar in action to [[phencyclidine]] (PCP), and include [[ketamine]] and [[dextromethorphan]]. Also included are [[nitrous oxide]] (laughing gas), [[salvia divinorum]], and [[muscimol]] from the [[amanita muscaria]] (fly agaric) mushroom.
 +
The primary dissociatives are similar in action to [[phencyclidine]] (PCP), and include [[ketamine]] and [[dextromethorphan]] (DXM). Also included are [[nitrous oxide]] (laughing gas), [[salvia divinorum]], and [[muscimol]] from the [[amanita muscaria]] (fly agaric) mushroom.
   
−
Many dissociatives also have [[central nervous system]] [[depressant]] effects, thereby carrying similar risks as [[opioids]] to slowing breathing or [[heart rate]] to levels resulting in [[death]], when using very high doses.
 +
Many dissociatives also have [[central nervous system]] [[depressant]] effects, thereby carrying similar risks with [[opioids]] that slow breathing and lower the [[heart rate]] to levels which can result in [[death]], when used in very high doses.
   
−
Their effects are characterized by intense feelings of [[depersonalization]], derealization, and [[analgesia]].
 +
Their effects are characterized by intense feelings of [[depersonalization]], [[derealization]], and [[analgesia]].
   
 
==Pharmacological classes of dissociatives, and their general subjective effects==
  
==Pharmacological classes of dissociatives, and their general subjective effects==
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Entries marked with a ''#'' are naturally occurring.
  
Entries marked with a ''#'' are naturally occurring.
   
  +
===[[NMDA Receptor Antagonists]]===
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===[[NMDA]] receptor antagonists and [[Sigma-1 receptor|sigma<sub>1</sub>]] ligands===
  
−
*[[dextromethorphan]]
  
−
*[[ketamine]]
  
−
*[[phencyclidine]], ''PCP''
  
−
*[[Ibogaine]] # (is also classed as a [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]])
  
   
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{{main|NMDA Receptor Antagonists}}
⚫
===Kappa [[Opioid receptor|opioid receptor]] agonists===
  
  +
Uncompetitive [[channel blocker]]s include:
  +
* [[Amantadine]] <ref>[http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00188383?order=4 "Effects of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Receptor Antagonism on Hyperalgesia, Opioid Use, and Pain After Radical Prostatectomy"], University Health Network, Toronto, September 2005</ref>
  +
* [[APV (NMDAR antagonist)|AP5]] (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate), a competitive glutamate antagonist selective for the NMDA-R.
  +
* [[Butorphanol]]
  +
* [[Dextromethorphan]]
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* [[Dextrorphan]]
  +
* [[Ibogaine]] <ref>Popik P, Layer RT, Skolnick P (1994): "The putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex." Psychopharmacology (Berl), 114(4), 672-4. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=7531855&query_hl=20&itool=pubmed_docsum Abstract]</ref>
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* [[Phencyclidine]]
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* [[Ketamine]]
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* [[Tiletamine]]
  +
* [[Rolicyclidine]]
  +
* [[Eticyclidine]]
  +
* [[Tenocyclidine]]
  +
* [[Dizocilpine]]
  ⚫
* [[Nitrous oxide]]
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* [[Xenon]]
  +
* [[Riluzole]]
  +
  +
Non-competitive antagonists include:
  +
*[[Aptiganel]] (Cerestat, CNS-1102). Binds the [[magnesium|Mg<sup>2+</sup>]] binding site within the channel of the NMDAR.
  +
*[[Memantine]] (Axura®, Akatinol®, Namenda®, Ebixa®, 1-amino-3,5-dimethylada-mantane). Approved in the U.S. by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.<ref name="Chawla ">{{cite journal | last =Chawla | first = PS| authorlink = | coauthors = Kochar MS| title =What's new in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics | journal =WMJ | volume =105 | issue = 3| pages =24-29 | publisher = | date =2006 | url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16749321&query_hl=23&itool=pubmed_docsum | doi = | id =PMID 16749321 | accessdate =2007-01-17 }} </ref>
  +
*[[Remacimide]]. Principle [[metabolite]] is an uncompetitive antagonist with a low affinity for the binding site.<ref name="Muir ">{{cite journal | last = Muir | first =KW | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: clinical trials with NMDA antagonists | journal =Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume =6 | issue =1 | pages = 53-60| publisher = | date =2005 | url = | doi = | id =PMID 16359918 | accessdate =2007-01-17 }} </ref>
  +
  +
Drugs that act at the glycine binding site include [[7-chlorokynurenate]].
  +
  ⚫
===κ-[[opioid receptor]] agonists===
 
*[[Salvinorin-A]] #, the active constituent of ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'' ([[diviner's sage]])
  
*[[Salvinorin-A]] #, the active constituent of ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'' ([[diviner's sage]])
  +
*[[Enadoline]]
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===Inhalants===
  
  +
*[[ibogaine]] (Weak<!--Popik 1998--> / Complex mechanism of action)
⚫
*[[Nitrous oxide]]
  
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*[[Pentazocine]]
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  +
===σ-[[opioid receptor]] agonists ===
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  +
*[[Noscapine]], a minor alkaloid found in [[opium]]
  +
 
===[[Amanita muscaria]] constituents===
  
===[[Amanita muscaria]] constituents===
 
*[[Muscimol]] # [[GABA A receptor|GABA-A]] agonist, primary active constituent
  
*[[Muscimol]] # [[GABA A receptor|GABA-A]] agonist, primary active constituent
−
*[[Ibotenic acid]] # NDMA agonist, metabolizes to muscimol
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*[[Ibotenic acid]] # NMDA agonist, [[neurotoxin]], metabolizes to muscimol or can be converted into muscimol by heating at 170 C
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*[[Muscarine]] # [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|muscarinic ACh]] agonist, trace constituent, [[deliriant]]
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*[[Muscarine]] # [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor|muscarinic ACh]] agonist, trace constituent, not active in brain but causes physical side effects
   
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These four groups of dissociatives have slightly different effects but also share similarities separating them from other classes of hallucinogens. They are markedly different from psychedelics such as [[LSD]], where alert and fully conscious users experience cognitive distortion while simultaneously interacting with the "real world". Hallucinations from these dissociatives are generally only experienced in dark rooms or with eyes closed, unless at very high doses above what is normally consumed recreationally. Nitrous oxide has very different effects however, and even at low doses includes auditory distortions. Unlike with many other psychedelic chemicals, salvia users are generally not ambulatory and the experience is frequently dissociative. Often a very brief trance is entered, where the user experiences an intense and very realistic dream state. On the other hand, the effect of salvia on [[emotion]] has been reported to be less marked than that of true psychedelics.
 +
These four groups of dissociatives have slightly different effects but also share similarities separating them from other classes of hallucinogens. They are markedly different from psychedelics such as [[LSD]], where alert and fully conscious users experience cognitive distortion while simultaneously interacting with the "real world". Hallucinations from these dissociatives are generally only experienced in dark rooms or with eyes closed, unless at very high doses above what is normally consumed recreationally. Nitrous oxide has very different effects however, and even at low doses includes auditory distortions. Unlike with many other psychedelic chemicals, salvia users are generally not [[ambulatory]] and the experience is frequently dissociative. Often a very brief [[trance]] is entered, where the user experiences an intense and very realistic dream state. On the other hand, the effect of salvia on [[emotion]] has been reported to be less marked than that of true psychedelics.
   
 
Although muscimol does not usually cause normal hallucinations, it has a tendency to put the user to sleep, during which the user is able to have very vivid dreams with good dream recall.
  
Although muscimol does not usually cause normal hallucinations, it has a tendency to put the user to sleep, during which the user is able to have very vivid dreams with good dream recall.
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*[[Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants]]
  
*[[Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants]]
 
*[[Psychoactive drug]]
  
*[[Psychoactive drug]]
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  +
==References==
  +
{{reflist}}
   
 
[[Category:Dissociatives|*]]
  
[[Category:Dissociatives|*]]
 
[[Category:Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants]]
  
[[Category:Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants]]
   
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[[pl:Dysocjanty]]
  
 
[[de:Dissoziativa]]
  
[[de:Dissoziativa]]
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{{enWP|Dissociative drug}}
  
{{enWP|Dissociative drug}}

Latest revision as of 16:59, 16 December 2008

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"Dissociative" redirects here; see dissociation for the dissociative state in psychology.

A dissociative is a drug which reduces (or blocks) signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain, typically, but not necessarily, limited to the senses. Such a state of sensory deprivation and dissociation can facilitate self-exploration, hallucinations, and dreamlike states of mind which may resemble some psychedelic mindstates. Essentially, similar states of mind can be reached via contrasting paths—psychedelic or dissociative. That said, the entire experience's risks and benefits are markedly different.

The primary dissociatives are similar in action to phencyclidine (PCP), and include ketamine and dextromethorphan (DXM). Also included are nitrous oxide (laughing gas), salvia divinorum, and muscimol from the amanita muscaria (fly agaric) mushroom.

Many dissociatives also have central nervous system depressant effects, thereby carrying similar risks with opioids that slow breathing and lower the heart rate to levels which can result in death, when used in very high doses.

Their effects are characterized by intense feelings of depersonalization, derealization, and analgesia.

Pharmacological classes of dissociatives, and their general subjective effects

Entries marked with a # are naturally occurring.

NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Main article: NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Uncompetitive channel blockers include:

Non-competitive antagonists include:

  • Aptiganel (Cerestat, CNS-1102). Binds the Mg2+ binding site within the channel of the NMDAR.
  • Memantine (Axura®, Akatinol®, Namenda®, Ebixa®, 1-amino-3,5-dimethylada-mantane). Approved in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[3]
  • Remacimide. Principle metabolite is an uncompetitive antagonist with a low affinity for the binding site.[4]

Drugs that act at the glycine binding site include 7-chlorokynurenate.

κ-opioid receptor agonists

  • Salvinorin-A #, the active constituent of Salvia divinorum (diviner's sage)
  • Enadoline
  • ibogaine (Weak / Complex mechanism of action)
  • Pentazocine

σ-opioid receptor agonists

Amanita muscaria constituents

These four groups of dissociatives have slightly different effects but also share similarities separating them from other classes of hallucinogens. They are markedly different from psychedelics such as LSD, where alert and fully conscious users experience cognitive distortion while simultaneously interacting with the "real world". Hallucinations from these dissociatives are generally only experienced in dark rooms or with eyes closed, unless at very high doses above what is normally consumed recreationally. Nitrous oxide has very different effects however, and even at low doses includes auditory distortions. Unlike with many other psychedelic chemicals, salvia users are generally not ambulatory and the experience is frequently dissociative. Often a very brief trance is entered, where the user experiences an intense and very realistic dream state. On the other hand, the effect of salvia on emotion has been reported to be less marked than that of true psychedelics.

Although muscimol does not usually cause normal hallucinations, it has a tendency to put the user to sleep, during which the user is able to have very vivid dreams with good dream recall.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Effects of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Receptor Antagonism on Hyperalgesia, Opioid Use, and Pain After Radical Prostatectomy", University Health Network, Toronto, September 2005
  2. ↑ Popik P, Layer RT, Skolnick P (1994): "The putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex." Psychopharmacology (Berl), 114(4), 672-4. Abstract
  3. ↑ Chawla, PS, Kochar MS (2006). What's new in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. WMJ 105 (3): 24-29. PMID 16749321.
  4. ↑ Muir, KW (2005). Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: clinical trials with NMDA antagonists. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 6 (1): 53-60. PMID 16359918.
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