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==History== |
==History== |
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| − | The term was first used and clarified by Main and Solomon (1986). They chose the term ' |
+ | The term was first used and clarified by Main and Solomon (1986). They chose the term 'disorganized/disoriented' to describe an array of behaviours exhibited during Mary Ainsworths 'strange situation' procedure that did not fit existing classifications. The behaviours were fearful, conflicted and disorganized. Main and Solomon (1986,1990) and Main and Hesse (1990,1992) described infants displaying a variety of behavours such as appearing apprehensive, crying and falling huddled to the floor, turning circles whilst approaching their parents or freezing all movement whilst exhibiting a trance like expression. Main and Hesse proposed that parents who enter trance like or dissociative states whilst discussing loss or trauma were more likely to engage in inexplicably frightening and/or frightened behaviour with a child. If the caregiver is a source of alarm as well as a source of comfort, contradictory responses are aroused in the infant, in other words to both flee and approach the caregiver. A collapse of bevioural strategies occurs. <ref name ="Lyons-Ruth & Jacobvitz"> Lyons-Ruth,K. and Jacobvitz, D. "Attachment Disorganization: Unresolved Loss, Relational Violence, and Lapses in Behavioral and Attentional Strategies". in ''Handbook of Attachment, eds. Cassidy,J. and Shaver, P. R. , pp 520-554 ''The Guilford Press 1999 ISBN 1-57230-087-6</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Disorganised attachment and reactive attachment disorder]] |
*[[Disorganised attachment and reactive attachment disorder]] |
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Disorganized attachment is actually the lack of a coherent style or pattern for coping. Organized attachments include the secure, and insecure (avoidant) and insecure (ambivalent) styles. While ambivalent and avoidant styles are not totally effective, they are strategies for dealing with the world. Disorganized attachment has been defined as the momentary breakdown of the usual organized attachment strategies. It is thought to be caused by frightening or frightened parental behaviour, or loss or trauma in the parents (Main & Hesse 1990). Human interactions are experienced as erratic, thus children cannot form a coherent interactive template. If the child uses the caregiver as a mirror to understand the self, the disorganized child is looking into a mirror broken into a thousand pieces. It is more severe than learned helplessness as it is the model of the self rather than of a situation.
This was not one of Ainsworth's initial three categories of attachment, known in research as 'A', 'B' and 'C', but was identified by Mary Main in subsequent research and is known as 'D'.
Disorganized attachment is the most insecure type of attachment and constitutes a risk factor for a range of psychopathologies. It should not be equated with Reactive attachment disorder, but extreme indications of disorganized attachment may be regarded as an attachment disturbance (Ijzendoorn, Bajermans-Kranenburg and Juffer 2005).
History
The term was first used and clarified by Main and Solomon (1986). They chose the term 'disorganized/disoriented' to describe an array of behaviours exhibited during Mary Ainsworths 'strange situation' procedure that did not fit existing classifications. The behaviours were fearful, conflicted and disorganized. Main and Solomon (1986,1990) and Main and Hesse (1990,1992) described infants displaying a variety of behavours such as appearing apprehensive, crying and falling huddled to the floor, turning circles whilst approaching their parents or freezing all movement whilst exhibiting a trance like expression. Main and Hesse proposed that parents who enter trance like or dissociative states whilst discussing loss or trauma were more likely to engage in inexplicably frightening and/or frightened behaviour with a child. If the caregiver is a source of alarm as well as a source of comfort, contradictory responses are aroused in the infant, in other words to both flee and approach the caregiver. A collapse of bevioural strategies occurs. [1]
See also
References
- ↑ Lyons-Ruth,K. and Jacobvitz, D. "Attachment Disorganization: Unresolved Loss, Relational Violence, and Lapses in Behavioral and Attentional Strategies". in Handbook of Attachment, eds. Cassidy,J. and Shaver, P. R. , pp 520-554 The Guilford Press 1999 ISBN 1-57230-087-6