Developmental stage theories
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- Main article: Developmental stages
One of the major controversies in developmental psychology centres around whether development is continuous or discontinous[1]. Stage theories of development rest on the assumption that development is a discontinuous process involving distinct stages which are characterised by qualitative differences in behaviour [2]. Stage theories can be contrasted with continuous theories, which posit that development is a incremental process [3].
There are many stage theories in developmental psychology including:
- Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development described how children represent and reason about the world[4]
- Michael Commons' Model of Hierarchical Complexity.
- Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development expanded on Freud's psychosexual stages, he defined eight stages that describe how individuals relate to their social world [5]
- James W. Fowler's stages of faith development theory.
- Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages described the progression of an individual's unconscious desires.
- Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development described how individuals developed moral reasoning.[6]
- Jane Loevinger, Stages of ego development.
- Margaret Mahler's psychoanalytic developmental theory contained three phases regarding the child's object relations.
- James Marcia's theory of identity achievement and four identity statuses .
- Maria Montessori's sensitive periods of development.
- Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.[7]
- Clare W. Graves' Emergent Cyclic Levels of Existence Theory.
While some of these theories focus primarily on the healthy development of children, others propose stages that are characterized by a maturity rarely reached before old age.
[edit] References
- ↑ White, F., Hayes, B., & Livesey, D. (2005). Developmental Psychology: From Infancy to Adulthood. NSW:Pearson Education Australia
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Kohlberg, L. (1987). The measurement of moral judgement.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Maslow, A.H. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.), New York: Harper & Row.
Stages: Infancy | Childhood | Adolescence | Adulthood - Early adulthood | Middle adulthood | Late adulthood
Child development | Youth development | Ageing & Senescence
Theorists-theories: John Bowlby-attachment | Jean Piaget-cognitive | Lawrence Kohlberg-moral | Sigmund Freud-psychosexual | Erik Erikson-psychosocial
| This page uses content from the English-language version of Wikipedia. The original article was at Developmental stage theories. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Psychology Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License. |
