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{{AssessPsy}}
  
{{AssessPsy}}
   
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{{Main|Assessment of depression}}
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'''Children''' (age 7 or older)
 
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*[[Children's Depression Inventory]] (CDI)
 
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===Depression screening===
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Depression [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] measures are not used to diagnose the condition, but they provide an indication of the severity of symptoms for a time period, so a person who scores above a given a cut-off point can be more thoroughly evaluated for a depressive disorder diagnosis.<ref name="pmid12358212"/> Several rating scales are used for this purpose.<ref name="pmid12358212">{{cite journal |author=Sharp LK, Lipsky MS |title=Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings |journal=American family physician |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1001–8 |year=2002 |month=September |pmid=12358212}}</ref> The [[Hamilton Depression Rating Scale]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hamilton M |authorlink=Max Hamilton |year=1960 |title=A rating scale for depression |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry |volume=23|pages=56–62|pmid=14399272}}</ref> and the [[Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Montgomery SA, Asberg M|year=1979 |month=April |title=A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=134|pages=382–9 |pmid=444788 |doi=10.1192/bjp.134.4.382}}</ref><ref name=Demytt03>{{cite journal |author=Demyttenaere K, De Fruyt J|year=2003|title=Getting what you ask for: on the selectivity of depression rating scales |journal=Psychotherapy and psychosomatics |volume=72|pages=61–70|pmid=12601223 |doi=10.1159/000068690}}</ref> are the two most commonly used among those completed by clinicians. The [[Beck Depression Inventory]] is the most commonly used tool completed by patients, although scales completed by observers are more common.<ref name=Demytt03/><ref>{{cite web|title = Beck Depression Inventory - 2nd Edition|publisher = Nova Southeastern University Center for Center for Psychological Studies| url = http://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/BDI2.html|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Goodwin FK, Jamison KR|title= Manic-Depressive Illness |year= 1990|publisher= Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=0-19-503934-3|pages=pp. 361–62}}</ref> The [[Geriatric Depression Scale]] is a self-administered scale used in older populations and also valid in patients with mild to moderate dementia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yesavage JA |year=1988 |title=Geriatric Depression Scale |journal=Psychopharmacology Bulletin |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=709–11|pmid=3249773}}</ref><ref name="pmid9720486">{{cite journal |author=Katz IR |title=Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias |journal=The Journal of clinical psychiatry |volume=59 Suppl 9 |pages=38–44 |year=1998 |pmid=9720486}}</ref> The [[Patient Health Questionnaire]]s (PHQ) are two self-administered questionnaires for use in [[primary care]]. The PHQ-2 has two screening questions about the frequency of depressed mood and a loss of interest in activities; a positive to either question indicates further testing is required.<ref name="Spitzer99">{{cite journal |author=Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB |year=1999 |month=November |title=Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=282 |issue=18 |pages=1737–44 |pmid=10568646 |doi=10.1001/jama.282.18.1737}}</ref> The PHQ-9 is a slightly more detailed nine-question survey for assessing symptoms of major depressive disorder in greater detail, and is often used to follow up a positive PHQ-2 test.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.depression-primarycare.org/clinicians/toolkits/materials/forms/phq9/ |title= Resources for clinicians: Patient health questionnaire|work=The MacArthur Initiative on Depression Primary Care |publisher=Dartmouth College & Duke University |year=2006|accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref> Screening programs have been advocated to improve detection of depression, but there is evidence that the use of screening instruments does little to improve detection rates, treatment, or outcome.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gilbody S, House AO, Sheldon TA |year=2005 |title=Screening and case finding instruments for depression |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002792.pub2 |url=http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002792.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gilbody S, Sheldon T, Wessely S |year=2006 |title=Should we screen for depression? |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=332 |pages=1027–30 |doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7548.1027 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/332/7548/1027?ehom |pmid=16644833 }}</ref>
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===Measures for a fuller evaluation===
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  ⚫
'''Children''' (age 7 or older)
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*[[Children's Depression Inventory]] (CDI)
 
*[[Children's Depression Rating Scale]], revised (CDRS-R)
  
*[[Children's Depression Rating Scale]], revised (CDRS-R)
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*Clinical Assessment of Depression (CAD)
 
*[[Reynolds Child Depression Scale]]
  
*[[Reynolds Child Depression Scale]]
   
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'''Adolescents'''
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'''Adolescents'''
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory]] (BDI)
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory]] (BDI)
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*[[CES Depression Scale for Children]]
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*[[CES Depression Scale for Children]]
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*Clinical Assessment of Behavior (CAD)
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*[[Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale]]
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*[[Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale]]
   
   
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'''Adults'''
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'''Adults'''
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory]] (BDI)
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*[[Amritsar Depression Inventory]] - used in primary care with Punjabi speakers
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory II]]
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory]] (BDI)
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory PC]] (BDI-PC)
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory II]]
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory PC]] (BDI-PC)
 
*[[Beck Hopelessness Scale]] - (BHS)
  
*[[Beck Hopelessness Scale]] - (BHS)
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*[[Caroll Depression Scales]] - (CDS)
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*[[Caroll Depression Scales]] - (CDS)
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*[[Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale]] (CES-D}
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*[[Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale]] (CES-D}
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*[[Clinical Assessment of Depression]] (CAD)
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*[[Depression Anxiety Stress Scales]] DASS
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*[[Depression Anxiety Stress Scales]] (DASS)
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*[[Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale]]
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*[[Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale]]
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*[[Patient Health Questionaire]] (PHQ-9) sceening instrument.
  
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*[[Hamilton Depression Rating Scale]]
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*[[Hamilton Depression Rating Scale]]
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*[[Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale]] (HAD)
 
*[[Major Depression Inventory]]
  
*[[Major Depression Inventory]]
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*[[Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale]]
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*[[Patient Health Questionaire]] (PHQ-9) sceening instrument.
 
*[[Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale]]
  
*[[Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale]]
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*[[Zung Depression Inventory]]
   
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Elderly
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'''Elderly'''
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory]] (BDI)
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*[[Beck Depression Inventory]] (BDI)
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*[[CES Depression Scale]] (CES-D)
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*[[CES Depression Scale]] (CES-D)
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*[[Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia]]
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*(Clinical Assessment of Depression (CAD)
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*[[Geriatric Depression Scale]] (GDS, also in short version)
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*[[Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia]]
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*[[Geriatric Depression Scale]] (GDS, also in short version)
 
*[[Zung Depression Rating Scale]]
  
*[[Zung Depression Rating Scale]]
   
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Postpartum Depression
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'''Postpartum Depression'''
 
*[[Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale]]
  
*[[Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale]]
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−  
   
 
==See also==
  
==See also==
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*[[Depression - Assessment measures]]
 
*[[Clinical psychological measurement]]
  
*[[Clinical psychological measurement]]
   
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==References==
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{{reflist|4}}
   
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==Further reading==
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===Reviews===
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*Carroll BJ, Fielding JM, Blashki TG. (1973) Depression rating scales. A critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Mar;28(3):361–366.
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*Lader, M.J. (1981). The clinical assessment of depression. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981 January; 11(1): 5–14.
   
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==External links==
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{{Depression}}
  
{{Depression}}
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[[Category:Depression]]
  
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[[Category:Depression assessment]]
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[[category:Depression measures]]
 
[[Category:Clinical assessment]]
  
[[Category:Clinical assessment]]

Latest revision as of 12:24, 25 October 2011

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Main article: Assessment of depression


Depression screening

Depression screening measures are not used to diagnose the condition, but they provide an indication of the severity of symptoms for a time period, so a person who scores above a given a cut-off point can be more thoroughly evaluated for a depressive disorder diagnosis.[1] Several rating scales are used for this purpose.[1] The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale[2] and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.[3][4] are the two most commonly used among those completed by clinicians. The Beck Depression Inventory is the most commonly used tool completed by patients, although scales completed by observers are more common.[4][5][6] The Geriatric Depression Scale is a self-administered scale used in older populations and also valid in patients with mild to moderate dementia.[7][8] The Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ) are two self-administered questionnaires for use in primary care. The PHQ-2 has two screening questions about the frequency of depressed mood and a loss of interest in activities; a positive to either question indicates further testing is required.[9] The PHQ-9 is a slightly more detailed nine-question survey for assessing symptoms of major depressive disorder in greater detail, and is often used to follow up a positive PHQ-2 test.[10] Screening programs have been advocated to improve detection of depression, but there is evidence that the use of screening instruments does little to improve detection rates, treatment, or outcome.[11][12]

Measures for a fuller evaluation

Children (age 7 or older)

Adolescents

  • Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
  • CES Depression Scale for Children
  • Clinical Assessment of Behavior (CAD)
  • Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale


Adults

Elderly

Postpartum Depression

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sharp LK, Lipsky MS (September 2002). Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings. American family physician 66 (6): 1001–8.
  2. ↑ Hamilton M (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 23: 56–62.
  3. ↑ Montgomery SA, Asberg M (April 1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 134: 382–9.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Demyttenaere K, De Fruyt J (2003). Getting what you ask for: on the selectivity of depression rating scales. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 72: 61–70.
  5. ↑ Beck Depression Inventory - 2nd Edition. Nova Southeastern University Center for Center for Psychological Studies. URL accessed on 2008-10-17.
  6. ↑ Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (1990). Manic-Depressive Illness, pp. 361–62, New York: Oxford University Press.
  7. ↑ Yesavage JA (1988). Geriatric Depression Scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 24 (4): 709–11.
  8. ↑ Katz IR (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 59 Suppl 9: 38–44.
  9. ↑ Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB (November 1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (18): 1737–44.
  10. ↑ (2006). Resources for clinicians: Patient health questionnaire. The MacArthur Initiative on Depression Primary Care. Dartmouth College & Duke University. URL accessed on 2008-09-02.
  11. ↑ Gilbody S, House AO, Sheldon TA (2005). Screening and case finding instruments for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4).
  12. ↑ Gilbody S, Sheldon T, Wessely S (2006). Should we screen for depression?. British Medical Journal 332: 1027–30.

Further reading

Reviews

  • Carroll BJ, Fielding JM, Blashki TG. (1973) Depression rating scales. A critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Mar;28(3):361–366.
  • Lader, M.J. (1981). The clinical assessment of depression. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981 January; 11(1): 5–14.

External links

Depression
Types of depression
Depressed mood | Clinical depression | Bipolar disorder |Cyclothymia | |Dysthymia |Postpartum depression | |Reactive | Endogenous |
Aspects of depression
The social context of depression | Risk factors | Suicide and depression | [[]] | Depression in men | Depression in women | Depression in children |Depression in adolescence |
Research on depression
Epidemiology | Biological factors  |Genetic factors | Causes | [[]] | [[]] | Suicide and depression |
Biological factors in depression
Endocrinology | Genetics | Neuroanatomy | Neurochemistry | [[]] | [[]] | [[]] |
Depression theory
[[]] | Cognitive | Evolution | Memory-prediction framework | [[]] |[[]] | [[]] |
Depression in clinical settings
Comorbidity | Depression and motivation | Depression and memory | Depression and self-esteem |
Assessing depression
Depression measures | BDI | HDRS | BHS |CES-D |Zung |[[]] |
Approaches to treating depression
CAT | CBT |Human givens |Psychoanalysis | Psychotherapy |REBT |
Prominant workers in depression|-
Beck | Seligman | [[]] | [[]] |
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