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{{ExpPsy}}
  
{{ExpPsy}}
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The term '''déjà vu''' ([[French language|French]]: "already seen", also called '''paramnesia''') describes the experience of feeling that one has witnessed or experienced a new situation previously. The term was created by a [[France|French]] [[psychic]] researcher, [[Émile Boirac]] ([[1851]]–[[1917]]) in his book ''L'Avenir des sciences psychiques'' (''The Future of Psychic Sciences''), which expanded upon an essay he wrote while an undergraduate French concentrator at the [[University of Chicago]]. The experience of déjà vu is usually accompanied by a compelling sense of familiarity, and also a sense of "eerieness," "strangeness," or "weirdness." The "previous" experience is most frequently attributed to a dream, although in some cases there is a firm sense that the experience "genuinely happened" in the past.
  
   
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{{Main|Consciousness states}}
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The experience of déjà vu seems to be very common; in formal studies 70% or more of the population report having experienced it at least once. References to the experience of déjà vu are also found in literature of the past, indicating it is not a new [[phenomenon]]. However, in laboratory settings, it is extremely difficult to invoke the déjà vu experience, making it a subject with few empirical studies. Recently, however, researchers have found ways to recreate this sensation using [[hypnosis]].
  
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The term "'''déjà vu'''" ([[IPA]]:{{IPA|/deʒa vy/}}) ([[French language|French]] for "already seen", also called '''paramnesia''') describes the experience or feeling that one has witnessed or experienced a new situation previously or has uncanny recognition and familiarity in a new place. The term was coined by a French psychic researcher, [[Émile Boirac]] ([[1851]]–[[1917]]) in his book ''L'Avenir des sciences psychiques'' (''The Future of Psychic Sciences''), which expanded upon an essay he wrote while an undergraduate French concentrator at the [[University of Chicago]]. The experience of déjà vu is usually accompanied by a compelling sense of familiarity, and also a sense of "eeriness", "strangeness", or "weirdness". The "previous" experience is often attributed to a dream, although in some cases there is a firm sense that the experience "genuinely happened" in the past. Déjà vu has been described as "remembering the future (in 1895 F. W. H. Myers coined the term "promnesia" to emphasize this aspect of many déjà vu experiences)."
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Of course, this phenomenon existed very long ago, though researchers started considering it only in the 19th century. Scientists, psychologists, psychiatrists, even tried to define what it is and how it is happening. For example, Sigmund Freud also paid much attention to déjà vu, considering it as a kind of psychopathology, like schizophrenia {{CN}}. The experience of déjà vu seems to be very common; in formal studies roughly 70% of the population report having experienced it at least once. References to the experience of déjà vu are also found in literature of the past (going all the way back to St. Augustine), indicating it is not a new [[phenomenon]]. It has been extremely difficult to invoke the déjà vu experience in laboratory settings, therefore making it a subject of few empirical studies. Recently, researchers have found ways to recreate this sensation using [[hypnosis]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Deja vu 'recreated in laboratory' | publisher=BBC News | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5194382.stm | date=[[2006-07-21]]|accessdate=2006-07-27}}</ref> and [[neurosurgery]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Cortical stimulation study of the role of rhinal cortex in déjà vu and reminiscence of memories | publisher=NEUROLOGY 2004;63:858-864 | url = http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/63/5/858 | date=[[2007-11-15]]|accessdate=2007-11-15}}</ref>
   
 
==Types of déjà vu==
  
==Types of déjà vu==
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According to Arthur Funkhouser there are three types of déjà vu:
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According to Arthur Funkhouser there are three major types of déjà vu.<ref>{{cite paper | author = Funkhouser, Arthur | title = Three types of deja vu | date = 1996 | url = http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=264&cn=0}}</ref>
   
 
===Déjà vécu===
  
===Déjà vécu===
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Usually translated 'already seen' or 'already lived through,' déjà vécu is described in a quotation from David Copperfield by Charles Dickens:
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Usually translated as 'already lived,' déjà vécu is described in a quotation from Charles Dickens:
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<blockquote>We have all some experience of a feeling, that comes over us occasionally, of what we are saying and doing having been said and done before, in a remote time - of our having been surrounded, dim ages ago, by the same faces, objects, and circumstances - of our knowing perfectly what will be said next, as if we suddenly remember it!<ref>{{cite book | last = Dickens | first = Charles | title = Personal History of David Copperfield | publisher = Time Warner Libraries | year = 1991 | id = ISBN 1879329018 }}</ref></blockquote>
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{{cquote|We have all some experience of a feeling, that comes over us occasionally, of what we are saying and doing having been said and done before, in a remote time – of our having been surrounded, dim ages ago, by the same faces, objects, and circumstances – of our knowing perfectly what will be said next, as if we suddenly remember it!<ref>{{cite book | last = Dickens | first = Charles | title = Personal History of David Copperfield (middle of chapter 39)| publisher = Time Warner Libraries | year = 1991 | id = ISBN 1879329018 }}</ref>}}
   
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When most people speak of déjà vu, they are actually experiencing déjà vécu. Surveys have revealed that about one third of the population have had these experiences, more often (and perhaps more intense) in people between the ages of 15 and 25. The experience is usually related to a very banal event, but is so striking that it is remembered for years afterwards.
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When most people speak of déjà vu, they are actually experiencing déjà vécu. Surveys have revealed that as much as 70% of the population have had these experiences, usually between ages 15 to 25, when the mind is still subjectable to noticing the change in environment.<ref>[http://people.howstuffworks.com/question657.htm Howstuffworks "What is déjà vu?]</ref> The experience is usually related to a very ordinary event, but it is so striking that it is remembered for several years afterwards.
   
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Déjà vécu refers to an experience involving more than just sight, which is why labeling such "déjà vu" is usually inaccurate. The sense involves a great amount of detail, sensing that everything is just as it was before. Because of this, theories that the situation was just read about earlier or experienced in a previous life are invalid, as those experiences could not recreate the exact situation due to a lack of sense involvement or the presence of modern surroundings.
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Déjà vécu refers to an experience involving more than just sight, which is why labeling such "déjà vu" is usually inaccurate. These experiences often involve a great amount of detail, sensing that everything is just as it was before and are frequently accompanied by an uncanny knowledge of what is going to be said or happen next.
   
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More recently, the term déjà vécu has been used to describe very intense and persistent feelings of a déjà vu type, which occur as part of a memory disorder. As described in Moulin, C.J.A., Conway, M.A. Thompson, R.G., James, N. & Jones, R.W. (2005). ''Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déjà vecu.'' Neuropsychologia, 43 :1362-1378.
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More recently, the term déjà vécu has been used to describe very intense and persistent feelings of a déjà vu type, which occur as part of a memory disorder.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moulin|first=C.J.A.|coauthors=Conway, M.A. Thompson, R.G., James, N. & Jones, R.W.|year=2005|title=Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déjà vecu|journal=Neuropsychologia|issue=43|pages=1362-1378}}</ref>
   
 
===Déjà senti===
  
===Déjà senti===
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This phenomenon specifies something 'already felt.' Unlike the implied precognition of déjà vécu, déjà senti is primarily or even exclusively a mental happening, has no precognitive aspects, and rarely if ever remains in the afflicted person's memory afterwards.
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Dr. John Hughlings Jackson recorded the words of one of his patients who suffered from temporal lobe or psychomotor epilepsy in an 1889 paper:
  
Dr. John Hughlings Jackson recorded the words of one of his patients who suffered from temporal lobe or psychomotor epilepsy in an 1889 paper:
   
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<blockquote>What is occupying the attention is what has occupied it before, and indeed has been familiar, but has been for a time forgotten, and now is recovered with a slight sense of satisfaction as if it had been sought for. ... At the same time, or ... more accurately in immediate sequence, I am dimly aware that the recollection is fictitious and my state abnormal. The recollection is always started by another person's voice, or by my own verbalized thought, or by what I am reading and mentally verbalize; and I think that during the abnormal state I generally verbalize some such phrase of simple recognition as 'Oh yes - I see', 'Of course - I remember', &c., but a minute or two later I can recollect neither the words nor the verbalized thought which gave rise to the recollection. I only find strongly that they resemble what I have felt before under similar abnormal conditions.</blockquote>
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{{cquote|What is occupying the attention is what has occupied it before, and indeed has been familiar, but has been for a time forgotten, and now is recovered with a slight sense of satisfaction as if it had been sought for. ... At the same time, or ... more accurately in immediate sequence, I am dimly aware that the recollection is fictitious and my state abnormal. The recollection is always started by another person's voice, or by my own verbalized thought, or by what I am reading and mentally verbalize; and I think that during the abnormal state I generally verbalize some such phrase of simple recognition as 'Oh yes – I see', 'Of course – I remember', but a minute or two later I can recollect neither the words nor the verbalized thought which gave rise to the recollection. I only find strongly that they resemble what I have felt before under similar abnormal conditions.}}
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This phenomenon specifies something 'already felt.' Unlike the implied precognition of déjà vécu, déjà senti is primarily or even exclusively a mental happening, has no precognitive aspects, and rarely if ever remains in the afflicted person's memory afterwards.
  
   
 
As with Dr. Jackson's patient, some temporal-lobe epileptics may experience this phenomenon.
  
As with Dr. Jackson's patient, some temporal-lobe epileptics may experience this phenomenon.
   
 
===Déjà visité===
  
===Déjà visité===
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This experience is less common and involves an uncanny knowledge of a new place. Here one may know his or her way around in a new town or landscape while at the same time knowing that this should not be possible.
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This experience is less common and involves an uncanny knowledge of a new place. The translation is "already visited." Here one may know his or her way around in a new town or landscape while at the same time knowing that this should not be possible.
   
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Dreams, [[reincarnation]] and also [[Out-of-body experience|out-of-body]] travel have been invoked to explain this phenomenon. Additionally, some suggest that reading a detailed account of a place can result in this feeling when the locale is later visited. Two famous examples of such a situation were described by [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] in his book ''Our Old Home'' and [[Sir Walter Scott]] in ''Guy Mannering''. Hawthorne recognized the ruins of a castle in England and later was able to trace the sensation to a piece written about the castle by [[Alexander Pope]] two hundred years earlier.
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Dreams, [[reincarnation]] and also [[Out-of-body experience|out-of-body]] travel have been invoked to explain this phenomenon. Additionally, some suggest that reading a detailed account of a place can result in this feeling when the locale is later visited. There are two famous examples of such a situation . One was described by Nathaniel Hawthorne in his autobiographical book ''Our Old Home''<ref>{{cite book | authorlink = Nathaniel Hawthorne|last = Hawthorne | first = Nathaniel | title = Our Old Home | location = New York | publisher = Houghtton, Mifflin & Co. | year = 1863}}</ref> and the other by Sir Walter Scott in his novel ''Guy Mannering''.<ref>{{cite book | authorlink = Sir Walter Scott|last = Scott | first = Sir Walter | title = Guy Mannering or The Astrologer (chapter 41)| location = Edinburgh | publisher = J. Ballantyne & Co. | year = 1815}}</ref> On a trip to England, Hawthorne recognized some rooms in the ruins of a castle there and later was able to trace the memories to a piece written about the castle by Alexander Pope two hundred years earlier. In Guy Mannering, the main character returned to the homestead in Scotland that he was kidnapped from while still a young boy. There he had a sense of inexplicalbe familiarity, but it clear to the reader why that was.
   
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[[C. G. Jung]] published an account of déjà visité in his 1952 paper ''[[On synchronicity]]''.<ref>Jung's paper is often cited from a 1966 edition, however, this was not the original publication as Jung died in 1961.</ref>
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[[C. G. Jung]] published an account of déjà visité in his 1952 paper ''[[On synchronicity]].''<ref name="Jung">{{cite paper| author=[[C. G. Jung|Jung, C. G.]] | title = On synchronicity| date = 1952}} (Jung's paper is often cited from a 1966 edition, however, this was not the original publication as Jung died in 1961.)</ref>
   
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In order to distinguish déjà visité from déjà vécu, it is important to identify the source of the feeling. Déjà vécu is in reference to the [[temporal occurrence]]s and processes, while déjà visité has more to do with [[geography]] and [[spatial dimension]]s.
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In order to distinguish déjà visité from déjà vécu, it is important to identify the source of the feeling. Déjà vécu is in reference to the [[temporal occurrence]]s and processes, while déjà visité has more to do with geography and [[spatial relationship]]s.
   
 
==Scientific research==
  
==Scientific research==
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In recent years, déjà vu has been subjected to serious psychological and neurophysiological research. The most likely candidate for explanation, according to scientists in these fields, is that déjà vu is not an act of "precognition" or "prophecy" but is actually an anomaly of memory; it is the impression that an experience is "being recalled" which is false. This is substantiated to an extent by the fact that in most cases the sense of "recollection" at the time is strong, but any circumstances of the "previous" experience (when, where and how the earlier experience occurred) are quite uncertain. Likewise, as time passes, subjects can exhibit a strong recollection of having the "unsettling" experience of déjà vu itself, but little to no recollection of the specifics of the event(s) or circumstances they were "remembering" when they had the déjà vu experience, and in particular, this may result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for [[short-term memory]] (events which are perceived as being in the present) and those responsible for [[long-term memory]] (events which are perceived as being in the past).
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In recent years, déjà vu has been subjected to serious psychological and neurophysiological research. The most likely explanation of many instances of déjà vu is that they are not acts of "precognition" or "prophecy", but rather anomalies of memory; They are impressions that an experience is "being recalled". {{Fact|date=February 2007}} This explanation is substantiated by the fact that the sense of "recollection" at the time is strong in most cases, but that the circumstances of the "previous" experience (when, where and how the earlier experience occurred) are quite uncertain. Likewise, as time passes, subjects can exhibit a strong recollection of having the "unsettling" experience of déjà vu itself, but little to no recollection of the specifics of the event(s) or circumstance(s) they were "remembering" when they had the déjà vu experience. In particular, this may result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for [[short-term memory]] (events which are perceived as being in the present) and those responsible for [[long-term memory]] (events which are perceived as being in the past).
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Another theory being explored is that of vision. As the theory suggests, one eye may record what is seen fractionally faster than the other, creating that "strong recollection" sensation upon the "same" scene being viewed milliseconds later by the opposite eye. Of course, when blind people experience déjà vu<ref> [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-11/uol-asn112806.php A stunning new look at déjà vu]</ref> this explanation cannot hold.
   
 
===Links with disorders===
  
===Links with disorders===
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A clinical correlation has been found between the experience of déjà vu and disorders such as [[schizophrenia]] and [[anxiety]], and the likelihood of the experience increases considerably with subjects having these conditions. However, the strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with [[temporal lobe epilepsy]]. This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a [[neurology|neurological]] anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain. As most people suffer a mild (i.e. non-pathological) epileptic episode regularly (e.g. the sudden "jolt", a [[hypnic jerk|hypnagogic jerk]], that frequently occurs just prior to falling asleep), it is conjectured that a similar (mild) neurological aberration occurs in the experience of déjà vu, resulting in an erroneous sensation of memory.
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A clinical correlation has been found between the experience of déjà vu and disorders such as [[schizophrenia]] and [[anxiety]],<ref>[http://www.pni.org/books/deja_vu_info.html Pacific NEUROPSYCHIATRY]</ref> and the likelihood of the experience considerably increases with subjects having these conditions. However, the strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with [[temporal lobe epilepsy]].<ref> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/seizures/types.shtml Neurology Channel]</ref><ref>[http://people.howstuffworks.com/question657.htm Howstuffworks "What is déjà vu?]</ref> This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a [[neurology|neurological]] anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain. As most people suffer a mild (i.e. non-pathological) [[epileptic]] episode regularly (e.g. the sudden "jolt", a [[hypnic jerk|hypnagogic jerk]], that frequently occurs just prior to falling asleep), it is conjectured that a similar (mild) neurological aberration occurs in the experience of déjà vu, resulting in an erroneous sensation of memory.
   
 
===Pharmacology===
  
===Pharmacology===
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It has been reported that certain recreational drugs increase the chances of déjà vu occurring in the user. Interestingly, some pharmacological drugs, when taken together, have also been implicated in the cause of déjà vu. Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001) reported the case of an otherwise healthy male who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu on taking the drugs [[amantadine]] and [[phenylpropanolamine]] together to relieve flu symptoms. He found the experience so interesting that he completed the full course of his treatment and reported it to the psychologists to write-up as a case study. Due to the [[dopaminergic]] action of the drugs and previous findings from electrode stimulation of the brain (e.g. Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994), Taiminen and Jääskeläinen speculate that déjà vu occurs as a result of hyperdopaminergic action in the mesial temporal areas of the brain.
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It has been reported that certain recreational drugs increase the chances of déjà vu occurring in the user. Some pharmaceutical drugs, when taken together, have also been implicated in the cause of déjà vu. Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001) reported the case of an otherwise healthy male who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu on taking the drugs [[amantadine]] and [[phenylpropanolamine]] together to relieve flu symptoms. He found the experience so interesting that he completed the full course of his treatment and reported it to the psychologists to write-up as a case study. Due to the [[dopaminergic]] action of the drugs and previous findings from electrode stimulation of the brain (e.g. Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994), Taiminen and Jääskeläinen speculate that déjà vu occurs as a result of hyperdopaminergic action in the mesial temporal areas of the brain.
   
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===Memory-based Explanations===
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===Memory-based explanations===
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The similarity between a déjà vu-eliciting stimulus and an existing, but different, memory trace may lead to the sensation. Thus, encountering something which evokes the implicit associations of an experience or sensation that cannot be remembered may lead to déjà vu. In an effort to experimentally reproduce the sensation, Banister and Zangwill (1941) used [[hypnosis]] to give participants posthypnotic amnesia suggestions for material they had already seen. When this was later re-encountered, the restricted activation caused by the posthypnotic amnesia resulted in three of the 10 participants reporting what the authors termed paramnesias. Memory-based explanations may lead to the development of a number of non-invasive experimental methods by which a long sought-after analogue of déjà vu can be reliably produced that would allow it to be tested under well-controlled experimental conditions.
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The similarity between a déjà vu-eliciting stimulus and an existing, but different, memory trace may lead to the sensation. Thus, encountering something which evokes the implicit associations of an experience or sensation that cannot be remembered may lead to déjà vu. In an effort to experimentally reproduce the sensation, Banister and Zangwill (1941) used [[hypnosis]] to give participants posthypnotic amnesia suggestions for material they had already seen. When this was later re-encountered, the restricted activation caused by the posthypnotic amnesia resulted in three of the 10 participants reporting what the authors termed paramnesias. Memory-based explanations may lead to the development of a number of non-invasive experimental methods by which a long sought-after analogue of déjà vu can be reliably produced that would allow it to be tested under well-controlled experimental conditions.
   
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===Neuronal Theories===
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===Neural theories===
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In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, it was widely believed that déjà vu could be caused by the mis-timing of [[neuronal]] firing. This timing error was thought to lead the brain to believe that it was encountering a stimulus for the second time, when in fact, it was simply re-experiencing the same event from a slightly delayed source. A number of variations of these theories exist, with miscommunication of the two [[cerebral hemispheres]] and abnormally fast neuronal firing also given as explanations for the sensation. Perhaps the most widely acknowledged neuronal theory is the optical pathway delay theory which explains déjà vu as being the product of a delayed optical input from one [[eye]]. Closely following the input from the first eye (when it should be simultaneous), this misleads conscious awareness and suggests a sensation of familiarity when there should not be one. Although intuitively plausible, this theory is untestable due to the minute times involved in neuronal firing, and inconsistent with reports that blind individuals experience déjà vu in the same way as sighted individuals (O'Connor & Moulin, 2006).
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In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, it was widely believed that déjà vu could be caused by the mis-timing of [[neuronal]] firing. This timing error was thought to lead the brain to believe that it was encountering a stimulus for the second time, when in fact, it was simply re-experiencing the same event from a slightly delayed source. A number of variations of these theories exist, with miscommunication of the two [[cerebral hemispheres]] and abnormally fast neuronal firing also given as explanations for the sensation. Perhaps the most widely acknowledged neuronal theory is the optical pathway delay theory which explains déjà vu as being the product of a delayed optical input from one [[eye]]. Closely following the input from the first eye (when it should be simultaneous), this misleads conscious awareness and suggests a sensation of familiarity when there should not be one. Although intuitively plausible, this theory is untestable due to the minute times involved in neuronal firing, and inconsistent with reports that blind individuals experience déjà vu in the same way as sighted individuals (O'Connor & Moulin, 2006).
   
 
===Parapsychology===
  
===Parapsychology===
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===Dreams===
  
===Dreams===
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Déjà vu is the memory of dreams. Though the majority of dreams are never remembered, a dreaming person can display activity in the areas of the brain that process long-term memory. Perhaps a dream can read directly into long-term memory, bypassing short-term memory entirely. In this case, déjà vu might be a memory of a forgotten dream with elements in common with the current "awake" experience.
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Some believe déjà vu is the memory of dreams. Though the majority of dreams are never remembered, a dreaming person can display activity in the areas of the brain that process long-term memory. It has been speculated that dreams read directly into long-term memory, bypassing short-term memory entirely. In this case, déjà vu might be a memory of a forgotten dream with elements in common with the current waking experience. This may be similar to another phenomenon known as déjà rêvé, or "already dreamed."
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This may be similar to another phenomenon known as deja rêvé, or "already dreamed."
  
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Not only is the link to dreams as they pertain to déjà vu the subject of scientific and psychological studies, it is also a subject of spiritual texts, as is found in, for example, in the writings of the [[Bahá'í Faith]] with quotes like "...perchance when ten years are gone, thou wilt witness in the outer world the very things thou hast dreamed tonight."<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/Bahai/Texts/EN/SVFV/SVFV-7.html The Valley of Wonderment]</ref> and "Behold how the thing which thou hast seen in thy dream is, after a considerable lapse of time, fully realized."<ref>[http://bahai-library.com/writings/bahaullah/gwb/079.html LXXIX: As to thy question concerning the worlds ...]</ref>
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===Reincarnation===
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Those believing in [[reincarnation]] theorize that déjà visité is caused by fragments of past-life memories being jarred to the surface of the mind by familiar surroundings or people. Others theorize that the phenomenon is caused by [[astral projection]], or [[out-of-body experience]]s (OBEs), where it is possible that individuals have visited places while in their [[astral body|astral bodies]] during sleep. The sensation may also be interpreted as connected to the fulfillment of a condition as seen or felt in a [[premonition]]. For further cases of remembering information from past lives, see [[Ian Stevenson]].
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== Related phenomena ==
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=== Jamais vu ===
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{{ main|Jamais vu }}
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Jamais vu is a term in psychology (from the French, meaning "never seen") which is used to describe any familiar situation which is not recognised by the observer.
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Often described as the opposite of déjà vu, jamais vu involves a sense of eeriness and the observer's impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that he or she has been in the situation before.
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Jamais vu is more commonly explained as when a person momentarily does not recognize a word, person, or place that they already know.
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Jamais vu is sometimes associated with certain types of [[amnesia]] and [[epilepsy]].
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Theoretically, as seen below, a jamais vu feeling in a sufferer of a [[delirious]] disorder or intoxication could result in a delirious [[explanation]] of it, such as in the [[Capgras delusion]], in which the patient takes a person known by him/her for a false [[double]] or impostor. If the impostor is himself, the clinical setting would be the same as the one described as [[depersonalisation]], hence jamais vus of oneself or of the very "reality of reality", are termed depersonalisation (or [[irreality]]) feelings.
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The Timesonline reports:
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{{cquote|[[Chris Moulin]], of [[Leeds University]], asked 92 volunteers to write out "door" 30 times in 60 seconds. At the [[International Conference on Memory]] in [[Sydney]] last [[week]] he reported that 68 per cent of the volunteers showed symptoms of jamais vu, such as beginning to doubt that "door" was a real word. Dr Moulin believes that a similar brain fatigue underlies a phenomenon observed in some [[schizophrenia]] patients: that a familiar person has been replaced by an impostor. Dr Moulin suggests they could be suffering from chronic jamais vu. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,6-2282789,00.html]}}
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=== Presque vu ===
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{{Main|Presque vu}}
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Presque vu (from French, meaning "almost seen") is the sensation of being on the brink of an [[epiphany (feeling)|epiphany]]. Often very disorienting and distracting, presque vu rarely leads to an actual breakthrough. Frequently, one experiencing presque vu will say that they have something "on the tip of their tongue."
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Presque vu is often cited by people who suffer from [[epilepsy]] or other seizure-related brain conditions, such as [[temporal lobe lability]].
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=== L'esprit de l'escalier ===
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:''Full article at [[L'esprit de l'escalier]].''<br />
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L'esprit de l'escalier (from French, "staircase wit") is remembering something when it is too late. For example, a clever come-back to a remark, thought of after the conversation has ended. Another example for this is when you're about to take a test and you know everything, but, when it begins, you forget all that you've learned; after taking the test you remember absolutely everything that you had forgotten while taking it.
   
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==Related phenomena==
  
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* ''[[Jamais vu]]'': From the [[French language|French]], meaning "never seen," the expression means explicitly ''not'' remembering having seen something before. The person knows it has happened before, but the experience feels unfamiliar. Often described as the opposite of [[déjà vu]], jamais vu involves a sense of eeriness and the observer's impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that he or she has been in the situation before. Jamais vu is sometimes associated with certain types of [[amnesia]] and [[epilepsy]]. An old internet joke referred to this feeling as "vujà dé."
  
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* ''Presque vu'': From the French language, meaning "almost seen," the expression means almost, but not quite, remembering something. Often very disorienting and distracting, presque vu rarely leads to an actual breakthrough. Frequently, one experiencing presque vu will say that they have something "on the tip of their tongue". Presque vu is often cited by people who suffer from epilepsy or other seizure-related brain conditions, such as [[temporal lobe lability]].
  
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* ''Déjà éprouvé'': "already attempted or tried"
  
   
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==Popular references==
  
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* In the [[1999]] [[film]] ''[[The Matrix]]'', the character of Neo experiences déjà vu (though the experience somewhat differs: Neo sees a black cat go past twice consecutively). Trinity explains to Neo that "a déjà vu is usually a glitch in the Matrix. It happens when the Machines change something."
  
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* In the [[1998]] [[anime]] ''[[Card Captor Sakura]]'', the character of Sakura experiences déjà vu, caused by a [[Clow Card]].
 
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* The [[1993]] film ''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'' documents a rather pertinent (to the main character, at least) realisation of this phenomenon.
  
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* ''Déjà vu'' is a [[1989]] [[Poland|Polish]]-[[USSR|Soviet]] comedy film by [[Juliusz Machulski]].
  
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* ''Déjà vu'' is the name of a Giant Inverted Boomerang ("Super Invertigo") [[roller coaster]] by [[Vekoma]] that is operating at [[Six Flags Great America]], [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] and [[Six Flags Over Georgia]].
  
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* Dionne Warwick had a Top 20 hit single, "Deja Vu" in [[1979]].
  
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* Comedian [[George Carlin]] invented an alternate phenomenon he called ''vujà dé'', or "the feeling that somehow, none of this ''has ever happened before!''"
  
−
* Deja vu is the name of a [[Silver Age of Comic Books|Silver Age]] [[Batman]] villain.
  
−
* [[United States|American]] [[singer]]/[[songwriter]] [[John Fogerty]] wrote a song called (somewhat redundantly) "Déjá Vu (All Over Again)."
  
−
* Decades before, however, [[Yogi Berra]] said "It's like déjà vu all over again" (one of many famous [[Yogiisms]].)
  
−
* [[Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]] recorded a song called "Deja Vu" for an album of the same name in 1970. The song's recurring theme was David Crosby singing "''... and I feel like I've been here before.''"
  
−
* There is a short story by [[Stephen King]] called "That Feeling, You Can Only Say What It Is in French", which deals with a subject's horrifying deja vu experiences.
  
−
* Deja Vu is also the name of a band from the [[Faroe Islands]] which plays rock/pop music.
  
−
* The [[Spice Girls]] sing "tell me will this déjà vu ever end..." in their song "Say You'll Be There".
  
−
* Deja Vu is the name of a computer game and [[NES]] game published by [[Seika]].
  
−
* Deja Vu, Presque Vu and Jamais Vu are mentioned in [[Joseph Heller]]'s 1961 novel ''[[Catch-22]]'' and play a large role in [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]'s 1996 novel ''[[Blue Mars]].''
  
−
* Deja Vu is also the name of an [[Iron Maiden]] song.
  
−
* "Jamais Vu" is the name of a song written by alternative band [[Dredg]].
  
−
* The term Deja vu was used in the Charmed season 1 episode Deja vu all over again as Tempus resets time to succeed in killing all three Charmed ones.
  
−
*Deja Vu is also the name of the second campaign mission for the Soviets in the computer game [[Yuri's Revenge]], as it put the player on the opposing side of an Allied mission from the original [[Red Alert 2]].
  
−
*The band Dream Theater has a song called "Strange déjà vu".
  
−
*"[[Déjà Vu (song)|Déjà Vu]]" is a [[2006]] song by [[Beyoncé Knowles]] featuring [[Jay-Z]].
  
−
*"Déjà Vu" is a song by the [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]].
  
−
*"Déjà Vu" is a song by brazilian singer [[Pitty]].
  
−
*"Déjà Vu" is the [[2006]] Action/Adventure, Romance, Science Fiction/Fantasy and Thriller Movie By Walt Disney Pictures & Jerry Bruckheimer Films. Actor Denzel Washington. Release Date: November 22nd, 2006 (wide)
  
−
*The band Ace of Base recorded a song entitled "My Déjà Vu" on their 1995 album "The Bridge"
  
   
 
== See also ==
  
== See also ==
   
 
* [[Anamnesis]]
  
* [[Anamnesis]]
⚫
* [[Psychology]]
  
 
* [[Phenomenon]]
  
* [[Phenomenon]]
  +
* [[Precognition]]
  ⚫
* [[Psychology]]
   
−
==References and notes==
 +
== References ==
  +
−
<div class="references-small">
  
  +
{{reflist}}
−
<references />
  
  +
⚫
* {{cite web | title = Deja vu 'recreated in laboratory' | work = BBC News | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5194382.stm | accessdate = July 27 | accessyear = 2006 }}
  
  +
{{refbegin}}
−
* {{cite web | title = Neppe Déjà Vu Research and Theory | work = Pacific Neuropsychiatric Institute | url = http://www.pni.org/books/deja_vu_info.html | accessdate = November 29 | accessyear = 2005 }}
  
  ⚫
* {{cite web | title = Neppe Déjà Vu Research and Theory | work = Pacific Neuropsychiatric Institute | url = http://www.pni.org/books/deja_vu_info.html | accessdate = [[November 29]] | accessyear = 2005 }}
−
* {{cite paper
  
  ⚫
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = Alan S. | title = the déjà vu experience | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 1841690759}}
−
| author = Funkhouser, Arthur
  
  ⚫
* {{cite book | last = Draaisma | first = Douwe | title = Why life speeds up as you get older | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0521691990}}
−
| title = Three types of deja vu
  
  ⚫
* {{cite journal | author = J. H. Jackson | authorlink = John Hughlings-Jackson | title = A particular variety of epilepsy "intellectual aura", one case with symptoms of organic brain disease | journal = Brain | year = 1888 | volume = 11 | pages = 179-207 | url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/11/2/179 }}
−
| date = 1996
  
  ⚫
* {{cite book | last = Wigan | first = Arthur | title = Duality of the Mind (originally published in 1844)| publisher = Joseph Simon | year = 1985 | id = ISBN 0-934710-11-2}}
−
| url = http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=264&cn=0
  
  +
{{refend}}
−
}}
  
⚫
* {{cite journal | author = J. H. Jackson | authorlink = J. Hughlinks-Jackson | title = A particular variety of epilepsy "intellectual aura", one case with symptoms of organic brain disease | journal = Brain | year = 1888 | volume = 11 | pages = 179-207 | url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/11/2/179 }}
  
⚫
* {{cite book | last = Hawthorne | first = Nathaniel | title = Our Old Home | location= Boston | publisher=Houghton Mifflin & Co. | year = 1863 | id = ISBN 1404374248 }}
  
−
* {{cite paper
  
−
| author = Jung, C. G.
  
−
| title = On synchronicity
  
−
| date = 1952
  
−
| url = http://www.heureka.clara.net/books/synchronicity.htm
  
−
}}
  
⚫
* {{cite book | last = Scott | first = Sir Walter | title = Guy Mannering or The Astrologer | location = Edinburgh | publisher=J. Ballantyne & Co. | year = 1815 | id = ISBN 0766170713 }}
  
⚫
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = Alan S. | title = The Déjà Vu Experience | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 1841690759}}
  
−
</div>
  
   
 
==External links==
  
==External links==
  +
* [http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/media/2005-2006/mp3/qq-2006-02-25d.mp3 Chronic deja vu- quirks and quarks episode (mp3)]
 
* [http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=2c4f7afd-5a3a-4e52-a2fb-bc729692bfb4&k=48785 "When deja vu is more than just an odd feeling" ''The Ottawa Citizen'', February 20 2006]
  
* [http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=2c4f7afd-5a3a-4e52-a2fb-bc729692bfb4&k=48785 "When deja vu is more than just an odd feeling" ''The Ottawa Citizen'', February 20 2006]
 
* [http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i46/46a01201.htm "The Tease of Memory" ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', July 23 2004]
  
* [http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i46/46a01201.htm "The Tease of Memory" ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', July 23 2004]
 
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/14/science/14deja.html?ex=1252900800&en=331d6db9dff26282&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland "Déjà Vu: If It All Seems Familiar, There May Be a Reason" ''New York Times'', September 14, 2004]
  
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/14/science/14deja.html?ex=1252900800&en=331d6db9dff26282&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland "Déjà Vu: If It All Seems Familiar, There May Be a Reason" ''New York Times'', September 14, 2004]
−
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/magazine/02dejavu.html "Déjà Vu, Again and Again" ''New Yok Times'', July 2, 2006]
 +
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/magazine/02dejavu.html "Déjà Vu, Again and Again" ''New York Times'', July 2, 2006]
 
* [http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper2/Johnson2.html "UGH! I Just Got the Creepiest Feeling That I Have Been Here Before: Déjà vu and the Brain, Consciousness and Self", Neurobiology and Behavior, 1998]
  
* [http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper2/Johnson2.html "UGH! I Just Got the Creepiest Feeling That I Have Been Here Before: Déjà vu and the Brain, Consciousness and Self", Neurobiology and Behavior, 1998]
  +
* http://www.anthonypeake.com
 
* [http://skepdic.com/dejavu.html The Skeptic's Dictionary]
  
* [http://skepdic.com/dejavu.html The Skeptic's Dictionary]
  +
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/deja-vu.htm How Déjà Vu Works a Howstuffworks article]
  +
* [http://www.deja-experience-research.org Déjà Experience Research]
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Latest revision as of 14:07, 7 January 2012

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Main article: Consciousness states

The term "déjà vu" (IPA:/deʒa vy/) (French for "already seen", also called paramnesia) describes the experience or feeling that one has witnessed or experienced a new situation previously or has uncanny recognition and familiarity in a new place. The term was coined by a French psychic researcher, Émile Boirac (1851–1917) in his book L'Avenir des sciences psychiques (The Future of Psychic Sciences), which expanded upon an essay he wrote while an undergraduate French concentrator at the University of Chicago. The experience of déjà vu is usually accompanied by a compelling sense of familiarity, and also a sense of "eeriness", "strangeness", or "weirdness". The "previous" experience is often attributed to a dream, although in some cases there is a firm sense that the experience "genuinely happened" in the past. Déjà vu has been described as "remembering the future (in 1895 F. W. H. Myers coined the term "promnesia" to emphasize this aspect of many déjà vu experiences)."

Of course, this phenomenon existed very long ago, though researchers started considering it only in the 19th century. Scientists, psychologists, psychiatrists, even tried to define what it is and how it is happening. For example, Sigmund Freud also paid much attention to déjà vu, considering it as a kind of psychopathology, like schizophrenia [How to reference and link to summary or text]. The experience of déjà vu seems to be very common; in formal studies roughly 70% of the population report having experienced it at least once. References to the experience of déjà vu are also found in literature of the past (going all the way back to St. Augustine), indicating it is not a new phenomenon. It has been extremely difficult to invoke the déjà vu experience in laboratory settings, therefore making it a subject of few empirical studies. Recently, researchers have found ways to recreate this sensation using hypnosis.[1] and neurosurgery.[2]

Types of déjà vu

According to Arthur Funkhouser there are three major types of déjà vu.[3]

Déjà vécu

Usually translated as 'already lived,' déjà vécu is described in a quotation from Charles Dickens:

“ We have all some experience of a feeling, that comes over us occasionally, of what we are saying and doing having been said and done before, in a remote time – of our having been surrounded, dim ages ago, by the same faces, objects, and circumstances – of our knowing perfectly what will be said next, as if we suddenly remember it![4] ”

When most people speak of déjà vu, they are actually experiencing déjà vécu. Surveys have revealed that as much as 70% of the population have had these experiences, usually between ages 15 to 25, when the mind is still subjectable to noticing the change in environment.[5] The experience is usually related to a very ordinary event, but it is so striking that it is remembered for several years afterwards.

Déjà vécu refers to an experience involving more than just sight, which is why labeling such "déjà vu" is usually inaccurate. These experiences often involve a great amount of detail, sensing that everything is just as it was before and are frequently accompanied by an uncanny knowledge of what is going to be said or happen next.

More recently, the term déjà vécu has been used to describe very intense and persistent feelings of a déjà vu type, which occur as part of a memory disorder.[6]

Déjà senti

This phenomenon specifies something 'already felt.' Unlike the implied precognition of déjà vécu, déjà senti is primarily or even exclusively a mental happening, has no precognitive aspects, and rarely if ever remains in the afflicted person's memory afterwards.

Dr. John Hughlings Jackson recorded the words of one of his patients who suffered from temporal lobe or psychomotor epilepsy in an 1889 paper:

“ What is occupying the attention is what has occupied it before, and indeed has been familiar, but has been for a time forgotten, and now is recovered with a slight sense of satisfaction as if it had been sought for. ... At the same time, or ... more accurately in immediate sequence, I am dimly aware that the recollection is fictitious and my state abnormal. The recollection is always started by another person's voice, or by my own verbalized thought, or by what I am reading and mentally verbalize; and I think that during the abnormal state I generally verbalize some such phrase of simple recognition as 'Oh yes – I see', 'Of course – I remember', but a minute or two later I can recollect neither the words nor the verbalized thought which gave rise to the recollection. I only find strongly that they resemble what I have felt before under similar abnormal conditions. ”

As with Dr. Jackson's patient, some temporal-lobe epileptics may experience this phenomenon.

Déjà visité

This experience is less common and involves an uncanny knowledge of a new place. The translation is "already visited." Here one may know his or her way around in a new town or landscape while at the same time knowing that this should not be possible.

Dreams, reincarnation and also out-of-body travel have been invoked to explain this phenomenon. Additionally, some suggest that reading a detailed account of a place can result in this feeling when the locale is later visited. There are two famous examples of such a situation . One was described by Nathaniel Hawthorne in his autobiographical book Our Old Home[7] and the other by Sir Walter Scott in his novel Guy Mannering.[8] On a trip to England, Hawthorne recognized some rooms in the ruins of a castle there and later was able to trace the memories to a piece written about the castle by Alexander Pope two hundred years earlier. In Guy Mannering, the main character returned to the homestead in Scotland that he was kidnapped from while still a young boy. There he had a sense of inexplicalbe familiarity, but it clear to the reader why that was.

C. G. Jung published an account of déjà visité in his 1952 paper On synchronicity.[9]

In order to distinguish déjà visité from déjà vécu, it is important to identify the source of the feeling. Déjà vécu is in reference to the temporal occurrences and processes, while déjà visité has more to do with geography and spatial relationships.

Scientific research

In recent years, déjà vu has been subjected to serious psychological and neurophysiological research. The most likely explanation of many instances of déjà vu is that they are not acts of "precognition" or "prophecy", but rather anomalies of memory; They are impressions that an experience is "being recalled". [How to reference and link to summary or text] This explanation is substantiated by the fact that the sense of "recollection" at the time is strong in most cases, but that the circumstances of the "previous" experience (when, where and how the earlier experience occurred) are quite uncertain. Likewise, as time passes, subjects can exhibit a strong recollection of having the "unsettling" experience of déjà vu itself, but little to no recollection of the specifics of the event(s) or circumstance(s) they were "remembering" when they had the déjà vu experience. In particular, this may result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for short-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the present) and those responsible for long-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the past).

Another theory being explored is that of vision. As the theory suggests, one eye may record what is seen fractionally faster than the other, creating that "strong recollection" sensation upon the "same" scene being viewed milliseconds later by the opposite eye. Of course, when blind people experience déjà vu[10] this explanation cannot hold.

Links with disorders

A clinical correlation has been found between the experience of déjà vu and disorders such as schizophrenia and anxiety,[11] and the likelihood of the experience considerably increases with subjects having these conditions. However, the strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with temporal lobe epilepsy.[12][13] This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a neurological anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain. As most people suffer a mild (i.e. non-pathological) epileptic episode regularly (e.g. the sudden "jolt", a hypnagogic jerk, that frequently occurs just prior to falling asleep), it is conjectured that a similar (mild) neurological aberration occurs in the experience of déjà vu, resulting in an erroneous sensation of memory.

Pharmacology

It has been reported that certain recreational drugs increase the chances of déjà vu occurring in the user. Some pharmaceutical drugs, when taken together, have also been implicated in the cause of déjà vu. Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001) reported the case of an otherwise healthy male who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu on taking the drugs amantadine and phenylpropanolamine together to relieve flu symptoms. He found the experience so interesting that he completed the full course of his treatment and reported it to the psychologists to write-up as a case study. Due to the dopaminergic action of the drugs and previous findings from electrode stimulation of the brain (e.g. Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994), Taiminen and Jääskeläinen speculate that déjà vu occurs as a result of hyperdopaminergic action in the mesial temporal areas of the brain.

Memory-based explanations

The similarity between a déjà vu-eliciting stimulus and an existing, but different, memory trace may lead to the sensation. Thus, encountering something which evokes the implicit associations of an experience or sensation that cannot be remembered may lead to déjà vu. In an effort to experimentally reproduce the sensation, Banister and Zangwill (1941) used hypnosis to give participants posthypnotic amnesia suggestions for material they had already seen. When this was later re-encountered, the restricted activation caused by the posthypnotic amnesia resulted in three of the 10 participants reporting what the authors termed paramnesias. Memory-based explanations may lead to the development of a number of non-invasive experimental methods by which a long sought-after analogue of déjà vu can be reliably produced that would allow it to be tested under well-controlled experimental conditions.

Neural theories

In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, it was widely believed that déjà vu could be caused by the mis-timing of neuronal firing. This timing error was thought to lead the brain to believe that it was encountering a stimulus for the second time, when in fact, it was simply re-experiencing the same event from a slightly delayed source. A number of variations of these theories exist, with miscommunication of the two cerebral hemispheres and abnormally fast neuronal firing also given as explanations for the sensation. Perhaps the most widely acknowledged neuronal theory is the optical pathway delay theory which explains déjà vu as being the product of a delayed optical input from one eye. Closely following the input from the first eye (when it should be simultaneous), this misleads conscious awareness and suggests a sensation of familiarity when there should not be one. Although intuitively plausible, this theory is untestable due to the minute times involved in neuronal firing, and inconsistent with reports that blind individuals experience déjà vu in the same way as sighted individuals (O'Connor & Moulin, 2006).

Parapsychology

Déjà vu is associated with precognition, clairvoyance or extra-sensory perceptions, and it is frequently cited as evidence for "psychic" abilities in the general population. Non-scientific explanations attribute the experience to prophecy, visions (such as received in dreams) or past-life memories.

Dreams

Some believe déjà vu is the memory of dreams. Though the majority of dreams are never remembered, a dreaming person can display activity in the areas of the brain that process long-term memory. It has been speculated that dreams read directly into long-term memory, bypassing short-term memory entirely. In this case, déjà vu might be a memory of a forgotten dream with elements in common with the current waking experience. This may be similar to another phenomenon known as déjà rêvé, or "already dreamed."

Not only is the link to dreams as they pertain to déjà vu the subject of scientific and psychological studies, it is also a subject of spiritual texts, as is found in, for example, in the writings of the Bahá'í Faith with quotes like "...perchance when ten years are gone, thou wilt witness in the outer world the very things thou hast dreamed tonight."[14] and "Behold how the thing which thou hast seen in thy dream is, after a considerable lapse of time, fully realized."[15]

Reincarnation

Those believing in reincarnation theorize that déjà visité is caused by fragments of past-life memories being jarred to the surface of the mind by familiar surroundings or people. Others theorize that the phenomenon is caused by astral projection, or out-of-body experiences (OBEs), where it is possible that individuals have visited places while in their astral bodies during sleep. The sensation may also be interpreted as connected to the fulfillment of a condition as seen or felt in a premonition. For further cases of remembering information from past lives, see Ian Stevenson.

Related phenomena

Jamais vu

Main article: Jamais vu

Jamais vu is a term in psychology (from the French, meaning "never seen") which is used to describe any familiar situation which is not recognised by the observer.

Often described as the opposite of déjà vu, jamais vu involves a sense of eeriness and the observer's impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that he or she has been in the situation before.

Jamais vu is more commonly explained as when a person momentarily does not recognize a word, person, or place that they already know.

Jamais vu is sometimes associated with certain types of amnesia and epilepsy.

Theoretically, as seen below, a jamais vu feeling in a sufferer of a delirious disorder or intoxication could result in a delirious explanation of it, such as in the Capgras delusion, in which the patient takes a person known by him/her for a false double or impostor. If the impostor is himself, the clinical setting would be the same as the one described as depersonalisation, hence jamais vus of oneself or of the very "reality of reality", are termed depersonalisation (or irreality) feelings.

The Timesonline reports:

“ Chris Moulin, of Leeds University, asked 92 volunteers to write out "door" 30 times in 60 seconds. At the International Conference on Memory in Sydney last week he reported that 68 per cent of the volunteers showed symptoms of jamais vu, such as beginning to doubt that "door" was a real word. Dr Moulin believes that a similar brain fatigue underlies a phenomenon observed in some schizophrenia patients: that a familiar person has been replaced by an impostor. Dr Moulin suggests they could be suffering from chronic jamais vu. [1] ”

Presque vu

Main article: Presque vu

Presque vu (from French, meaning "almost seen") is the sensation of being on the brink of an epiphany. Often very disorienting and distracting, presque vu rarely leads to an actual breakthrough. Frequently, one experiencing presque vu will say that they have something "on the tip of their tongue."

Presque vu is often cited by people who suffer from epilepsy or other seizure-related brain conditions, such as temporal lobe lability.

L'esprit de l'escalier

Full article at L'esprit de l'escalier.

L'esprit de l'escalier (from French, "staircase wit") is remembering something when it is too late. For example, a clever come-back to a remark, thought of after the conversation has ended. Another example for this is when you're about to take a test and you know everything, but, when it begins, you forget all that you've learned; after taking the test you remember absolutely everything that you had forgotten while taking it.


See also

References

  1. ↑ includeonly>"Deja vu 'recreated in laboratory'", BBC News, 2006-07-21. Retrieved on 2006-07-27.
  2. ↑ includeonly>"Cortical stimulation study of the role of rhinal cortex in déjà vu and reminiscence of memories", NEUROLOGY 2004;63:858-864, 2007-11-15. Retrieved on 2007-11-15.
  3. ↑ Funkhouser, Arthur (1996). "Three types of deja vu".
  4. ↑ Dickens, Charles (1991). Personal History of David Copperfield (middle of chapter 39), Time Warner Libraries. ISBN 1879329018.
  5. ↑ Howstuffworks "What is déjà vu?
  6. ↑ Moulin, C.J.A., Conway, M.A. Thompson, R.G., James, N. & Jones, R.W. (2005). Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déjà vecu. Neuropsychologia (43): 1362-1378.
  7. ↑ Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1863). Our Old Home, New York: Houghtton, Mifflin & Co..
  8. ↑ Scott, Sir Walter (1815). Guy Mannering or The Astrologer (chapter 41), Edinburgh: J. Ballantyne & Co..
  9. ↑ Jung, C. G. (1952). "On synchronicity". (Jung's paper is often cited from a 1966 edition, however, this was not the original publication as Jung died in 1961.)
  10. ↑ A stunning new look at déjà vu
  11. ↑ Pacific NEUROPSYCHIATRY
  12. ↑ Neurology Channel
  13. ↑ Howstuffworks "What is déjà vu?
  14. ↑ The Valley of Wonderment
  15. ↑ LXXIX: As to thy question concerning the worlds ...


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