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{{BioPsy}}
 
{{BioPsy}}
 
{{Infobox brain|
[[Image:Gray733.png|thumb|300px|[[Gray's Anatomy|Gray's]] FIG. 733– Corpus callosum from above.]]
 
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| Name = Corpus callosum
{{Infobox Brain|
 
Name = Corpus callosum|
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| Latin =
Latin = |
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| Image = Gray733.png
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| Caption = Corpus callosum from above. (Anterior portion is at the top of the image.)
BrainInfoNumber = 173 |
 
MeshName = Corpus+Callosum |
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| Image2 = Gray720.png
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| Caption2 = [[anatomical terms of location|Median sagittal]] section of brain (person faces to the left). Corpus callosum visible at center, in light gray
MeshNumber = A08.186.211.730.885.362 |
 
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| IsPartOf =
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| Components =
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| Artery =
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| Vein =
 
| BrainInfoType = hier
 
| BrainInfoNumber = 173
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| MeshName = Corpus+Callosum
 
| MeshNumber = A08.186.211.730.885.362
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| NeuroLex = Corpus callosum
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| NeuroLexID = birnlex_1087
 
}}
 
}}
The '''corpus callosum''' is a structure of the [[mammal]]ian [[brain]] in the longitudinal fissure that connects the left and right [[cerebral hemisphere]]s. It is the largest [[white matter]] structure in the brain, consisting of 200-250 million [[contralateral]] [[axon]]al projections. It is a wide, flat bundle of axons beneath the [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]]. Much of the inter-hemispheric communication in the brain is conducted across the corpus callosum.
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The '''corpus callosum''' ([[Latin]]: tough body), also known as the colossal [[commissure]], is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]] in the [[eutheria]]n [[brain]] at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right [[cerebral hemisphere]]s and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest [[white matter]] structure in the brain, consisting of 200–250 million [[contralateral]] [[axon]]al projections.
   
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==Anatomy==
[[Monotreme]]s and [[marsupial]]s do not have a corpus callosum.
 
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The [[anatomical terms of location|posterior]] portion of the corpus callosum is called the [[splenium]]; the [[anatomical terms of location|anterior]] is called the [[Genu of the corpus callosum|genu]] (or "knee"); between the two is the truncus, or "body", of the corpus callosum. The part between the body and the splenium is often markedly thinned and thus referred to as the "isthmus". The [[Rostrum of corpus callosum|rostrum]] is the part of the corpus callosum that projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the anteriormost genu, as can be seen on the [[sagittal]] image of the brain displayed on the right. The rostrum is so named for its resemblance to a bird's beak.
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[[File:Choroid plexus.jpg|thumb|Corpus callosum]]
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Thinner [[axon]]s in the genu connect the [[prefrontal cortex]] between the two halves of the brain, these form a fork-like bundle of fibers known as Forceps Minor. Thicker axons in the midbody of the corpus callosum, known as Trunk, interconnect areas of the [[motor cortex|premotor and supplementary motor regions]] and [[motor cortex]], with proportionally more corpus dedicated to supplementary motor regions like Broca's area. The posterior body of the corpus, known as splenium, communicates [[somatosensory]] information between the two halves of the [[parietal lobe]] and [[visual cortex|visual center]] at the [[occipital lobe]], these fibers are known as Forceps Major.<ref name="Caminiti">{{cite journal |first1=Roberto |last1=Caminiti |first2=Hassan |last2=Ghaziri |first3=Ralf |last3=Galuske |first4=Patrick R. |last4=Hof |first5=Giorgio M. |last5=Innocenti |doi=10.1073/pnas.0907655106 |bibcode=2009PNAS..10619551C |jstor=25593230 |pmid=19875694 |title=Evolution amplified processing with temporally dispersed slow neuronal connectivity in primates |year=2009 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=46 |pages=19551–6 |pmc=2770441}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.044 |title=Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited—Comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging |year=2006 |last1=Hofer |first1=Sabine |last2=Frahm |first2=Jens |journal=NeuroImage |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=989–94 |pmid=16854598}}</ref>
   
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==Species Differences==
==Review==
 
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The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals (the [[eutheria]]ns), while it is absent in [[monotreme]]s and [[marsupial]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=1933PNAS...19..609K |jstor=86284 |title=Absence of the Corpus callosum as a Mendelizing Character in the House Mouse |author1=Keeler |first1=Clyde E. |volume=19 |year=1933 |pages=609–11 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.19.6.609 |pmid=16587795 |issue=6 |pmc=1086100}}</ref> as well as other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish<ref>Sarnat, Harvey B., and Paolo Curatolo (2007). ''Malformations of the Nervous System: Handbook of Clinical Neurology'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=7InmnW9ul7gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 68]</ref> (other groups do have other brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres, such as the [[anterior commissure]], which serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials,<ref>Ashwell, Ken (2010). ''The Neurobiology of Australian Marsupials: Brain Evolution in the Other Mammalian Radiation'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=NSydTn-XELwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 50]</ref><ref>Armati, Patricia J., Chris R. Dickman, and Ian D. Hume (2006). ''Marsupials'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=x3S5v971Nk0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 175]</ref> and which carries all the [[commissural fiber]]s arising from the [[neocortex]](also known as the neopallium), whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers<ref>Butler, Ann B., and William Hodos (2005). ''Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=6kGARvykJKMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA361#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 361]</ref>). In [[primate]]s, the speed of nerve transmission depends on its degree of [[myelination]], or lipid coating. This is reflected by the diameter of the nerve axon. In most primates, axonal diameter increases in proportion to brain size to compensate for the increased distance to travel for neural impulse transmission. This allows the brain to coordinate sensory and motor impulses. However, the scaling of overall brain size and increased [[myelination]] has not occurred between [[chimpanzee]]s and [[human]]s. This has resulted in the human corpus callosum's requiring double the time for interhemispheric communication as a [[macaque]]'s.<ref name="Caminiti"/> [[Image:LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sagittal]] post-mortem section through the midline brain. The corpus callosum is the curved band of lighter tissue at the center of the brain above the hypothalamus. Its lighter texture is due to higher [[myelin]] content, resulting in faster neuronal impulse transmission.]] The fibrous bundle that the corpus callosum appears as, can and does increase to such an extent in humans that it encroaches upon and wedges apart the hippocampal structures.<ref>Morris, H., & Schaeffer, J. P. (1953). The Nervous system-The Brain or Encephalon. Human anatomy; a complete systematic treatise. (11th ed., pp. 920–921, 964–965). New York: Blakiston.</ref>
The [[anatomical terms of location|posterior]] portion of the corpus callosum is called the [[splenium]]; the [[anatomical terms of location|anterior]] is called the [[Genu of the corpus callosum|genu]] (or "knee"); between the two is the 'body.'
 
   
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==Absence and malformations==
The most anterior part is the [[Rostrum of corpus callosum|rostrum]].
 
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[[Agenesis of the corpus callosum]] (ACC) is a rare [[congenital disorder]] in which the corpus callosum is partially or completely absent. ACC is usually diagnosed within the first two years of life and may manifest as a severe syndrome in infancy or childhood, as a milder condition in young adults, or as an asymptomatic incidental finding. Initial symptoms of ACC usually include seizures, which may be followed by feeding problems and delays in holding the head erect, sitting, standing, and walking. Other possible symptoms may include impairments in mental and physical development, hand-eye coordination, and visual and auditory memory. [[Hydrocephaly]] may also occur. In mild cases, symptoms such as seizures, repetitive speech, or headaches may not appear for years.
   
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ACC is usually non-fatal. Treatment usually involves management of symptoms, such as hydrocephaly and seizures, if they occur. Although many children with the disorder will lead normal lives and have average intelligence, careful neuropsychological testing reveals subtle differences in higher cortical function compared to individuals of the same age and education without ACC. Children with ACC accompanied by developmental delay and/or seizure disorders should be screened for metabolic disorders.<ref>{{cite web|title=NINDS Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Information Page: NINDS|url=http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/artic/ninds_agenesis_of_the_corpus_callosum_information_page_ninds.htm|work=RightDiagnosis.com|accessdate=Aug. 30, 2011}}</ref>
==Sexual dimorphism==
 
There are disputed claims about the difference of the size of the human corpus callosum
 
in men and women and the relationship of any such differences to gender differences in human behaviour and cognition.
 
   
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In addition to agenesis of the corpus callosum, similar conditions are hypogenesis (partial formation), dysgenesis (malformed), and hypoplasia (underdevelopment, including too thin).
R B Bean, a Philadelphia anatomist, suggested in [[1906]] that the "exceptional size of the corpus callosum may mean exceptional intellectual activity" and claimed differences in size between males and females and between races, although these were refuted by Franklin Mall, the director of his own laboratory.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite journal |author=Bishop KM, Wahlsten D |title=Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: myth or reality? |journal=Neurosci Biobehav Rev |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=581–601 |year=1997 |pmid=9353793 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149-7634(96)00049-8}}</ref>
 
   
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Recent studies have also linked possible correlations between corpus callosum malformation and [[autism spectrum]] disorders (ASD).<ref>{{cite web
Of much more substantial popular impact was a [[1982]] ''[[Science (magazine)|Science]]'' article claiming to be the first report of a reliable sex difference in human brain [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], and arguing for relevance to cognitive gender differences.<ref>de Lacoste-Utamsing, C., Holloway, R. L. "Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum." ''Science'', 216, 1431&ndash;1432, 1982.</ref> This paper appears to be the source of a large number of lay explanations of perceived male-female difference in behaviour: For example ''[[Time]]'' magazine was reported to state in [[1992]] that the corpus callosum is "Often wider in the brains of women than in those of men, it may allow for greater cross-talk between the hemispheres&mdash;possibly the basis for woman’s intuition."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sizing up the sexes|journal=Time|author=C Gorman|date=20 January 1992|pages=36-43|note=As cited by Bishop and Wahlsten}}</ref> It has also been used, for example, as the explanation of an increased single-task orientation of male, relative to female, learners; a smaller male corpus is said to make it harder for the left and right sides of the brain to work together and to explain a greater feminine ability to multitask.{{citation}}
 
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|title=Autism May Involve A Lack Of Connections And Coordination In Separate Areas Of The Brain, Researchers Find
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|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/47193.php
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|work=Medical News Today}}</ref>
   
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[[Kim Peek]], a [[Savant syndrome|savant]] and the inspiration behind the movie ''[[Rain Man]]'', was found with agenesis of the corpus callosum.
There is scientific dispute not only about the implications of anatomical difference, but whether such a
 
difference actually exists. A substantial review paper performed a meta-analysis of 49 studies and found, contrary to [[de Lacoste-Utamsing]] and [[Ralph Holloway|Holloway]], that males have a ''larger'' corpus callosum, a relationship that is true whether or not account is taken of larger male brain size.<ref name="Bishop"> </ref> Bishop and Wahlstein found that "the widespread belief that women have a larger splenium than men and consequently think differently is untenable." However, more recent studies using new techniques revealed morphological sex differences in human corpus callosum.<ref name="pmid14527611">{{cite journal |author=Dubb A, Gur R, Avants B, Gee J |title=Characterization of sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum |journal=Neuroimage |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=512–9 |year=2003 |pmid=14527611 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811903003136}}</ref><ref name="pmid15891572">{{cite journal |author=Shin YW, Kim DJ, Ha TH, ''et al'' |title=Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: diffusion tensor imaging study |journal=Neuroreport |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=795–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15891572 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0959-4965&volume=16&issue=8&spage=795}}</ref> Whether, and to what extent, these morphological differences are associated with behavioural and cognitive differences between males and females remains unclear.
 
   
 
== Sexual Dimorphism ==
===Other correlations===
 
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The corpus callosum and its relation to sex has been a subject of debate in the scientific and lay communities for over a century. Initial research in the early 20th century claimed the corpus to be different in size between men and women. That research was in turn questioned, and ultimately gave way to more advanced imaging techniques that appeared to refute earlier correlations. The new advent of physiologic based imaging has altered the paradigm dramatically, with the relationship between gender and the corpus callosum becoming a subject of increasing numbers of studies in recent years.
The corpus callosum has been reported to be significantly larger in musicians than non-musicians,<ref name="Levitin"> Levitin, Daniel J. "This is Your Brain on Music", '</ref> and to be slightly larger in [[left-handed]] people than right-handed people.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Driesen | first = Naomi R. | coauthors = Naftali Raz | year = 1995 | title = The influence of sex, age, and handedness on corpus callosum morphology: A meta-analysis | journal = Psychobiology | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 240–247 | url = http://www.psychonomic.org/search/view.cgi?id=1412}}</ref>
 
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===Original studies and dispute===
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The first study of the corpus with relation to gender was by R. B. Bean, a Philadelphia anatomist, who suggested in 1906 that "exceptional size of the corpus callosum may mean exceptional intellectual activity" and that there were measurable differences between men and women. Perhaps reflecting the political climate of the times, he went on to claim differences in the size of the callosum across different races. His research was ultimately refuted by Franklin Mall, the director of his own laboratory.<ref name="Bishop">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00049-8 |title=Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum: Myth or Reality? |year=1997 |last1=Bishop |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Wahlsten |first2=Douglas |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=581–601 |pmid=9353793}}</ref>
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Of more mainstream impact was a 1982 ''[[Science (magazine)|Science]]'' article by [[Ralph Holloway|Holloway]] and Utamsing that suggested sex difference in human brain [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], which related to differences in cognitive ability.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.7089533 |title=Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum |year=1982 |last1=Delacoste-Utamsing |first1=C |last2=Holloway |first2=R. |journal=Science |volume=216 |issue=4553 |pages=1431–2 |pmid=7089533}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' published an article in 1992 that suggested that, because the corpus is "often wider in the brains of women than in those of men, it may allow for greater cross-talk between the hemispheres&mdash;possibly the basis for women’s intuition."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sizing up the sexes|journal=Time|author=C Gorman|date=20 January 1992|pages=36–43|nopp=As cited by Bishop and Wahlsten}}</ref>
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More recent publications in the psychology literature have raised doubt as to whether the anatomic size of the corpus is actually different. A meta-analysis of 49 studies since 1980 found that, contrary to de Lacoste-Utamsing and Holloway, no sex difference could be found in the size of the corpus callosum, whether or not account was taken of larger male brain size.<ref name="Bishop" /> A study in 2006 using thin slice MRI showed no difference in thickness of the corpus when accounting for the size of the subject.<ref name="Luders">{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000227987.77304.cc |title=Gender effects on callosal thickness in scaled and unscaled space |year=2006 |last1=Luders |first1=Eileen |last2=Narr |first2=Katherine L. |last3=Zaidel |first3=Eran |last4=Thompson |first4=Paul M. |last5=Toga |first5=Arthur W. |journal=NeuroReport |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=1103–6 |pmid=16837835}}</ref>
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===Physiologic imaging ===
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The ability to evaluate the form and function of the human mind has undergone almost exponential growth and a paradigm shift in recent years. Magnetic resonance imaging, for example, is now being used to analyze physiology in addition to anatomy. Using [[Diffusion MRI|diffusion tensor sequences]] on MRI machines, the rate that molecules diffuse in and out of a specific area of tissue, directionality or anisotropy, and rates of metabolism can be measured. These sequences have found consistent sex differences in human corpus callosal morphology and microstructure.{{which|date=February 2013}}<ref name="pmid14527611">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00313-6 |title=Characterization of sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum |year=2003 |last1=Dubb |first1=Abraham |last2=Gur |first2=Ruben |last3=Avants |first3=Brian |last4=Gee |first4=James |journal=NeuroImage |volume=20 |pages=512–9 |pmid=14527611 |issue=1}}</ref><ref name="pmid15511657">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.07.002 |title=Effects of handedness and gender on macro- and microstructure of the corpus callosum and its subregions: A combined high-resolution and diffusion-tensor MRI study |year=2004 |last1=Westerhausen |first1=René |last2=Kreuder |first2=Frank |last3=Sequeira |first3=Sarah Dos Santos |last4=Walter |first4=Christof |last5=Woerner |first5=Wolfgang |last6=Wittling |first6=Ralf Arne |last7=Schweiger |first7=Elisabeth |last8=Wittling |first8=Werner |journal=Cognitive Brain Research |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=418–26 |pmid=15511657}}</ref><ref name="pmid15891572">{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00001756-200505310-00003 |title=Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: Diffusion tensor imaging study |year=2005 |last1=Shin |first1=Yong-Wook |last2=Jin Kim |first2=Dae |last3=Hyon Ha |first3=Tae |last4=Park |first4=Hae-Jeong |last5=Moon |first5=Won-Jin |last6=Chul Chung |first6=Eun |last7=Min Lee |first7=Jong |last8=Young Kim |first8=In |last9=Kim |first9=Sun I. |journal=NeuroReport |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=795–8 |pmid=15891572}}</ref>
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Morphometric analysis has also been used to study specific 3-dimensional mathematical relationships with [[Magnetic resonance image|MRIs]], and have found consistent and statistically significant differences across genders.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.artmed.2009.05.007 |title=Morphometric analysis of brain images with reduced number of statistical tests: A study on the gender-related differentiation of the corpus callosum |year=2009 |last1=Kontos |first1=Despina |last2=Megalooikonomou |first2=Vasileios |last3=Gee |first3=James C. |journal=Artificial Intelligence in Medicine |volume=47 |pages=75–86 |pmid=19559582 |issue=1 |pmc=2732126}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2298/VSP0611933S |title=Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum: Digital morphometric study |year=2006 |last1=Spasojevic |first1=Goran |last2=Stojanovic |first2=Zlatan |last3=Suscevic |first3=Dusan |last4=Malobabic |first4=Slobodan |journal=Vojnosanitetski pregled |volume=63 |issue=11 |pages=933}}</ref> Specific algorithms have found significant gender differences in over 70% of cases in one review.<ref name ="gid">{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/IEMBS.2005.1617119 |chapter=Callosal Shapes at the Midsagittal Plane: MRI Differences of Normal Males, Normal Females, and GID |title=2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference |year=2005 |last1=Yokota |first1=Y. |last2=Kawamura |first2=Y. |last3=Kameya |first3=Y. |isbn=0-7803-8741-4 |pages=3055}}</ref>
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===Gender identity disorder===
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Research has been done on the shape of the corpus callosum in those with [[gender identity disorder]]. Researchers were able to demonstrate that the shape dimorphism of the corpus callosum at birth in biological males who self-identified as female was actually reversed, and that the same held true for biological females who self-identified as male. The publishers of this article argued that the shape of the corpus callosum defined the ''mental sex'' of individuals over their ''physical sex''.<ref name="gid"/>
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The relationship between the corpus callosum and gender remains an active subject of debate in the scientific and lay community.
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== Other correlations ==
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The front portion of the corpus callosum has been reported to be significantly larger in musicians than non-musicians, <ref name="Levitin">Levitin, Daniel J. "This is Your Brain on Music", '</ref> and to be 0.75 square centimeters <ref name="Wit"/> or 11% larger in [[left-handed]] and [[ambidextrous]] people than right-handed people.<ref name="Wit" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Driesen |first1=Naomi R. |first2=Naftali |last2=Raz |year=1995 |title=The influence of sex, age, and handedness on corpus callosum morphology: A meta-analysis |journal=Psychobiology |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=240–7}}</ref> This difference is evident in the anterior and posterior regions of the corpus callosum but not in the splenium.<ref name="Wit">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.4023705 |title=The brain connection: The corpus callosum is larger in left-handers |year=1985 |last1=Witelson |first1=S. |journal=Science |volume=229 |issue=4714 |pages=665–8 |pmid=4023705}}</ref> Other magnetic resonance morphometric study showed that corpus callosum size correlates positively with verbal memory capacity and semantic coding test performance.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.092 |title=Functional role of corpus callosum regions in human memory functioning |year=2012 |last1=Kozlovskiy |first1=S.A. |last2=Vartanov |first2=A.V. |last3=Pyasik |first3=M.M. |last4=Nikonova |first4=E.Y. |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=396–7}}</ref>
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Research has shown that children with [[dyslexia]] tend to have smaller and less developed corpus callosums than their non-dyslexic counterparts.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/archneur.1995.00540250036010 |title=Dyslexia and Corpus Callosum Morphology |year=1995 |last1=Hynd |first1=G. W. |last2=Hall |first2=J. |last3=Novey |first3=E. S. |last4=Eliopulos |first4=D. |last5=Black |first5=K. |last6=Gonzalez |first6=J. J. |last7=Edmonds |first7=J. E. |last8=Riccio |first8=C. |last9=Cohen |first9=M. |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=52 |pages=32–8 |pmid=7826273 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00143-9 |title=Less developed corpus callosum in dyslexic subjects—a structural MRI study |year=2002 |last1=Von Plessen |first1=K |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=1035–44 |pmid=11900755 |last2=Lundervold |first2=A |last3=Duta |first3=N |last4=Heiervang |first4=E |last5=Klauschen |first5=F |last6=Smievoll |first6=AI |last7=Ersland |first7=L |last8=Hugdahl |first8=K}}</ref>
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Musical training has shown to increase plasticity of the corpus callosum during a sensitive period of time in development. The implications are an increased coordination of hands, differences in white matter structure, and amplification of plasticity in motor and auditory scaffolding which would serve to aid in future musical training. The study found children who had began musical training before the age of six (minimum 15 months of training) had an increased volume of their corpus callosum and adults who had began musical training before the age of 11 also had increased bi-manual coordination. <ref>Steele, C. J., Bailey, J. A., Zatorre, R. J. , & Penhune, V. B. (2013), Early musical training and white matter plasticity in the corpus callosum: Evidence for a sensitive period. ''Journal of Neuroscience, 33''(3), 1282-1290.</ref>
   
 
==Epilepsy==
 
==Epilepsy==
The symptoms of refractory [[epilepsy]] can be reduced by cutting the corpus callosum in an operation known as a [[corpus callosotomy]]. <ref name="pmid17521926">{{cite journal |author=Clarke DF, Wheless JW, Chacon MM, ''et al'' |title=Corpus callosotomy: a palliative therapeutic technique may help identify resectable epileptogenic foci |journal=Seizure |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=545–53 |year=2007 |pmid=17521926 |doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2007.04.004}}</ref>
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[[Image:EEG cap.jpg|thumb|right|[[Electroencephalography]] is used to find the source of electrical activity causing a seizure as part of the surgical evaluation for a corpus callosotomy.]]The symptoms of refractory [[epilepsy]] can be reduced by cutting the corpus callosum in an operation known as a [[corpus callosotomy]].<ref name="pmid17521926">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2007.04.004 |title=Corpus callosotomy: A palliative therapeutic technique may help identify resectable epileptogenic foci |year=2007 |last1=Clarke |first1=Dave F. |last2=Wheless |first2=James W. |last3=Chacon |first3=Monica M. |last4=Breier |first4=Joshua |last5=Koenig |first5=Mary-Kay |last6=McManis |first6=Mark |last7=Castillo |first7=Edward |last8=Baumgartner |first8=James E. |journal=Seizure |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=545–53 |pmid=17521926}}</ref> This is usually reserved for cases in which [[seizures|complex]] or [[grand mal]] [[seizures]] are produced by an [[epileptogenic]] focus on one side of the brain, causing an interhemispheric electrical storm. The work up for this procedure involves an [[electroencephalogram]], MRI, PET scan, and evaluation by a specialized neurologist, neurosurgeon, psychiatrist, and neuroradiologist before surgery can be considered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/corpus-callosotomy|title=WebMd Corpus Callotomy|publisher=Web MD|accessdate=July 18, 2010|date=July 18, 2010}}</ref>
   
==Pathology==
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==Pathology==
 
*[[Alien hand syndrome]]
 
*[[Alien hand syndrome]]
* A complete or partial absence of it in humans is called [[agenesis of the corpus callosum]].
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*[[Alexia without agraphia]] (seen with damage to splenium of corpus callosum)
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*[[Agenesis of the corpus callosum]] (also dysgenesis, hypogenesis, hypoplasia), malformations of the corpus callosum
 
*[[Split-brain]]
 
*[[Split-brain]]
 
*[[Septo-optic dysplasia]] (deMorsier syndrome)
 
*[[Septo-optic dysplasia]] (deMorsier syndrome)
  +
*[[Multiple sclerosis]] with the symptom ''[[Dawson's fingers]]''
A psychological experiment was done by Sperry using epileptic participants that have a split brain and this proved that the two hemispheres are completly separate in these subjects i they only see things on one side of their vision field.
 
   
  +
==Brain Split Procedure==
==See also==
 
  +
The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres and is connected by the corpus callosum. A procedure that helps patients to alleviate the severity of seizures is called split brain procedure. The result is that a seizure that starts in one hemisphere is isolated in that hemisphere since there is no longer a connection to the other side. However, this procedure is dangerous and risky.
*[[Commissurotomy]]
 
  +
*[[Interhemispheric interaction]]
 
 
==Additional images==
*[[Left brain]]
 
  +
*[[Right brain]]
 
 
<gallery>
  +
File:Slide1oo.JPG|Corpus callosum
  +
File:Slide8oo.JPG|Corpus callosum
  +
File:Slide10qq.JPG|Corpus callosum
  +
File:26638.medium-emphasizing-corpus-callosum.png|Coronal T2 (grey scale inverted) MRI of the brain at the level of the caudate nuclei emphasizing corpus callosum
  +
File:Corpuis callosum.png|Corpus callosum parts on MRI
  +
File:Dti-tractography-normal-corpus-callosum.ogv|DTI Corpus callosum
  +
File:Sagittal scan of fetal head Ecografia Dr.Wolfgang Moroder.theora.ogv| Ultrasound sagittal scan of the fetal head at 19 weeks of pregnancy. Visualization of median structures including the corpus callosum and the vermis cerebellaris.
 
</gallery>
   
 
==References==
 
==References==
Line 53: Line 100:
   
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
  +
{{Commons category|Corpus callosum}}
 
* {{BrainMaps|corpus%20callosum|corpus callosum}}
 
* {{BrainMaps|corpus%20callosum|corpus callosum}}
  +
*[[v:Comparative Neuroscience|Comparative Neuroscience]] at [[v:|Wikiversity]]
  +
* [https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Corpus%20Callosum&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 NIF Search – Corpus callosum] via the [[Neuroscience Information Framework]]
  +
* [http://www.nodcc.org National Organization for Disorders of the Corpus Callosum]
  +
  +
{{CC, LT, CF, and F}}
   
==Additional images==
 
<gallery>
 
Image:Gray715.png|Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane.
 
Image:Gray717.png|Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons.
 
Image:Gray718.png|Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle.
 
Image:Gray723.png|Coronal section of lateral and third ventricles.
 
Image:Gray737.png|Central part and anterior and posterior cornua of lateral ventricles exposed from above.
 
Image:Gray743.png|Coronal section through anterior cornua of lateral ventricles.
 
Image:Gray744.png|Coronal section of brain through anterior commissure.
 
Image:Gray768.png|Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ.
 
</gallery>
 
   
   

Revision as of 01:16, 26 May 2013

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Brain: Corpus callosum
Script error: No such module "InfoboxImage".
Corpus callosum from above. (Anterior portion is at the top of the image.)
Gray's subject #189 828
NeuroNames hier-173
MeSH Corpus+Callosum
NeuroLex ID birnlex_1087

The corpus callosum (Latin: tough body), also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain, consisting of 200–250 million contralateral axonal projections.

Anatomy

The posterior portion of the corpus callosum is called the splenium; the anterior is called the genu (or "knee"); between the two is the truncus, or "body", of the corpus callosum. The part between the body and the splenium is often markedly thinned and thus referred to as the "isthmus". The rostrum is the part of the corpus callosum that projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the anteriormost genu, as can be seen on the sagittal image of the brain displayed on the right. The rostrum is so named for its resemblance to a bird's beak.

File:Choroid plexus.jpg

Corpus callosum

Thinner axons in the genu connect the prefrontal cortex between the two halves of the brain, these form a fork-like bundle of fibers known as Forceps Minor. Thicker axons in the midbody of the corpus callosum, known as Trunk, interconnect areas of the premotor and supplementary motor regions and motor cortex, with proportionally more corpus dedicated to supplementary motor regions like Broca's area. The posterior body of the corpus, known as splenium, communicates somatosensory information between the two halves of the parietal lobe and visual center at the occipital lobe, these fibers are known as Forceps Major.[1][2]

Species Differences

The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals (the eutherians), while it is absent in monotremes and marsupials,[3] as well as other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish[4] (other groups do have other brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres, such as the anterior commissure, which serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials,[5][6] and which carries all the commissural fibers arising from the neocortex(also known as the neopallium), whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers[7]). In primates, the speed of nerve transmission depends on its degree of myelination, or lipid coating. This is reflected by the diameter of the nerve axon. In most primates, axonal diameter increases in proportion to brain size to compensate for the increased distance to travel for neural impulse transmission. This allows the brain to coordinate sensory and motor impulses. However, the scaling of overall brain size and increased myelination has not occurred between chimpanzees and humans. This has resulted in the human corpus callosum's requiring double the time for interhemispheric communication as a macaque's.[1]

LocationOfHypothalamus

Sagittal post-mortem section through the midline brain. The corpus callosum is the curved band of lighter tissue at the center of the brain above the hypothalamus. Its lighter texture is due to higher myelin content, resulting in faster neuronal impulse transmission.

The fibrous bundle that the corpus callosum appears as, can and does increase to such an extent in humans that it encroaches upon and wedges apart the hippocampal structures.[8]

Absence and malformations

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a rare congenital disorder in which the corpus callosum is partially or completely absent. ACC is usually diagnosed within the first two years of life and may manifest as a severe syndrome in infancy or childhood, as a milder condition in young adults, or as an asymptomatic incidental finding. Initial symptoms of ACC usually include seizures, which may be followed by feeding problems and delays in holding the head erect, sitting, standing, and walking. Other possible symptoms may include impairments in mental and physical development, hand-eye coordination, and visual and auditory memory. Hydrocephaly may also occur. In mild cases, symptoms such as seizures, repetitive speech, or headaches may not appear for years.

ACC is usually non-fatal. Treatment usually involves management of symptoms, such as hydrocephaly and seizures, if they occur. Although many children with the disorder will lead normal lives and have average intelligence, careful neuropsychological testing reveals subtle differences in higher cortical function compared to individuals of the same age and education without ACC. Children with ACC accompanied by developmental delay and/or seizure disorders should be screened for metabolic disorders.[9]

In addition to agenesis of the corpus callosum, similar conditions are hypogenesis (partial formation), dysgenesis (malformed), and hypoplasia (underdevelopment, including too thin).

Recent studies have also linked possible correlations between corpus callosum malformation and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).[10]

Kim Peek, a savant and the inspiration behind the movie Rain Man, was found with agenesis of the corpus callosum.

Sexual Dimorphism

The corpus callosum and its relation to sex has been a subject of debate in the scientific and lay communities for over a century. Initial research in the early 20th century claimed the corpus to be different in size between men and women. That research was in turn questioned, and ultimately gave way to more advanced imaging techniques that appeared to refute earlier correlations. The new advent of physiologic based imaging has altered the paradigm dramatically, with the relationship between gender and the corpus callosum becoming a subject of increasing numbers of studies in recent years.

Original studies and dispute

The first study of the corpus with relation to gender was by R. B. Bean, a Philadelphia anatomist, who suggested in 1906 that "exceptional size of the corpus callosum may mean exceptional intellectual activity" and that there were measurable differences between men and women. Perhaps reflecting the political climate of the times, he went on to claim differences in the size of the callosum across different races. His research was ultimately refuted by Franklin Mall, the director of his own laboratory.[11]

Of more mainstream impact was a 1982 Science article by Holloway and Utamsing that suggested sex difference in human brain morphology, which related to differences in cognitive ability.[12] Time published an article in 1992 that suggested that, because the corpus is "often wider in the brains of women than in those of men, it may allow for greater cross-talk between the hemispheres—possibly the basis for women’s intuition."[13]

More recent publications in the psychology literature have raised doubt as to whether the anatomic size of the corpus is actually different. A meta-analysis of 49 studies since 1980 found that, contrary to de Lacoste-Utamsing and Holloway, no sex difference could be found in the size of the corpus callosum, whether or not account was taken of larger male brain size.[11] A study in 2006 using thin slice MRI showed no difference in thickness of the corpus when accounting for the size of the subject.[14]

Physiologic imaging

The ability to evaluate the form and function of the human mind has undergone almost exponential growth and a paradigm shift in recent years. Magnetic resonance imaging, for example, is now being used to analyze physiology in addition to anatomy. Using diffusion tensor sequences on MRI machines, the rate that molecules diffuse in and out of a specific area of tissue, directionality or anisotropy, and rates of metabolism can be measured. These sequences have found consistent sex differences in human corpus callosal morphology and microstructure.Template:Which[15][16][17]

Morphometric analysis has also been used to study specific 3-dimensional mathematical relationships with MRIs, and have found consistent and statistically significant differences across genders.[18][19] Specific algorithms have found significant gender differences in over 70% of cases in one review.[20]

Gender identity disorder

Research has been done on the shape of the corpus callosum in those with gender identity disorder. Researchers were able to demonstrate that the shape dimorphism of the corpus callosum at birth in biological males who self-identified as female was actually reversed, and that the same held true for biological females who self-identified as male. The publishers of this article argued that the shape of the corpus callosum defined the mental sex of individuals over their physical sex.[20]

The relationship between the corpus callosum and gender remains an active subject of debate in the scientific and lay community.

Other correlations

The front portion of the corpus callosum has been reported to be significantly larger in musicians than non-musicians, [21] and to be 0.75 square centimeters [22] or 11% larger in left-handed and ambidextrous people than right-handed people.[22][23] This difference is evident in the anterior and posterior regions of the corpus callosum but not in the splenium.[22] Other magnetic resonance morphometric study showed that corpus callosum size correlates positively with verbal memory capacity and semantic coding test performance.[24] Research has shown that children with dyslexia tend to have smaller and less developed corpus callosums than their non-dyslexic counterparts.[25][26]

Musical training has shown to increase plasticity of the corpus callosum during a sensitive period of time in development. The implications are an increased coordination of hands, differences in white matter structure, and amplification of plasticity in motor and auditory scaffolding which would serve to aid in future musical training. The study found children who had began musical training before the age of six (minimum 15 months of training) had an increased volume of their corpus callosum and adults who had began musical training before the age of 11 also had increased bi-manual coordination. [27]

Epilepsy

File:EEG cap.jpg

Electroencephalography is used to find the source of electrical activity causing a seizure as part of the surgical evaluation for a corpus callosotomy.

The symptoms of refractory epilepsy can be reduced by cutting the corpus callosum in an operation known as a corpus callosotomy.[28] This is usually reserved for cases in which complex or grand mal seizures are produced by an epileptogenic focus on one side of the brain, causing an interhemispheric electrical storm. The work up for this procedure involves an electroencephalogram, MRI, PET scan, and evaluation by a specialized neurologist, neurosurgeon, psychiatrist, and neuroradiologist before surgery can be considered.[29]

Pathology

Brain Split Procedure

The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres and is connected by the corpus callosum. A procedure that helps patients to alleviate the severity of seizures is called split brain procedure. The result is that a seizure that starts in one hemisphere is isolated in that hemisphere since there is no longer a connection to the other side. However, this procedure is dangerous and risky.

Additional images

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 (2009). Evolution amplified processing with temporally dispersed slow neuronal connectivity in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (46): 19551–6.
  2. (2006). Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited—Comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage 32 (3): 989–94.
  3. (1933). Absence of the Corpus callosum as a Mendelizing Character in the House Mouse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 (6): 609–11.
  4. Sarnat, Harvey B., and Paolo Curatolo (2007). Malformations of the Nervous System: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, p. 68
  5. Ashwell, Ken (2010). The Neurobiology of Australian Marsupials: Brain Evolution in the Other Mammalian Radiation, p. 50
  6. Armati, Patricia J., Chris R. Dickman, and Ian D. Hume (2006). Marsupials, p. 175
  7. Butler, Ann B., and William Hodos (2005). Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation, p. 361
  8. Morris, H., & Schaeffer, J. P. (1953). The Nervous system-The Brain or Encephalon. Human anatomy; a complete systematic treatise. (11th ed., pp. 920–921, 964–965). New York: Blakiston.
  9. NINDS Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Information Page: NINDS. RightDiagnosis.com. URL accessed on Aug. 30, 2011.
  10. Autism May Involve A Lack Of Connections And Coordination In Separate Areas Of The Brain, Researchers Find. Medical News Today.
  11. 11.0 11.1 (1997). Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum: Myth or Reality?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 21 (5): 581–601.
  12. (1982). Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. Science 216 (4553): 1431–2.
  13. C Gorman (20 January 1992). Sizing up the sexes. Time: 36–43.
  14. (2006). Gender effects on callosal thickness in scaled and unscaled space. NeuroReport 17 (11): 1103–6.
  15. (2003). Characterization of sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. NeuroImage 20 (1): 512–9.
  16. (2004). Effects of handedness and gender on macro- and microstructure of the corpus callosum and its subregions: A combined high-resolution and diffusion-tensor MRI study. Cognitive Brain Research 21 (3): 418–26.
  17. (2005). Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: Diffusion tensor imaging study. NeuroReport 16 (8): 795–8.
  18. (2009). Morphometric analysis of brain images with reduced number of statistical tests: A study on the gender-related differentiation of the corpus callosum. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 47 (1): 75–86.
  19. (2006). Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum: Digital morphometric study. Vojnosanitetski pregled 63 (11): 933.
  20. 20.0 20.1 (2005). 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference: 3055.
  21. Levitin, Daniel J. "This is Your Brain on Music", '
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 (1985). The brain connection: The corpus callosum is larger in left-handers. Science 229 (4714): 665–8.
  23. (1995). The influence of sex, age, and handedness on corpus callosum morphology: A meta-analysis. Psychobiology 23 (3): 240–7.
  24. (2012). Functional role of corpus callosum regions in human memory functioning. International Journal of Psychophysiology 85 (3): 396–7.
  25. (1995). Dyslexia and Corpus Callosum Morphology. Archives of Neurology 52 (1): 32–8.
  26. (2002). Less developed corpus callosum in dyslexic subjects—a structural MRI study. Neuropsychologia 40 (7): 1035–44.
  27. Steele, C. J., Bailey, J. A., Zatorre, R. J. , & Penhune, V. B. (2013), Early musical training and white matter plasticity in the corpus callosum: Evidence for a sensitive period. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(3), 1282-1290.
  28. (2007). Corpus callosotomy: A palliative therapeutic technique may help identify resectable epileptogenic foci. Seizure 16 (6): 545–53.
  29. WebMd Corpus Callotomy. Web MD. URL accessed on July 18, 2010.

External links

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Telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) - edit

primary sulci/fissures: medial longitudinal, lateral, central, parietoöccipital, calcarine, cingulate

frontal lobe: precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, 4), precentral sulcus, superior frontal gyrus (6, 8), middle frontal gyrus (46), inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, 44-pars opercularis, 45-pars triangularis), prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47)

parietal lobe: postcentral sulcus, postcentral gyrus (1, 2, 3, 43), superior parietal lobule (5), inferior parietal lobule (39-angular gyrus, 40), precuneus (7), intraparietal sulcus

occipital lobe: primary visual cortex (17), cuneus, lingual gyrus, 18, 19 (18 and 19 span whole lobe)

temporal lobe: transverse temporal gyrus (41-42-primary auditory cortex), superior temporal gyrus (38, 22-Wernicke's area), middle temporal gyrus (21), inferior temporal gyrus (20), fusiform gyrus (36, 37)

limbic lobe/fornicate gyrus: cingulate cortex/cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), posterior cingulate (23, 31),
isthmus (26, 29, 30), parahippocampal gyrus (piriform cortex, 25, 27, 35), entorhinal cortex (28, 34)

subcortical/insular cortex: rhinencephalon, olfactory bulb, corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, ependyma, internal capsule, corona radiata, external capsule

hippocampal formation: dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum

basal ganglia: striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen), lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus), claustrum, extreme capsule, amygdala, nucleus accumbens

Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.

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