Psychology Wiki
Register
Advertisement

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking  - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index


Conditioned emotional responses can develop as a consequence of classical conditioning. For example in the rat where the pressing of the lever in response to food has been effectively conditioned, if a conditioned stimulus such as a loud tone precedes the presentation of an aversiveunconditioned stimulus, such as an electric shock, the animal suppresses responding with a lever press for food, even though it is available and is independent of the tone and shock. This has been taken as evidence that the rat has acquired a conditioned emotional response (fear) that is incompatible with the feeding behavior, and this accounts for its suppression.

Further information: Classical conditioning#Conditioned emotional response

The conditioned emotional response, specifically here the conditioned fear response,[1] is an emotional response that results from classical conditioning, usually from the association of a relatively neutral stimulus with a painful or fear-inducing experience. As a result, the formerly neutral stimulus elicits fear. For example, if seeing a dog (a neutral stimulus) is paired with the pain of being bitten by the dog (unconditioned stimulus), seeing a dog may become a conditioned stimulus that elicits fear (conditioned response).

In 1920 Watson and Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in "little Albert". They started with a nine month boy called “Albert”, who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar. Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat (neutral stimulus), but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise, Albert cried and tried to escape the rat. Thus, the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for fear.

Further work was done by William Kaye Estes and B. F. Skinner, on the development of a widely used method of measuring *emotional reactions (the "CER"). They presented their analysis of anxiety and introduced the Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) paradigm. In their CER paradigm, rats were trained to respond on an operant schedule that produced a steady response rate, after which they were tested with a stimulus that was conditioned as a fear signal. The fear signal suppressed the operant response, and the magnitude of suppression was used as a mesure of anxiety.

Neuroscience[]

The amygdala, located in the temporal lobe, is a key brain region involved in the conditioned fear response and contributes to the autonomic, hormonal, and behavioral factors associated with that response. According to studies by Coover, Murison, & Jellestad and Davis and LeDoux in 1992, when a dog's amygdala is damaged, it does not show fear, and, when tamed by human beings, the dog's stress hormone levels in the blood are lower than they are in a normal dog. Similarly, humans become less likely to report feelings of fear after their amygdala has been damaged due to injury or stroke.

The most common measure of the conditioned fear response is the suppression ratio.

See also[]

References[]

  • Abrous, D. N., Rodriguez, J., le Moal, M., Moser, P. C., & Barneoud, P. (1999). Effects of mild traumatic brain injury on immunoreactivity for the inducible transcription factors c-Fos, c-Jun, JunB, and Krox-24 in cerebral regions associated with conditioned fear responding: Brain Research Vol 826(2) May 1999, 181-192.
  • Adolphs, R. (2004). Emotional vision: Nature Neuroscience Vol 7(11) Nov 2004, 1167-1168.
  • Alexander, L. E. O. (1968). Conditional Reflexes as Related to Hypnosis and Hypnotic Techniques: American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 10(3) 1968, 157-159.
  • Ammassari-Teule, M., Passino, E., Restivo, L., & de Marsanich, B. (2000). Fear conditioning in C57/BL/6 and DBA/2 mice: Variability in nucleus accumbens function according to the strain predisposition to show contextual- or cue-based responding: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 12(12) Dec 2000, 4467-4474.
  • Angst, M.-J., Macedo, C. E., Guiberteau, T., & Sandner, G. (2007). Alteration of conditioned emotional response and conditioned taste aversion after neonatal ventral hippocampus lesions in rats: Brain Research Vol 1143 Apr 2007, 183-192.
  • Annau, Z., & Kamin, L. J. (1961). The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 54(4) Aug 1961, 428-432.
  • Auerbach, P., & Carlton, P. L. (1971). Retention deficit correlated with a deficit in the corticoid response to stress: Science Vol 173(4002) Sep 1971, 1148-1149.
  • Avanzi, V., & Brandao, M. L. (2001). Activation of somatodendritic 5-HT-sub(1A ) autoreceptors in the median raphe nucleus disrupts the contextual conditioning in rats: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 126(1-2) Nov 2001, 175-184.
  • Avis, H. H., & Pert, A. (1974). A comparison of the effects of muscarinic and nicotinic anticholinergic drugs on habituation and fear conditioning in rats: Psychopharmacologia Vol 34(3) 1974, 209-222.
  • Babbini, M., Gaiardi, M., & Bartoletti, M. (1973). Effects of morphine on a quickly learned conditioned suppression in rats: Psychopharmacologia Vol 33(4) 1973, 329-332.
  • Badikov, V. I. (1989). Dominant emotion in behavioral acts of opposite biological polarity. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gordon and Breach Publishers.
  • Bagne, C. A. (1975). The role of fear-withdrawal and relaxation-approach in avoidance responding: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Bailey, D. J., Kim, J. J., Sun, W., Thompson, R. F., & Helmstetter, F. J. (1999). Acquisition of fear conditioning in rats requires the synthesis of mRNA in the amygdala: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 113(2) Apr 1999, 276-282.
  • Baker, A. G. (1976). Learned irrelevance and learned helplessness: Rats learn that stimuli, reinforcers, and responses are uncorrelated: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 2(2) Apr 1976, 130-141.
  • Baker, A. G., & Mercier, P. (1982). Extinction of the context and latent inhibition: Learning and Motivation Vol 13(4) Nov 1982, 391-416.
  • Baker, T. W., & Lougee, M. (1971). Determinants of the conditioned suppressive properties of a stimulus: Psychonomic Science Vol 23(1-A) Apr 1971, 61-63.
  • Balezina, N. P., Markowska, A., Werka, T., & Zielinski, K. (1981). Conditioned emotional response after dorsohippocampal, ventrohippocampal or entorhinal cortical lesions in rats: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 41(6) 1981, 605-617.
  • Ball, G. G. (1976). Advances in Conditioning--Evolutionary Rather than Revolutionary: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 21 (2), Feb, 1976.
  • Barcik, J. D. (1970). Hippocampal afterdischarges and conditoned emotional response: Psychonomic Science Vol 20(5) Sep 1970, 297-299.
  • Barcik, J. D. (1972). Step-down passive avoidance: CER or specific avoidance? : Psychonomic Science Vol 27(1) Apr 1972, 27-28.
  • Barinaga, M. (1994). Watching the brain remake itself: Science Vol 266(5190) Dec 1994, 1475-1476.
  • Barrett, D., Shumake, J., Jones, D., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2003). Metabolic Mapping of Mouse Brain Activity after Extinction of a Conditioned Emotional Response: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 23(13) Jul 2003, 5740-5749.
  • Basden, B. H., & Kleim, D. M. (1976). Unblocking as a function of shock reduction: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 8(2) Aug 1976, 109-111.
  • Bauer, E. P., LeDoux, J. E., & Nader, K. (2001). Fear conditioning and LTP in the lateral amygdala are sensitive to the same stimulus contingencies: Nature Neuroscience Vol 4(7) Jul 2001, 687-688.
  • Baum, M., Andrus, T., & Jacobs, W. J. (1990). Extinction of a conditioned emotional response: Massed and distributed exposures: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 28(1) 1990, 63-68.
  • Baum, M., & Jacobs, W. J. (1989). Loud noise potentiates conditioned fear in extinction using a CER (lick suppression) paradigm in rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 27(5) Sep 1989, 449-451.
  • Beane, M. L., Cole, M. A., Spencer, R. L., & Rudy, J. W. (2002). Neonatal handling enhances contextual fear conditioning and alters corticosterone stress responses in young rats: Hormones and Behavior Vol 41(1) Feb 2002, 33-40.
  • Beaver, J. D., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Emotional Conditioning to Masked Stimuli and Modulation of Visuospatial Attention: Emotion Vol 5(1) Mar 2005, 67-79.
  • Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., & et al. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans: Science Vol 269(5227) Aug 1995, 1115-1118.
  • Beck, C. H. M., & Fibiger, H. C. (1995). Conditioned fear-induced changes in behavior and in the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos: With and without diazepam treatment: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 15(1, Pt 2) Jan 1995, 709-720.
  • Beecroft, R. S. (1967). Emotional Conditioning: Psychonomic Monograph Supplements 2(4) 1967, 45-72.
  • Bell, R. W., & Walton, S. J. (1975). Experimental unconfounding of age and maternal responsiveness in rodents: Prenatal CER conditioning to neonatal ultrasounds: Experimental Aging Research Vol 1(1) Sep 1975, 63-70.
  • Berk, A. M., Vigorito, M., & Miller, R. R. (1979). Retroactive stimulus interference with conditioned emotional response retention in infant and adult rats: Implications for infantile amnesia: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 5(3) Jul 1979, 284-299.
  • Bevins, R. A., Rauhut, A. S., McPhee, J. E., & Ayres, J. J. B. (2000). One-trial context fear conditioning with immediate shock: The roles of transport and contextual cues: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 28(2) May 2000, 162-171.
  • Blum, G. S. (1967). Experimental Observations on the Contextual Nature of Hypnosis: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 15(4) 1967, 160-171.
  • Borowski, T. B., & Kokkinidis, L. (1994). Cocaine preexposure sensitizes conditioned fear in a potentiated acoustic startle paradigm: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 49(4) Dec 1994, 935-942.
  • Borowski, T. B., & Kokkinidis, L. (1998). The effects of cocaine, amphetamine, and the dopamine D-sub-1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 on fear extinction as measured with potentiated startle: Implications for psychomotor stimulant psychosis: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 112(4) Aug 1998, 952-965.
  • Bouton, M. E. (1986). Slow reacquisition following the extinction of conditioned suppression: Learning and Motivation Vol 17(1) Feb 1986, 1-15.
  • Bouton, M. E., & Bolles, R. C. (1979). Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear: Learning and Motivation Vol 10(4) Nov 1979, 445-466.
  • Bouton, M. E., & King, D. A. (1983). Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear: Tests for the associative value of the context: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 9(3) Jul 1983, 248-265.
  • Bowers, D. C. (1979). Mousekilling, intermale fighting, and conditioned emotional response in rats: Aggressive Behavior Vol 5(1) 1979, 41-49.
  • Boyd, S. C. (1977). Effects of hypothermia on acquisition and retention of a brightness discrimination and a conditioned emotional response in mice: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Boyd, T. L. (1984). The interactive effects of stimulus generalization decrement and contextual pre-exposure cues upon fear incubation: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 22(1) 1984, 31-39.
  • Boyd, T. L., Skedsvold, P., & Rossiter, L. (1986). The control of contextual extinction effects during a fear-incubation procedure: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 24(6) 1986, 613-617.
  • Brady, J. V. (1951). The effect of electroconvulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response: the permanence of the effect: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 44(5) Oct 1951, 507-511.
  • Brady, J. V. (1952). The effect of electro-convulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response: the significance of the interval between the emotional conditioning and the electro-convulsive shock: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 45(1) Feb 1952, 9-13.
  • Brady, J. V., & Hunt, H. F. (1952). The effect of electro-convulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response: a control for impaired hearing: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 45(2) Apr 1952, 180-182.
  • Brady, J. V., Hunt, H. F., & Geller, I. (1954). The Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on a Conditioned Emotional Response as a Function of the Temporal Distribution of the Treatments: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 47(6) Dec 1954, 454-457.
  • Brady, J. V., Stebbins, W. C., & Galambos, R. (1953). The effect of audiogenic convulsions on a conditioned emotional responses: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 46(5) Oct 1953, 363-367.
  • Brady, J. V., Stebbins, W. C., & Hunt, H. F. (1953). The effect of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on a conditioned emotional response: the effect of additional ECS convulsions: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 46(5) Oct 1953, 368-372.
  • Brandon, S. E., Betts, S. L., & Wagner, A. R. (1994). Discriminated lateralized eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit: An experimental context for separating specific and general associative influences: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 20(3) Jul 1994, 292-307.
  • Brennan, M. J., & Gordon, W. C. (1977). Modification of the effects of ECS as a function of prior footshock: The aversive properties of ECS: Physiology & Behavior Vol 18(5) May 1977, 819-824.
  • Brimer, C. J. (1971). Attention and conditioned suppression: Psychonomic Science Vol 22(3) Feb 1971, 131-132.
  • Brimer, C. J., & Dockrill, E. J. (1966). Partial reinforcement and the CER: Psychonomic Science Vol 5(5) 1966, 185-186.
  • Brimer, C. J., & Kamin, L. J. (1963). Disinhibiton, habituation, sensitization, and the conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 56(3) Jun 1963, 508-516.
  • Brimer, C. J., & Wickson, S. (1971). Shock frequency, disinhibition, and conditioned suppression: Learning and Motivation Vol 2(2) May 1971, 124-137.
  • Brioni, J. D., & Izquierdo, I. (1988). Retention enhancement by pre-test !b-endorphin and oxotremorine and its reversal by scopolamine: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 50(3) Nov 1988, 251-254.
  • Brioni, J. D., McGaugh, J. L., & Izquierdo, I. (1989). Amnesia induced by short-term treatment with ethanol: Attenuation by pretest oxotremorine: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 33(1) May 1989, 27-29.
  • Brister, P. D. (1977). Breaking the vicious circle: An examination of the efficacy of several procedures: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Brophy, J. C. (1971). One-trial conditioned suppression and the retention of habituation: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Brophy, J. C., & Tremblay, A. M. (1971). One-trial CER as a function of shock intensity: Psychonomic Science Vol 25(1) Oct 1971, 13-14.
  • Brown, G. E., Guthrie, R., & Blaes, P. (1975). Fear conditioning and extinction as a function of escape from black to white vs. escape from white to black: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 5(6) Jun 1975, 450-452.
  • Brudzynski, S. M., Eckersdorf, B., & Golebiewski, H. (1995). Regional specificity of the emotional-aversive response induced by carbachol in the cat brain: A quantitative mapping study: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Vol 20(2) Mar 1995, 119-132.
  • Bruijnzeel, A. W., Stam, R., Compaan, J. C., & Wiegant, V. M. (2001). Stress-induced sensitization of CRH-ir but not P-CREB-ir responsivity in the rat central nervous system: Brain Research Vol 908(2) Jul 2001, 187-196.
  • Brunner, R. L., Roth, T. G., & Rossi, R. R. (1970). Age differences in the development of the conditioned emotional response: Psychonomic Science Vol 21(3) Nov 1970, 135-136.
  • Brush, F. R., del Paine, S. N., Pellegrino, L. J., Rykaszewski, I. M., Dess, N. K., & Collins, P. Y. (1988). CER suppression, passive-avoidance learning, and stress-induced suppression of drinking in the Syracuse high- and low-avoidance strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus): Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 102(4) Dec 1988, 337-349.
  • Brutten, G. J., & Shoemaker, D. J. (1970). Additional comments on "The modification of stuttering." Journal of Communication Disorders Vol 3(1) Jun 1970, 68-75.
  • Buchanan, D. C., Schaefer, G. J., & Caul, W. F. (1972). Effects of infantile handling on heart rate conditioning and response suppression: Psychonomic Science Vol 29(5) Dec 1972, 279-281.
  • Bueno, O. F. A., Lobo, L. L., Oliveira, M. G. M., Gugliano, E. B., & et al. (1994). Dissociated paradoxical sleep deprivation effects on inhibitory avoidance and conditioned fear: Physiology & Behavior Vol 56(4) Oct 1994, 775-779.
  • Byrd, G. R., Osborn, S. M., & Gillis, J. S. (1978). Use of pseudodesensitization in treatment of an experimentally produced fear: Psychological Reports Vol 43(3, Pt 1) Dec 1978, 947-952.
  • Byrum, R. P., & Jackson, D. E. (1970). Reinforcement and response factors in the extinction of conditioned suppression: Psychonomic Science Vol 20(3) Aug 1970, 143-144.
  • Byrum, R. P., & Jackson, D. E. (1971). Response availability and second-order conditioned suppression: Psychonomic Science Vol 23(1-B) Apr 1971, 106-108.
  • Cahill, L., Babinsky, R., Markowitsch, H. J., & McGaugh, J. L. (1995). The amygdala and emotional memory: Nature Vol 377(6547) Sep 1995, 295-296.
  • Calef, R. S., Kaufman, R. A., Bone, R. N., & Werk, S. A. (1971). Noncontingent nonreinforcement of a response as the aversive event in a CER paradigm: Psychological Reports Vol 29(3, Pt 2) Dec 1971, 1196-1198.
  • Calixto, A. V., Vandresen, N., de Nucci, G., Moreno, H., Jr., & Faria, M. S. (2001). Nitric oxide may underlie learned fear in the elevated T-maze: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 55(1) May 2001, 37-42.
  • Campbell, B. A., & Ampuero, M. X. (1985). Dissociation of autonomic and behavioral components of conditioned fear during development in the rat: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 99(6) Dec 1985, 1089-1102.
  • Campbell, B. A., & Church, R. M. (1969). Punishment and aversive behavior. Oxford, England: Appleton-Centruy Crofts.
  • Campeau, S., & Davis, M. (1995). Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured wih fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 15(3, Pt 2) Mar 1995, 2301-2311.
  • Carey, R. J., DePalma, G., & Damianopoulos, E. (2005). Evidence for Pavlovian conditioning of cocaine-induced responses linked to emotional behavioral effects: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 80(1) Jan 2005, 123-134.
  • Carr, A. F. (1974). Latent inhibition and overshadowing in conditioned emotional response conditioning with rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 86(4) Apr 1974, 718-723.
  • Castilho, V. M., Macedo, C. E., & Brandao, M. L. (2002). Role of benzodiazepine and serotonergic mechanisms in conditioned freezing and antinociception using electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray as unconditioned stimulus in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 165(1) Dec 2002, 77-85.
  • Cavanagh, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (2001). The effect of mood and arousal on UCS expectancy biases: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry Vol 32(1) Mar 2001, 29-49.
  • Cavazzuti, E., Bertolini, A., Vergoni, A. V., Arletti, R., Poggioli, R., Forgione, A., et al. (1999). l-Sulpiride, at a low, non-neuroleptic dose, prevents conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 143(1) Mar 1999, 20-23.
  • Chagas-Martinich, L., Carey, R. J., & Carrera, M. P. (2007). 7-OH-DPAT effects on latent inhibition: Low dose facilitation but high dose blockade: Implications for dopamine receptor involvement in attentional processes: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 86(3) Mar 2007, 441-448.
  • Chance, W. T., Kryncock, G. M., & Rosecrans, J. A. (1978). Antinociception following lesion-induced hyperemotionality and conditioned fear: Pain Vol 4(3) Feb 1978, 243-252.
  • Chance, W. T., White, A. C., Krynock, G. M., & Rosecrans, J. A. (1977). Autoanalgesia: Behaviorally activated antinociception: European Journal of Pharmacology Vol 44(3) Aug 1977, 283-284.
  • Chance, W. T., White, A. C., Krynock, G. M., & Rosecrans, J. A. (1978). Conditional fear-induced antinociception and decreased binding of: Brain Research Vol 141(2) Feb 1978, 371-374.
  • Chen, C., Kim, J. J., Thompson, R. F., & Tonegawa, S. (1996). Hippocampal lesions impair contextual fear conditioning in two strains of mice: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 110(5) Oct 1996, 1177-1180.
  • Cheng, D. T., Knight, D. C., Smith, C. N., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2006). Human Amygdala Activity During the Expression of Fear Responses: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 120(6) Dec 2006, 1187-1195.
  • Cho, Y. H., Friedman, E., & Silva, A. J. (1999). Ibotenate lesions of the hippocampus impair spatial learning but not contextual fear conditioning in mice: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 98(1) Jan 1999, 77-87.
  • Christison, G. W., Atwater, G. E., Dunn, L. A., & Kilts, C. D. (1988). Haloperidol enhancement of latent inhibition: Relation to therapeutic action? : Biological Psychiatry Vol 23(7) Apr 1988, 746-749.
  • Church, R. M., Wooten, C. L., & Matthews, T. J. (1970). Discriminative punishment and the conditioned emotional response: Learning and Motivation Vol 1(1) Feb 1970, 1-17.
  • Clody, D. E., Beer, B., & Lenard, L. G. (1972). Opposite behavioral effects of imidazole-4-acetic acid and chlordiazepoxide on the conditioned emotional response in the rat: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association Vol 7(Pt 2) 1972, 825-826.
  • Cohen, J. M. (1973). Drive level effects on the conditioning of frustration: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 98(2) May 1973, 297-301.
  • Cole, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1987). Dissociable effects of lesions to the dorsal or ventral noradrenergic bundle on the acquisition, performance, and extinction of aversive conditioning: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 101(4) Aug 1987, 476-488.
  • Colpaert, F. C., & Wiepkema, P. R. (1976). Ventromedial hypothalamus: Fear conditioning and passive avoidance in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 16(1) Jan 1976, 91-95.
  • Concannon, J. T. (1978). Interaction of drug state-dependent retention and infantile amnesia: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Connor, J. L., & Winston, H. (1972). Genetic analysis of conditioned emotional responses in the mouse (Mus musculus L.): Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 81(1) Oct 1972, 37-44.
  • Coover, G. D., Sutton, B. R., Welle, S. L., & Hart, R. P. (1978). Corticosterone responses, hurdle-jump acquisition, and the effects of dexamethasone using classical conditioning of fear: Hormones and Behavior Vol 11(3) Dec 1978, 279-294.
  • Corah, N. L. (1973). The classical conditioning model of emotion: Aversive conditioning of complex stimuli: Journal of Experimental Research in Personality Vol 6(4) Apr 1973, 283-288.
  • Cordero, M. I., Merino, J. J., & Sandi, C. (1998). Correlational relationship between shock intensity and corticosterone secretion on the establishment and subsequent expression of contextual fear conditioning: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 112(4) Aug 1998, 885-891.
  • Corodimas, K. P., & Tomita, H. (2001). Adenosine A-sub-1 receptor activation selectively impairs the acquisition of contextual fear conditioning in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 115(6) Dec 2001, 1283-1290.
  • Corriveau, D. P. (1979). A direct comparison of three fear assessment techniques: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Corson, S. A., & Corson, E. O. (1988). Psychopharmacologic facilitation of psychosocial therapy of violence and hyperkinesis: Activitas Nervosa Superior Vol 30(1) Mar 1988, 22-39.
  • Corwin, J. V., & Slaughter, J. S. (1979). Effects of vagal stimulation on the learning of specific and diffuse conditioned suppression: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 25(3) Mar 1979, 364-370.
  • Coulter, X. (1975). Long-term retention of CER: Effects of number of CS-US pairings: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Coulter, X., Collier, A. C., & Campbell, B. A. (1976). Long-term retention of early Pavlovian fear conditioning in infant rats: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 2(1) Jan 1976, 48-56.
  • Crombez, G., Eelen, P., & Baeyens, F. (1990). The match/mismatch model of fear and pain: Critical considerations: Gedragstherapie Vol 23(3) Sep 1990, 195-201.
  • Cross, M. M. (1976). Sensory preconditioning and its proper control procedures: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Crow, T. J. (1974). A behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of cortical spreading depression: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Cunningham, C. L. (1974). The ultrasonic motion detector: A conditioned stimulus for rats in the CER paradigm: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 4(4-B) Oct 1974, 441-444.
  • Cunningham, C. L. (1979). Alcohol as a cue for extinction: State dependency produced by conditioned inhibition: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 7(1) Feb 1979, 45-52.
  • Dafters, R. I. (1976). Effect of medial archistriatal lesions on the conditioned emotional response and on auditory discrimination performance of the pigeon: Physiology & Behavior Vol 17(4) Oct 1976, 659-665.
  • Daly, H. B., & McCroskery, J. H. (1973). Acquisition of a bar-press response to escape frustrative nonreward and reduced reward: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 98(1) Apr 1973, 109-112.
  • Dal-Zotto, S., Marti, O., & Armario, A. (2000). Influence of single or repeated experience of rats with forced swimming on behavioural and physiological responses to the stressor: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 114(1-2) Sep 2000, 175-181.
  • Dantzer, R., & Baldwin, B. A. (1974). Changes in heart rate during suppression of operant responding in pigs: Physiology & Behavior Vol 12(3) Mar 1974, 385-391.
  • Dantzer, R., & Delacour, J. (1972). Modification of a phenomenon of conditioned suppression by a thalamic lesion: Physiology & Behavior Vol 8(6) Jun 1972, 997-1003.
  • Dash, P. K., Mac, h, S. A., Blum, S., & Moore, A. N. (2002). Intrahippocampal wortmannin infusion enhances long-term spatial and contextual memories: Learning & Memory Vol 9(4) Jul-Aug 2002, 167-177.
  • Davey, G. C. (1989). Dental phobias and anxieties: Evidence for conditioning processes in the acquisition and modulation of a learned fear: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 27(1) 1989, 51-58.
  • Davey, G. C. L., Cavanagh, K., & Lamb, A. (2003). Differential aversive outcome expectancies for high- and low-predation fear-relevant animals: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry Vol 34(2) Jun 2003, 117-128.
  • Davis, M. (1992). The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.
  • Davis, M., & Astrachan, D. I. (1978). Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: Effects of different footshock or backshock intensities used in training: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 4(2) Apr 1978, 95-103.
  • Davis, S. F., Voorhees, J. W., & Travis-Neideffer, M. N. (1979). External stimulus control of target-directed attack and biting elicited by tailshock: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 7(1) Feb 1979, 95-98.
  • Davitz, J. R. (1953). Decreased autonomic functioning and extinction of a conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 46(4) Aug 1953, 311-313.
  • Dawson, R. G. (1971). Retrograde amnesia and conditioned emotional response incubation reexamined: Psychological Bulletin Vol 75(4) Apr 1971, 278-285.
  • de Brugada, I., Garcia-Hoz, V., Bonardi, C., & Hall, G. (1995). Role of stimulus ambiguity in conditional learning: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 21(4) Oct 1995, 275-284.
  • De la Casa, L. G., Diaz, E., & Lubow, R. E. (2005). Delay-induced attenuation of latent inhibition with a conditioned emotional response depends on CS-US strength: Learning and Motivation Vol 36(1) Feb 2005, 60-76.
  • de Villiers, P. A., & Millenson, J. R. (1972). Concurrent performances: A baseline for the study of conditioned anxiety: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 18(2) Sep 1972, 287-294.
  • Deitz, S. R. (1975). The relationship of individual differences in electrodermal lability to the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned autonomic fear response: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Delprato, D. J. (1974). Fear of the shock side as a function of acquisition criterion in one-way avoidance: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 3(3-A) Mar 1974, 166-168.
  • Desbien, D., & Yelen, D. (1980). Task difficulty and conditioned suppression in humans: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 16(3) Sep 1980, 197-198.
  • Dess, N. K., & Soltysik, S. S. (1993). Associative properties of a conditioned inhibitor as a function of age in kittens: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 21(2) May 1993, 138-144.
  • Devietti, T. L. (1967). Autonomic Effects and the Conditioned Emotional Response: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • DeVietti, T. L., & Holliday, J. H. (1972). Retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock after reactivation of a consolidated memory trace: A replication: Psychonomic Science Vol 29(3) Nov 1972, 137-138.
  • Devietti, T. L., & Kirkpatrick, B. (1978). Reminder induced by training cues and stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation: Physiological Psychology Vol 6(3) Sep 1978, 381-386.
  • DeVito, P. L., Cashman, L., & Petka, K. (1994). Blocking in Pavlovian conditioning: Effect of prior excitatory conditioning to a stimulus extraneous to compound conditioning: Psychological Reports Vol 74(3, Pt 2), Spec Issue Jun 1994, 1363-1381.
  • DeVito, P. L., & Fowler, H. (1986). Effects of contingency violations on the extinction of a conditioned fear inhibitor and a conditioned fear excitor: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 12(2) Apr 1986, 99-115.
  • di Scala, G., Mana, M. J., Jacobs, W. J., & Phillips, A. G. (1987). Evidence of Pavlovian conditioned fear following electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 40(1) 1987, 55-63.
  • Dickerson, L. L., & Ferraro, D. P. (1976). Effects of alcohol on specific and environmental fear: Psychological Reports Vol 39(3, Pt 2) Dec 1976, 1335-1342.
  • Dickinson, A. (1977). Appetitive-aversive interactions: Superconditioning of fear by an appetitive CS: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 29(1) Feb 1977, 71-83.
  • Dimberg, U. (1987). Facial reactions, autonomic activity and experienced emotion: A three component model of emotional conditioning: Biological Psychology Vol 24(2) Apr 1987, 105-122.
  • Dolgin, M. J. (1985). Conditioned aversions in pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Donegan, N. H., Whitlow, J. W., & Wagner, A. R. (1977). Posttrial reinstatement of the CS in Pavlovian conditioning: Facilitation or impairment of acquisition as a function of individual differences in responsiveness to the CS: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 3(4) Oct 1977, 357-376.
  • Doron, N. N. (2001). Web of fear: The pathways underlying emotional conditioning. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Douglas, W. K. (1971). The effect of classical fear conditioning with and without a discrete conditioned stimulus on the amount of fear aroused by situational stimuli: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Drugan, R. C., & Maier, S. F. (1982). The nature of the activity deficit produced by inescapable shock: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 10(3) Aug 1982, 401-406.
  • Dua, J. K. (1975). Conditions affecting probe-stimulus technique as a measure of fear strength: Indian Journal of Psychology Vol 50(3) 1975, 202-214.
  • Dubin, W. J., & Levis, D. J. (1973). Influence of similarity of components of a serial conditioned stimulus on conditioned fear in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 85(2) Nov 1973, 304-312.
  • Duclos, S. E., & Laird, J. D. (2001). The deliberate control of emotional experience through control of expressions: Cognition & Emotion Vol 15(1) Jan 2001, 27-56.
  • Dunn, L. A. (1994). "The latent inhibition model of schizophrenic attention disorder and of antipsychotic drug action": Comment: Psychopharmacology Vol 116(3) Nov 1994, 381.
  • Duvall, R. D. (1978). Group modification of affective verbalizations and extended generalization effects: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Eckersdorf, B., Golebiewski, H., & Konopacki, J. (1996). Kainic acid versus carbachol induced emotional-defensive response in the cat: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 77(1-2) May 1996, 201-210.
  • Eifert, G. H., & Schermelleh, K. (1985). Language conditioning, emotional instructions, and cognitions in conditioned responses to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry Vol 16(2) Jun 1985, 101-109.
  • Eikeland, T. (1973). A case of conditioned fear in a two-year-old boy after tonsillectomy: Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol 76(5) Nov 1973, 377-380.
  • Emmerson, R. Y., & DeVietti, T. L. (1982). Presentation of a flashing light following one-trial fear conditioning enhances retention: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 10(3) Aug 1982, 325-329.
  • Escorihuela, R. M., Fernandez-Teruel, A., Tobena, A., Langhans, W., Battig, K., & Driscoll, P. (1997). Labyrinth exploration, emotional reactivity, and conditioned fear in young Roman/Verh inbred rats: Behavior Genetics Vol 27(6) Nov 1997, 573-578.
  • Esteves, F., Parra, C., Dimberg, U., & Ohman, A. (1994). Nonconscious associative learning: Pavlovian conditioning of skin conductance responses to masked fear relevant facial stimuli: Psychophysiology Vol 31(4) Jul 1994, 375-385.
  • Ewing, M. F., Larew, M. B., & Wagner, A. R. (1985). Distribution-of-trials effects in Pavlovian conditioning: An apparent involvement of inhibitory backward conditioning with short intertrial intervals: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 11(4) Oct 1985, 537-547.
  • Eysenck, H. J. (1967). Single-Trial Conditioning, Neurosis, and the Napalkov Phenomenon: Behaviour Research and Therapy 5(1) 1967, 63-65.
  • Falls, W. A., & Davis, M. (1997). Inhibition of fear-potentiated startle can be detected after the offset of a feature trained in a serial feature-negative discrimination: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 23(1) Jan 1997, 3-14.
  • Fanselow, M. S. (1982). The postshock activity burst: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 10(4) Nov 1982, 448-454.
  • Fanselow, M. S. (1986). Associative vs topographical accounts of the immediate shock-freezing deficit in rats: Implications for the response selection rules governing species-specific defensive reactions: Learning and Motivation Vol 17(1) Feb 1986, 16-39.
  • Fanselow, M. S., Calcagnetti, D. J., & Helmstetter, F. J. (1989). Delta opioid antagonist, 16-Me cyprenorphine, selectively attenuates conditional fear- and DPDPE-induced analgesia on the formalin test: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 32(2) Feb 1989, 469-473.
  • Feldon, J., & Weiner, I. (1989). Abolition of the acquisition but not the expression of latent inhibition by chlordiazepoxide in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 32(1) Jan 1989, 123-127.
  • Fendt, M. (2000). Expression and conditioned inhibition of fear-potentiated startle after stimulation and blockade of AMPA/Kainate and GABA-sub(A ) receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray: Brain Research Vol 880(1-2) Oct 2000, 1-10.
  • Fendt, M. (2001). Injections of the NDMA receptor antagonist aminophosphonopentanoic acid into the lateral nucleus of the amygdala block the expression of fear-potentiated startle and freezing: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 21(11) Jun 2001, 4111-4115.
  • Fink, J. D. (1972). Effects of stimulus-shock pairs superimposed upon VI components of a two-bar multiple VI-shock avoidance schedule: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Fischer, H., Anderson, J. L. R., Furmark, T., Wik, G., & Fredrikson, M. (2002). Right-sided human prefrontal brain activation during acquisition of conditioned fear: Emotion Vol 2(3) Sep 2002, 233-241.
  • Florez Beltran, H., & Ardila, R. (1981). Cancer and behavior: The combined effects of methylnitrosourea (MNH) and the conditioned emotional response (CER) on the performance of a variable interval (VI) program and on the development of neoplasias in rats: Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia Vol 13(3) 1981, 375-401.
  • Flynn, G. E. (1973). An evaluation of the contribution to nursing management of patients' behavioral problems through the process of consultation in a general hospital by a psychiatrist and a clinical nursing specialist in psychiatry: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Forsyth, J. P. (1997). Intensity of systemic alarms in content-specific fear conditioning comparing 20 percent vs. 13 percent carbon dioxide-enriched air as UCSs. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Fowler, H., Fago, G. C., Domber, E. A., & Hochhauser, M. (1973). Signaling and affective functions in Pavlovian conditioning: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 1(2) May 1973, 81-89.
  • Frakes, F. V. (1971). Acquisition of disliking for persons associated with punishment: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 33(1) Aug 1971, 251-255.
  • Franchina, J. J. (1967). Retention of Fear: Psychonomic Science Vol 7(9) 1967, 323-324.
  • Frankland, P. W., Cestari, V., Filipkowski, R. K., McDonald, R. J., & Silva, A. J. (1998). The dorsal hippocampus is essential for context discrimination but not for contextual conditioning: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 112(4) Aug 1998, 863-874.
  • Fredrikson, M. (1981). Orienting and defensive reactions to phobic and conditioned fear stimuli in phobics and normals: Psychophysiology Vol 18(4) Jul 1981, 456-465.
  • Fredrikson, M., & Ohman, A. (1979). Cardiovascular and electrodermal responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli: Psychophysiology Vol 16(1) Jan 1979, 1-7.
  • Frey, A. H. (1967). Modification of the Conditioned Emotional Response by Treatment with Small Negative Air Ions: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 63(1) Feb 1967, 121-125.
  • Frey, A. H., & Wesler, L. S. (1984). Modification of the conditioned emotional response in animals living in a 60-Hz electrical field: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 22(5) Sep 1984, 477-479.
  • Frieman, J., & Walker, D. (1977). The effects of CER training on the acquisition of a successive operant discrimination: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 9(6) Jun 1977, 419-422.
  • Frohardt, R. J., Guarraci, F. A., & Young, S. L. (1999). Intrahippocampal infusions of a metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist block the memory of context-specific but not tone-specific conditioned fear: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 113(1) Feb 1999, 222-227.
  • Frysztak, R. J. (1991). A physiological and behavioral study of emotional stress in the rat medial frontal cortex: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Frysztak, R. J., & Neafsey, E. J. (1994). The effect of medial frontal cortex lesions on cardiovascular conditioned emotional responses in the rat: Brain Research Vol 643(1-2) Apr 1994, 181-193.
  • Fulwiler, R. L. (1975). The role of discrimination in the passive avoidance behavior of rats: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Funk, D., & Amir, S. (1999). Conditioned fear attenuates light-induced suppression of melatonin release in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 67(4) Oct 1999, 623-626.
  • Gaioni, S. J. (1976). The effects of temporal manipulations of the conditioned stimuli on blocking: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gaioni, S. J. (1982). Blocking and nonsimultaneous compounds: Comparison of responding during compound conditioning and testing: Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science Vol 17(1) Jan-Mar 1982, 16-29.
  • Gale, D. S., Sturmfels, G., & Gale, E. N. (1966). A comparison of reciprocal inhibition and experimental extinction in the psychotherapeutic process: Behaviour Research and Therapy 4(3) 1966, 149-155.
  • Gallup, G. G., Rosen, T. S., & Brown, C. W. (1972). Effect of conditioned fear on tonic immobility in domestic chickens: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 78(1) Jan 1972, 22-25.
  • Garcia, R., Vouimba, R. M., & Jaffard, R. (1997). Contextual conditioned fear blocks the induction but not the maintenance of lateral septal LTP in behaving mice: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 78(1) Jul 1997, 76-81.
  • Gattozzi, R. E. (1971). The effect of person on a conditioned emotional response of schizophrenic and normal subjects: Conditional Reflex Vol 6(4) Oct 1971, 181-190.
  • Gattozzi, R. E. (1972). The effect of person on a conditioned emotional response of schizophrenic and normal subjects: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Geller, I., Sidman, M., & Brady, J. V. (1955). The effect of electroconvulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response: a control for acquisition recency: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 48(2) Apr 1955, 130-131.
  • Gengerelli, J. A. (1929). Review of Methods for Investigating the Conditioned Reflexes in Man: Psychological Bulletin Vol 26(6) Jun 1929, 372-373.
  • George, T. P., Picciotto, M. R., Verrico, C. D., & Roth, R. H. (2001). Effects of nicotine pretreatment on dopaminergic and behavioral responses to conditioned fear stress in rats: Dissociation of biochemical and behavioral effects: Biological Psychiatry Vol 49(3) Feb 2001, 300-306.
  • Gerull, F. C., & Rapee, R. M. (2002). Mother knows best: The effects of maternal modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in toddlers: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 40(3) Mar 2002, 279-287.
  • Gibson, W. E. (1970). Effects of intracranial stimulation on the conditioned emotional response: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Gillespie, L. A., & Cooper, R. M. (1973). Visual cortical lesions in the rat and a conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 83(1) Apr 1973, 76-91.
  • Gleitman, H., & Holmes, P. A. (1967). Retention of Incompletely Learned Cer in Rats: Psychonomic Science Vol 7(1) 1967, 19-20.
  • Gliner, J. A., & Shemberg, K. M. (1971). Conditioned fear and gastric pathology in a continuing stress-rest paradigm in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 74(1, Pt 1) Jan 1971, 20-22.
  • Goldman, J. A. (1975). Drive and reward in an acquired-fear paradigm: Journal of General Psychology Vol 93(1) Jul 1975, 123-130.
  • Goldman, M. S. (1977). Effect of chlordiazepoxide administered early in extinction on subsequent extinction of a conditioned emotional response in rats: Implications for human clinical use: Psychological Reports Vol 40(3, Pt 1) Jun 1977, 783-786.
  • Goldstein, L. E., Rasmusson, A. M., Bunney, B. S., & Roth, R. H. (1994). The NMDA glycine site antagonist (+)-HA-966 selectively regulates conditioned stress-induced metabolic activation of the mesoprefrontal cortical dopamine but not serotonin systems: A behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurochemical study in the rat: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 14(8) Aug 1994, 4937-4950.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1974). The effect of amygdalectomy on acquisition of a classically conditioned fear response: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 4(5-A) Nov 1974, 465-466.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1974). The effect of amygdalectomy on long-term retention of an undertrained classically conditioned fear response: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 4(6) Dec 1974, 548-550.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1974). Effect of static background cues on classical fear conditioning: Journal of General Psychology Vol 91(1) Jul 1974, 145-151.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1974). The persistence of UCS intensity effects in acquired drive conditioning: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 4(3) Sep 1974, 166-168.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1975). An apparatus for the study of classical fear conditioning: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 6(1) Jul 1975, 106.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1975). The effect of septal lesions on acquisition of a classically conditioned fear response: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 5(2) Feb 1975, 182-184.
  • Goldstein, M. L. (1979). The effect of UCS intensity on the long-term retention of a classically conditioned fear response: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 13(6) Jun 1979, 357-358.
  • Goldstein, M. L., & Stoller, W. L. (1982). Amygdaloid and hippocampal function in short-term retention of a classically conditioned fear response: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 19(2) Feb 1982, 105-107.
  • Goldstein, R. (1966). Effects of noncontingent septal stimulation on the CER in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 61(1) Feb 1966, 132-135.
  • Golin, S. (1961). Incubation effect: Role of awareness in an immediate versus delayed test of conditioned emotionality: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Vol 63(3) Nov 1961, 534-539.
  • Golin, S., & Golin, A. K. (1966). Incubation and inhibition: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 71(2) Feb 1966, 208-211.
  • Gonzalez Dopico, O. (1981). Vulnerability to the acquisition of neurotic symptoms: Revista de Psicologia General y Aplicada Vol 36(5) 1981, 773-793.
  • Gonzalez, L. P., & Altshuler, H. L. (1979). Scopolamine effects on suppression of operant responding: Physiological Psychology Vol 7(2) Jun 1979, 156-162.
  • Goodman, J. H. (1977). Blocking and counterblocking (superconditioning) effects across reinforcement systems in a conditioned-emotional-response paradigm: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gosselin, G., Oberling, P., & Di Scala, G. (1996). Antagonism of amphetamine-induced disruption of latent inhibition by the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine in rats: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 7(8) Dec 1996, 820-826.
  • Gould, T. J., McCarthy, M. M., & Keith, R. A. (2002). MK-801 disrupts acquisition of contextual fear conditioning but enhances memory consolidation of cued fear conditioning: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 13(4) Jul 2002, 287-294.
  • Grahn, R. E., Maswood, S., McQueen, M. B., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (1999). Opioid-dependent effects of inescapable shock on escape behavior and conditioned fear responding are mediated by the dorsal raphe nucleus: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 99(2) Mar 1999, 153-167.
  • Gray, T. (1978). Blocking in the CER: Trace and delay procedures: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 32(1) Mar 1978, 40-42.
  • Gray, T., & Lethbridge, D. A. (1976). Configural conditioning in the CER: Loss of element strength after repeated reinforced compound CS trials: Learning and Motivation Vol 7(4) Nov 1976, 532-539.
  • Green, L. (1978). Are there two classes of classically-conditioned responses? : Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science Vol 13(3) Jul-Sep 1978, 154-162.
  • Green, L., & Rachlin, H. (1977). On the directionality of key pecking during signals for appetitive and aversive events: Learning and Motivation Vol 8(4) Nov 1977, 551-568.
  • Griebel, G., Rodgers, R. J., Perrault, G., & Sanger, D. J. (2000). The effects of compounds varying in selectivity as 5-HT-sub(1A ) receptor antagonists in three rat models of anxiety: Neuropharmacology Vol 39(10) Jul 2000, 1848-1857.
  • Griffin, W. C., III, Skinner, H. D., Salm, A. K., & Birkle, D. L. (2003). Mild prenatal stress in rats is associated with enhanced conditioned fear: Physiology & Behavior Vol 79(2) Jul 2003, 209-215.
  • Grillon, C., & Hill, J. (2003). Emotional arousal does not affect delay eyeblink conditioning: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 17(2) Jul 2003, 400-405.
  • Groenink, L., Joordens, R. J. E., Hijzen, T. H., Dirks, A., & Olivier, B. (2000). Infusion of flesinoxan into the amygdala blocks the fear-potentiated startle: Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research Vol 11(10) Jul 2000, 2285-2288.
  • Gromova, E. A., & Semenova, T. P. (1989). Chemical heterogeneity in functional systems of emotionally positive and negative states. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gordon and Breach Publishers.
  • Gross, E. R. (1994). Nonaversive olfactory conditioning to control aggressive behaviors of a blind, hearing impaired, and noncommunicating child: Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Vol 6(1) Mar 1994, 77-82.
  • Guarraci, F. A., & Kapp, B. S. (1999). An electrophysiological characterization of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons during differential Pavlovian fear conditioning in the awake rabbit: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 99(2) Mar 1999, 169-179.
  • Gue, M., Tekamp, A., Tabis, N., Junien, J. L., & et al. (1994). Cholecystokinin blockade of emotional stress- and CRF-induced colonic motor alterations in rats: Role of the amygdala: Brain Research Vol 658(1-2) Sep 1994, 232-238.
  • Gunnar, M. R., Leighton, K., & Peleaux, R. (1984). Effects of temporal predictability on the reactions of 1-year-olds to potentially frightening toys: Developmental Psychology Vol 20(3) May 1984, 449-458.
  • Hall, G., & Honey, R. C. (1990). Context-specific conditioning in the conditioned-emotional-response procedure: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 16(3) Jul 1990, 271-278.
  • Hall, G., & Pearce, J. M. (1979). Latent inhibition of a CS during CS-US pairings: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 5(1) Jan 1979, 31-42.
  • Hall, J. F. (1986). The conditional emotional response as a model of Pavlovian conditioning: Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science Vol 21(1) Jan-Mar 1986, 1-11.
  • Hammond, G. R. (1980). Lesions of the medial medullary reticular area in rats impair CER acquisition: Physiological Psychology Vol 8(4) Dec 1980, 483-486.
  • Hammond, L. J. (1966). Increased responding to CS- in differential CER: Psychonomic Science Vol 5(9) 1966, 337-338.
  • Haralambous, T. (2001). The role of the nucleus accumbens in the mediation of conditioned fear. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Haroutunian, V., & Riccio, D. C. (1979). Age-dependent effects of preconditioning aversive experiences on the retention of conditioned fear in weanling rats: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 26(2) Jun 1979, 248-253.
  • Haroutunian, V., & Riccio, D. C. (1979). Drug-induced "arousal" and the effectiveness of CS exposure in the reinstatement of memory: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 26(1) May 1979, 115-120.
  • Harrison, D. W., Westbrook, R. D., & Pavlik, W. B. (1984). CER acquisition and extinction in younger and older rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 22(3) May 1984, 217-220.
  • Hartmann, R. J., & Geller, I. (1971). P-chlorophenylalanine effects on a conditioned emotional response in rats: Life Sciences Vol 10(16, Pt 1) Aug 1971, 927-933.
  • Hashimoto, S., Inoue, T., & Koyama, T. (1996). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 123(2) Jan 1996, 182-186.
  • Hashimoto, S., Inoue, T., & Koyama, T. (1997). Effects of the co-administration of 5-HT-sub(1A ) receptor antagonists with an SSRI in conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 58(2) Oct 1997, 471-475.
  • Haug, T., & Gotestam, K. G. (1981). Two opposite effects of diazepam on fear by differential training in the CER-paradigm: Psychopharmacology Vol 75(2) Nov 1981, 110-113.
  • Haworth, J. T. (1971). Conditioned emotional response phenomena and brain stimulation: British Journal of Psychology Vol 62(1) Feb 1971, 97-103.
  • Hebert, M. A., Potegal, M., Moore, T., Evenson, A. R., & et al. (1996). Diazepam enhances conditioned defeat in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 55(3) Nov 1996, 405-413.
  • Hedlund, M. A., & Chambless, D. L. (1990). Sex differences and menstrual cycle effects in aversive conditioning: A comparison of premenstrual and intermenstrual women with men: Journal of Anxiety Disorders Vol 4(3) 1990, 221-231.
  • Heistad, G. T. (1958). Effects of chlorpromazine and electroconvulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 51(2) Apr 1958, 209-212.
  • Heldt, S., Sundin, V., Willott, J. F., & Falls, W. A. (2000). Posttraining lesions of the amygdala interfere with fear-potentiated startle to both visual and auditory conditioned stimuli in C57BL/6J mice: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 114(4) Aug 2000, 749-759.
  • Hendersen, R. W. (1973). Conditioned and unconditioned fear inhibition in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 84(3) Sep 1973, 554-561.
  • Hendersen, R. W. (1974). Compounds of conditioned fear stimuli: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hendersen, R. W. (1978). Forgetting of conditioned fear inhibition: Learning and Motivation Vol 9(1) Feb 1978, 16-30.
  • Henderson, N. D. (1964). Species difference in conditioned emotional response: Psychological Reports 15(2) 1964, 579-585.
  • Hendry, J. S. (1980). Compound CSs in CER conditioning: Summation of undetected excitation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hendry, J. S. (1982). Summation of undetected excitation following extinction of the CER: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 10(4) Nov 1982, 476-482.
  • Hennevin, E., Maho, C., & Hars, B. (1998). Neuronal plasticity induced by fear conditioning is expressed during paradoxical sleep: Evidence from simultaneous recordings in the lateral amygdala and the medial geniculate in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 112(4) Aug 1998, 839-862.
  • Hermann, C., Ziegler, S., Birbaumer, N., & Flor, H. (2002). Psychophysiological and subjective indicators of aversive Pavlovian conditioning in generalized social phobia: Biological Psychiatry Vol 52(4) Aug 2002, 328-337.
  • Herry, C., & Garcia, R. (2002). Prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation, but not long-term depression, is associated with the maintenance of extinction of learned fear in mice: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 22(2) Jan 2002, 577-583.
  • Hershberger, T. J. (1978). The effects of conditioned frustration on shock-elicited aggression as measured by the upright response in the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hicks, R. A., Hicks, G. J., & Reyes, J. R. (1988). REM sleep deprivation and conditioned fear in rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 26(1) Jan 1988, 59-60.
  • Hicks, R. A., & Sawrey, J. M. (1978). REM sleep deprivation and stress susceptibility in rats: Psychological Record Vol 28(2) Spr 1978, 187-191.
  • Hijzen, T. H., & Slangen, J. L. (1989). Effects of midazolam, DMCM and lindane on potentiated startle in the rat: Psychopharmacology Vol 99(3) Nov 1989, 362-365.
  • Hilgard, E. R. (1937). The relationship between the conditioned response and conventional learning experiments: Psychological Bulletin Vol 34(2) Feb 1937, 61-102.
  • Hilp, H. A. (1985). CS and US preexposure in classical conditioning: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hirasuna, N. (1974). Disruption of the conditioned emotional response in rats by two forms of caudate nuclear stimulation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hirasuna, N., Deadwyler, S. A., & Wyers, E. J. (1977). Disruption of the conditioned emotional response by caudate nucleus stimulation: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 2(3) May-Jun 1977, 173-179.
  • Hitchcock, J., & Davis, M. (1986). Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 100(1) Feb 1986, 11-22.
  • Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1991). Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 105(6) Dec 1991, 826-842.
  • Hobbs, S. H. (1973). Response suppression on two operant schedules by septal-lesioned rats: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Hodes, R. L. (1982). A psychophysiological investigation of the classical conditioning model of fears and phobias: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hodes, R. L., Cook, E. W., & Lang, P. J. (1985). Individual differences in autonomic response: Conditioned association or conditioned fear? : Psychophysiology Vol 22(5) Sep 1985, 545-560.
  • Hoedemaker, E. D. (1968). Distrust and aggression: An interpersonal-international analogy: Journal of Conflict Resolution 12(1) 1968, 69-81.
  • Hoehn-Saric, R., McLeod, D. R., & Glowa, J. R. (1991). The effects of NMDA receptor blockade on the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response: Biological Psychiatry Vol 30(2) Jul 1991, 170-176.
  • Hoffman, H. S., & Barrett, J. (1971). Overt activity during conditioned suppression: A search for punishment artifacts: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 16(3) Nov 1971, 343-348.
  • Hogarth, L., & Duka, T. (2006). Human nicotine conditioning requires explicit contingency knowledge: Is addictive behaviour cognitively mediated? : Psychopharmacology Vol 184(3-4) Mar 2006, 553-566.
  • Holahan, M. R., & White, N. M. (2002). Conditioned memory modulation, freezing, and avoidance as measures of amygdala-mediated conditioned fear: Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Vol 77(2) Mar 2002, 250-275.
  • Howard, G. S., & McHose, J. H. (1974). The effects of sodium amobarbital on odor-based responding in rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 3(3-A) Mar 1974, 185-186.
  • Huertas Rodriguez, E. (1980). Reversibility effect stimulus-response in classical conditioning: Revista de Psicologia General y Aplicada Vol 35(2) 1980, 245-253.
  • Hughes, H. H., Holder, B., & Dubois, K. E. (1978). One session of flooding as treatment for conditioned avoidance responding in humans: Effect of individualization of treatment duration: Psychological Reports Vol 42(2) Apr 1978, 663-672.
  • Hunt, D. P. (1967). Differential Gsr Conditioning at Extended Interstimulus Intervals: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 74(1) May 1967, 20-25.
  • Hunt, H. F. (1965). Electro-convulsive shock and learning: Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 27(8) 1965, 923-945.
  • Hunt, H. F., & Brady, J. V. (1951). Some effects of electro-convulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response ("anxiety"): Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 44(1) Feb 1951, 88-98.
  • Hunt, H. F., Jernberg, P., & Brady, J. V. (1952). The effect of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on a conditioned emotional response: the effect of post-ECS extinction on the reappearance of the response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 45(6) Dec 1952, 589-599.
  • Hunt, H. F., Jernberg, P., & Otis, L. S. (1953). The effect of carbon disulphide convulsions on a conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 46(6) Dec 1953, 465-469.
  • Hunt, P. S., Richardson, R., & Campbell, B. A. (1994). Delayed development of fear-potentiated startle in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 108(1) Feb 1994, 69-80.
  • Hurst, J. L. (1981). Psychological effects of exposure to natural disaster: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ichimaru, Y., Moriyama, M., & Gomita, Y. (1984). Gastric lesions produced by conditioned emotional stimuli in the form of affective communication and effects of benzodiazepines: Life Sciences Vol 34(2) Jan 1984, 187-192.
  • Ida, Y., Tsuda, A., Sueyoshi, K., Shirao, I., & et al. (1989). Blockade by diazepam of conditioned fear-induced activation of rat mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 33(2) Jun 1989, 477-479.
  • Imada, H., & Soga, M. (1971). The CER and BEL as a function of predictability and escapability of an electric shock: Japanese Psychological Research Vol 13(3) Sep 1971, 115-122.
  • Inoue, T., Tsuchiya, K., & Koyama, T. (1996). Serotonergic activation reduces defensive freezing in the conditioned fear paradigm: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 53(4) Apr 1996, 825-831.
  • Irey, L. D. (1972). The effects of baseline contingencies and conditioned stimulus duration on the conditioned emotional response in humans: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Iwata, J., & LeDoux, J. E. (1988). Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 102(1) Feb 1988, 66-76.
  • Iwata, J., LeDoux, J. E., Meeley, M. P., Arneric, S., & et al. (1986). Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli: Brain Research Vol 383(1-2) Sep 1986, 195-214.
  • Iwata, J., LeDoux, J. E., & Reis, D. J. (1986). Destruction of intrinsic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus disrupts the classical conditioning of autonomic but not behavioral emotional responses in the rat: Brain Research Vol 368(1) Mar 1986, 161-166.
  • Izquierdo, I., Barcik, N. R., & Brioni, J. D. (1989). Pretest !b-endorphin and epinephrine, but not oxotremorine, reverse retrograde interference of a conditioned emotional response in mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 33(3) Jul 1989, 545-548.
  • Izumi, T., Inoue, T., Tsuchiya, K., Hashimoto, S., Ohmori, T., & Koyama, T. (1999). Effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil on conditioned fear stress in rats: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 23(7) Oct 1999, 1247-1258.
  • Jackson, D. E., & Delprato, D. J. (1974). Aversive CSs suppress lever pressing for food but not the eating of free food: Learning and Motivation Vol 5(4) Nov 1974, 448-458.
  • Jackson, R. L., Maier, S. F., & Rapaport, P. M. (1978). Exposure to inescapable shock produces both activity and associative deficits in the rat: Learning and Motivation Vol 9(1) Feb 1978, 69-98.
  • Jacobs, W. J., Buttrick, M., & Kennedy, D. (1988). A rapid and sensitive method for measuring the conditional emotional response: II. On-the-baseline excitatory conditioning and extinction: Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science Vol 23(1) Jan-Mar 1988, 29-34.
  • Jacobs, W. J., Kennedy, D., & Buttrick, M. (1988). A rapid and sensitive method for measuring the conditioned emotional response: Off-the-baseline delay and trace conditioning: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 26(1) Jan 1988, 61-63.
  • Jakubowska, E., & Zielinski, K. (1976). Differentiation learning as a function of stimulus intensity and previous experience with the CS-super(+): Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 36(4) 1976, 427-445.
  • Jakubowska, E., & Zielinski, K. (1978). Stimulus intensity effects on acute extinction of the CER in rats: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 38(1) 1978, 1-10.
  • James, J. H., & Wanger, A. R. (1980). One-trial overshadowing: Evidence of distributive processing: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 6(2) Apr 1980, 188-205.
  • James, J. P. (1971). Latent inhibiton and the preconditioning-conditioning interval: Psychonomic Science Vol 24(3) Aug 1971, 97-98.
  • Jastreboff, P. J., Zhou, S., Jastreboff, M. M., Kwapisz, U., & Gryczynska, U. (1997). Attenuation of salicylate-induced tinnitus by Ginkgo biloba extract in rats: Audiology & Neurotology Vol 2(4) Jul-Aug 1997, 197-212.
  • Jensen, H. H., Hutchings, B., & Poulsen, J. C. (1989). Conditioned emotional responding under diazepam: A psychophysiological study of state dependent learning: Psychopharmacology Vol 98(3) Jul 1989, 392-397.
  • Joel, D., Tarrasch, R., Feldon, J., & Weiner, I. (1997). Effects of electrolytic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex or its subfields on 4-arm baited, 8-arm radial maze, two-way active avoidance and conditioned fear tasks in the rat: Brain Research Vol 765(1) Aug 1997, 37-50.
  • Jones, D., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2001). Mapping Pavlovian conditioning effects on the brain: Blocking, contiguity, and excitatory effects: Journal of Neurophysiology Vol 86(2) Aug 2001, 809-823.
  • Joordens, R. J. E., Hijzen, T. H., & Olivier, B. (1998). The anxiolytic effect on the fear-potentiated startle is not due to a non-specific disruption: Life Sciences Vol 63(25) Nov 1998, 2227-2232.
  • Kaehler, S. T., Singewald, N., Sinner, C., Thurnher, C., & Philippu, A. (2000). Conditioned fear and inescapable shock modify the release of serotonin in the locus coeruleus: Brain Research Vol 859(2) Mar 2000, 249-254.
  • Kamano, D. K., Martin, L. K., Ogle, M. E., & Powell, B. J. (1966). Effects of amobarbital on the conditioned emotional response and conditioned avoidance response: Psychological Record 16(1) 1966, 13-16.
  • Kamin, L. J. (1961). Apparent adaptation effects in the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 15(3) 1961, 176-188.
  • Kamin, L. J. (1961). Trace conditioning of the conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 54(2) Apr 1961, 149-153.
  • Kamin, L. J. (1963). Backward conditioning and the conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 56(3) Jun 1963, 517-519.
  • Kamin, L. J., & Brimer, C. J. (1963). The effects of intensity of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli on a conditioned emotional response: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 17(2) 1963, 194-200.
  • Kamin, L. J., & Gaioni, S. J. (1974). Compound conditioned emotional response conditioning with differentially salient elements in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 87(3) Sep 1974, 591-597.
  • Kamin, L. J., & Idrobo, F. (1978). Configural conditioning in the CER: A possible artifact: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 6(3) Aug 1978, 290-293.
  • Kamin, L. J., & Schaub, R. E. (1963). Effects of conditioned stimulus intensity on the conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 56(3) Jun 1963, 502-507.
  • Kamin, L. J., & Szakmary, G. A. (1977). Configural-like effects observed in the course of second-order conditioning in rats: Learning and Motivation Vol 8(1) Feb 1977, 126-135.
  • Kanzler, A. W. (1971). Alcohol as a discriminative stimulus in the conditioned emotional response: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Kapp, B. S., Gallagher, M., Holmquist, B. K., & Theall, C. L. (1978). Retrograde amnesia and hippocampal stimulation: Dependence upon the nature of associations formed during conditioning: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 24(1) Sep 1978, 1-23.
  • Kapp, B. S., & Schneider, A. M. (1971). Selective recovery from retrograde amnesia produced by hippocampal spreading depression: Science Vol 173(4002) Sep 1971, 1149-1151.
  • Kaufman, K. P. (1973). The hippocampus and conditioned emotional response consolidation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kawazu, Y., Misumi, J., Ogawa, N., & Fukunaga, H. (1979). Effectiveness of a pure tone signal attributed to the two types of leadership on physiological process: Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Vol 18(2) Feb 1979, 95-103.
  • Keller, R. J., Ayres, J. J., & Mahoney, W. J. (1977). Brief versus extended exposure to truly random control procedures: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 3(1) Jan 1977, 53-65.
  • Kelly, S. J., Mahoney, J. C., Randich, A., & West, J. R. (1991). Indices of stress in rats: Effects of sex, perinatal alcohol and artificial rearing: Physiology & Behavior Vol 49(4) Apr 1991, 751-756.
  • Kessler, P. G. (1976). Retention of early Pavlovian fear conditioning in infant rats: Effect of temporal variables in conditioning: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kilts, C. D., Commissaris, R. L., & Rech, R. H. (1981). Comparison of anti-conflict drug effects in three experimental animal models of anxiety: Psychopharmacology Vol 74(3) Jul 1981, 290-296.
  • Kimmel, H. D. (1971). Pathological inhibition of emotional behavior. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • King, A. R. (1970). Drive related effects of amylobarbitone and chlorpromazine on appetitive and aversively controlled behavior in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 5(12) Dec 1970, 1365-1371.
  • King, M. G., Pfister, H. P., & DiGiusto, E. L. (1975). Differential preference for and activation by the odoriferous compartment of a shuttlebox in fear-conditioned and naive rats: Behavioral Biology Vol 13(2) Feb 1975, 175-181.
  • Kitaguchi, K. (1996). The effects of CS intensity on the initial excitatory conditioning resulting from the truly random control procedure in rats: Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology Vol 46(1) Jul 1996, 9-20.
  • Klare, W. F. (1974). Conditioned fear and postshock emotionality in vicious circle behavior of rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 87(2) Aug 1974, 364-372.
  • Kochevar, J. W., & et al. (1977). The influence of maternal iron overload on mature rat offspring: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 10(1) Jul 1977, 49-52.
  • Kohlenberg, R., & Trabasso, T. O. M. (1968). Recovery of a Conditioned Emotional Response after One or Two Electroconvulsive Shocks: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 65(2) Apr 1968, 270-273.
  • Koranda, L. G., & Freedman, P. E. (1976). Effects of generalization of fear on incubation in a response suppression paradigm: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 8(2) Aug 1976, 97-100.
  • Kostandov, E. A., Arzumanov, Y. L., Zakharova, N. N., Taltse, M. F., & et al. (1990). The difference in the action of diazepam on realized and non-realized conditioned emotional reactions: Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S S Korsakova Vol 90(4) 1990, 103-108.
  • Kraemer, P. J., Randall, C. K., & Carbary, T. J. (1992). Ontogenetic differences in expressed fear of context following aversive conditioning: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 30(3) May 1992, 223-225.
  • Kravetz, D. F. (1974). Heart rate as a minimal cue for the occurrence of vicarious classical conditioning: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 29(1) Jan 1974, 125-131.
  • Kremer, E. F. (1971). Pavlovian conditioning and the truly random control procedure: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Kremer, E. F. (1971). Truly random and traditional control procedures in CER conditioning in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 76(3) Sep 1971, 441-448.
  • Kremer, E. F. (1972). Properties of a preexposed stimulus: Psychonomic Science Vol 27(1) Apr 1972, 45-47.
  • Kremer, E. F. (1974). The truly random control procedure: Conditioning to the static cues: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 86(4) Apr 1974, 700-707.
  • Kremer, E. F. (1979). Effect of posttrial episodes on conditioning in compound conditioned stimuli: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 5(2) Apr 1979, 130-141.
  • Kremer, E. F., & Kamin, L. J. (1971). The truly random control procedure: Associative or nonassociative effects in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 74(2) Feb 1971, 203-210.
  • Kruper, D. C., & Haude, R. (1964). Visual exploration in a conditioned emotional response paradigm: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7(5) 1964, 381-382.
  • Labar, K. S. (1996). The neural substrate of conditioned fear: Extension of an emotional memory network to the human brain. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • LaBar, K. S., & LeDoux, J. E. (1996). Partial disruption of fear conditioning in rats with unilateral amygdala damage: Correspondence with unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 110(5) Oct 1996, 991-997.
  • Lachnit, H., & Wolter, J. (1994). Skin conductance responses as indicators of cognitive and emotional processes: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie Vol 41(1) 1994, 116-124.
  • Lane, J. D., & et al. (1982). Amino acid neurotransmitter utilization in discrete rat brain regions is correlated with conditioned emotional response: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 16(2) Feb 1982, 329-340.
  • Lane, J. D., & et al. (1982). Biogenic monoamine turnover in discrete rat brain regions is correlated with conditioned emotional response and its conditioning history: Brain Research Vol 240(1) May 1982, 95-108.
  • Lantz, A. E. (1973). Effect of number of trials, interstimulus interval, and dishabituation during CS habituation on subsequent conditioning in a CER paradigm: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 1(4) Nov 1973, 273-277.
  • Lantz, A. E. (1973). Stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning in the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Lantz, A. E. (1976). The effect of intensity of the preexposed stimulus on subsequent conditioning: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 7(4) Apr 1976, 381-383.
  • Lanzetta, J. T., & Orr, S. P. (1980). Influence of facial expressions on the classical conditioning of fear: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 39(6) Dec 1980, 1081-1087.
  • Lanzetta, J. T., & Orr, S. P. (1986). Excitatory strength of expressive faces: Effects of happy and fear expressions and context on the extinction of a conditioned fear response: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 50(1) Jan 1986, 190-194.
  • Lauterbach, W., & Eifert, G. H. (1984). The effect of experimental self verbalizations on physiological, cognitive and motoric aspects of conditioned anxiety reactions: Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie Vol 31(2) 1984, 259-279.
  • Lavond, D. G., & et al. (1983). Abolition of conditioned heart-rate responses in rabbits following central administration of: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 19(2) Aug 1983, 379-382.
  • Laxmi, T. R., Stork, O., & Pape, H.-C. (2003). Generalisation of conditioned fear and its behavioural expression in mice: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 145(1-2) Oct 2003, 89-98.
  • Laxmi, T. R., Stork, O., & Pape, H.-C. (2004). Corrigendum to "Generalisation of conditioned fear and its behavioural expression in mice": Behavioural Brain Research Vol 151(1-2) May 2004, 337.
  • Leaf, R. C., & Muller, S. A. (1964). Effect of CER on DRL responding: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7(6) 1964, 405-407.
  • Leaf, R. C., & Muller, S. A. (1965). Simple method for CER conditioning and measurement: Psychological Reports 17(1) 1965, 211-215.
  • LeDoux, J. E. (1989). Central pathways of emotional plasticity. Kirkland, WA: Hans Huber Publishers.
  • LeDoux, J. E. (1990). Information flow from sensation to emotion: Plasticity in the neural computation of stimulus value. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • LeDoux, J. E., Romanski, L., & Xagoraris, A. (1989). Indelibility of subcortical emotional memories: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol 1(3) Sum 1989, 238-243.
  • LeDoux, J. E., Sakaguchi, A., & Reis, D. J. (1983). Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats: Brain Research Vol 277(1) Oct 1983, 137-143.
  • LeDoux, J. F., Sakaguchi, A., & Reis, D. J. (1983). Alpha-methylDOPA dissociates hypertension, cardiovascular reactivity and emotional behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Brain Research Vol 259(1) Jan 1983, 69-76.
  • Lee, H. J., Choi, J.-S., Brown, T. H., & Kim, J. J. (2001). Amygdalar NMDA receptors are critical for the expression of multiple conditioned fear responses: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 21(11) Jun 2001, 4116-4124.
  • Lehmann, J., Logeay, C., & Feldon, J. (2000). Long-term effects of a single 24-hour maternal separation on three different latent inhibition paradigms: Psychobiology Vol 28(3) Sep 2000, 411-419.
  • Lepore, F., Ptito, M., Freibergs, V., & Guillemot, J. P. (1974). Effects of low doses of chlorpromazine on a conditioned emotional response in the rat: Psychological Reports Vol 34(1) Feb 1974, 231-237.
  • LeUnes, A. (1983). Little Albert from the viewpoint of abnormal psychology textbook authors: Teaching of Psychology Vol 10(4) Dec 1983, 230-231.
  • Levy, L. M. (1972). CS intensity and extinction of the CER in rats: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Lipina, T., Weiss, K., & Roder, J. (2007). The ampakine CX546 restores the prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition deficits in mGluR5-deficient mice: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 32(4) Apr 2007, 745-756.
  • Little, A. H. (1974). A comparative study of trace and delay conditioning in the human infant: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Loftis, J., & Ross, L. (1974). Effects of misattribution of arousal upon the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned emotional response: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 30(5) Nov 1974, 673-682.
  • Loftis, J., & Ross, L. (1974). Retrospective misattribution of a conditioned emotional response: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 30(5) Nov 1974, 683-687.
  • Logue, S. F., Paylor, R., & Wehner, J. M. (1997). Hippocampal lesions cause learning deficits in inbred mice in the Morris water maze and conditioned-fear task: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 111(1) Feb 1997, 104-113.
  • Lomarev, M. P. (1980). Characteristics of conditional reflexes formed through reinforcement by stimulation of the hypothalamus: Soviet Neurology & Psychiatry Vol 13(1) Spr 1980, 31-41.
  • Lombardi, B. R. (1980). Enhanced neophobia induced by incentive contrast: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 8(4) Nov 1980, 617-620.
  • Lopes Pires, C. M. (1984). Is anxiety a conditioned emotional response? : Jornal de Psicologia Vol 3(4) Sep-Oct 1984, 3-4, 8.
  • Lorden, J. F., Rickert, E. J., Dawson, R., & Pelleymounter, M. A. (1980). Forebrain norepinephrine and the selective processing of information: Brain Research Vol 190(2) May 1980, 569-573.
  • Lorens, S. A., Hejna, M., Lee, J. M., Walzer, M., & Cornelli, U. (2003). A heparin derived oligosaccharide normalizes the fear response of old Brown Norway rats: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 147(1-2) Dec 2003, 65-72.
  • Lorens, S. A., Mitsushio, H., & Van de Kar, L. D. (1989). Effects of the 5-HT[subscript]1A agonist ipsapirone on the behavioural, endocrine and neurochemical responses to conditioned fear. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Lubar, J. F., & Numan, R. (1973). Behavioral and physiological studies of septal function and related medial cortical structures: Behavioral Biology Vol 8(1) Jan 1973, 1-25.
  • Lynch, J. J., & McCarthy, J. F. (1967). The Effect of Petting on a Classically Conditioned Emotional Response: Behaviour Research and Therapy 5(1) 1967, 55-62.
  • Lyon, D. O. (1968). Conditioned Suppression: Operant Variables and Aversive Control: Psychological Record 18(3) 1968, 317-338.
  • Lysle, D. T., Cunnick, J. E., Kucinski, B. J., Fowler, H., & Rabin, B. S. (1991). Facilitation of conditioned emotional response learning by the immune system. Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
  • Maffione, J., & Kremer, E. (1978). Excitatory conditioning to a vibrotactile stimulus using rats in a CER paradigm: Psychological Record Vol 28(2) Spr 1978, 237-243.
  • Maher, B. A., & Lewis, D. J. (1966). Dissociation of conditioned emotional and avoidance response due to ECS: A cautionary note: Psychonomic Science Vol 4(5) 1966, 171-172.
  • Mahoney, W. J., & Ayres, J. J. (1976). One-trial simultaneous and backward fear conditioning as reflected in conditioned suppression of licking in rats: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 4(4) Nov 1976, 357-362.
  • Maisiak, R., & Frey, P. W. (1977). Second-order conditioning: The importance of stimulus overlap on second-order trials: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 5(3) Aug 1977, 309-314.
  • Maisiak, R. S. (1977). Second-order conditioning and conditioned inhibition: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Malkani, S., & Rosen, J. B. (2000). Differential expression of EGR-1 mRNA in the amygdala following diazepam in contextual fear conditioning: Brain Research Vol 860(1-2) Mar 2000, 53-63.
  • Marchand, A., & Malcuit, G. (1990). "Prepared" learning of fear in the conditioning of physiologic responses: Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement Vol 22(4) Oct 1990, 393-407.
  • Maren, S. (1998). Overtraining does not mitigate contextual fear conditioning deficits produced by neurotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 18(8) Apr 1998, 3088-3097.
  • Maren, S. (1999). Neurotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the ventral subiculum produce deficits in the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 113(2) Apr 1999, 283-290.
  • Maren, S., Aharonov, G., & Fanselow, M. S. (1997). Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 88(2) Nov 1997, 261-274.
  • Maren, S., DeCola, J. P., Swain, R. A., Fanselow, M. S., & Thompson, R. F. (1994). Parallel augmentation of hippocampal long-term potentiation, theta rhythm, and contextual fear conditioning in water-deprived rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 108(1) Feb 1994, 44-56.
  • Markiewicz, B. (1974). The effects of intracranial injections of KCl solution on EEG and retrieval of the conditioned emotional response in the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Marlin, N. A. (1982). Within-compound associations between the context and the conditioned stimulus: Learning and Motivation Vol 13(4) Nov 1982, 526-541.
  • Marlin, N. A. (1983). Second-order conditioning using a contextual stimulus as S-sub-1: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 11(3) Aug 1983, 290-294.
  • Mason, J. W., Mangan, G., Jr., Brady, J. V., Conrad, D., & Rioch, D. M. (1995). Concurrent plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels during conditioned emotional disturbances in monkeys. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Masserman, J. H. (1967). The Neurotic Cat: Psychology Today 1(6) 1967, 36-39, 56-57.
  • Mast, M., Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1982). The relationship of freezing and response suppression in a CER situation: Psychological Record Vol 32(2) Spr 1982, 151-167.
  • Mast, M. S. (1978). A behavioral analysis of Pavlovian fear conditioning in relation to response suppression in the conditioned emotional response: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). Individual Differences in the Modulation of Fear-Related Brain Activation by Attentional Control: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol 16(10) Dec 2004, 1683-1694.
  • Matsuzawa, S., Suzuki, T., & Misawa, M. (2000). Involvement of mu -opioid receptor in the salsolinol-associated place preference in rats exposed to conditioned fear stress: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 24(3) Mar 2000, 366-372.
  • Mazurski, E. J., Bond, N. W., Siddle, D. A. T., & Lovibond, P. F. (1996). Conditioning with facial expressions of emotion: Effects of CS sex and age: Psychophysiology Vol 33(4) Jul 1996, 416-425.
  • McAllister, D. E., & McAllister, W. R. (1994). Extinction and reconditioning of classically conditioned fear before and after instrumental learning: Effects of depth of fear extinction: Learning and Motivation Vol 25(4) Nov 1994, 339-367.
  • McAllister, K. H. (1997). A single administration of d-amphetamine prior to stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning attenuates latent inhibition: Psychopharmacology Vol 130(2) Mar 1997, 79-84.
  • McAllister, W. R., & McAllister, D. E. (1988). Reconditioning of extinguished fear after a one-year delay: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 26(5) Sep 1988, 463-466.
  • McBryde, W. C., & Murphree, O. D. (1974). The rehabilitation of genetically nervous dogs: Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science Vol 9(2) Apr 1974, 76-84.
  • McEchron, M. D., Tseng, W., & Disterhoft, J. F. (2000). Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus disrupt auditory-cued trace heart rate (fear) conditioning in rabbits: Hippocampus Vol 10(6) 2000, 739-751.
  • McGaugh, J. L., Dawson, R. G., Coleman, R., & Rawie, J. (1971). Electroshock effects on memory in diethyl ether-treated mice: Analysis of the CER-incubation hypothesis of retrograde amnesia: Communications in Behavioral Biology Vol 6(3-4, Pt a) Sep 1971, 227-232.
  • McGaughey, T. P., & Thompson, W. R. (1975). Stimulus generalization of a CER in young and adult rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 5(3) Mar 1975, 228-230.
  • McGill, J. L. (1975). The influence of the orienting component of the electrodermal response on the demonstration of the "Diven effect." Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • McIntire, R. W. (1966). Extinction of the freezing component of the CER after frontal ablation: Psychological Reports 19(1) 1966, 187-193.
  • McIntosh, R. W. (1987). An inter-species examination of the Conditioned Emotional Response: Effects of chronic and acute diazepam, environmental pre-exposure, and theoretical implications: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • McIntyre, D. C., & Molino, A. (1972). Amygdala lesions and CER learning: Long term effect of kindling: Physiology & Behavior Vol 8(6) Jun 1972, 1055-1058.
  • McKernan, M. G., & Shinnick-Gallagher, P. (1997). Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vitro: Nature Vol 390(6660) Dec 1997, 607-611.
  • McKim, W. A. (1973). The effects of cholinergic drugs on operant behaviour of the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • McNally, G. P., & Westbrook, R. F. (2003). Temporally graded, context-specific retrograde amnesia and its alleviation by context preexposure: Effects of postconditioning exposures to morphine in the rat: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 29(2) Apr 2003, 130-142.
  • McNally, R. J., & Foa, E. B. (1986). Preparedness and resistance to extinction to fear-relevant stimuli: A failure to replicate: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 24(5) 1986, 529-535.
  • Melo, L. L., Brandao, M. L., Graeff, F. G., & Sandner, G. (1997). Bilateral ablation of the auditory cortex in the rat alters conditioned emotional suppression to a sound as appraised through a latent inhibition study: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 88(1) Oct 1997, 59-65.
  • Mendelsohn, G. A. (1962). The competition of affective responses in human subjects: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology Vol 65(1) Jul 1962, 26-31.
  • Merckelbach, H., van den Hout, M. A., & van der Molen, G. M. (1987). Preparedness and phobias: A critical overview of the literature: Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden Vol 42(3) Apr 1987, 115-124.
  • Merrill, H. K. (1976). Conditioned suppression in rats responding for hypothalamic brain stimulation: Physiological Psychology Vol 4(2) Jun 1976, 151-154.
  • Messier, C., & White, N. M. (1987). Memory improvement by glucose, fructose, and two glucose analogs: A possible effect on peripheral glucose transport: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 48(1) Jul 1987, 104-127.
  • Methot, C., & Deutsch, R. (1984). The effect of diazepam on a conditioned emotional response in the rat: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 20(4) Apr 1984, 495-499.
  • Mikhail, A. A. (1971). Effects of acute and chronic stress situations on stomach acidity in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 74(1, Pt 1) Jan 1971, 23-27.
  • Mikhail, A. A. (1972). The effects of conditioned anxiety on the recovery from experimental ulceration: Journal of Psychosomatic Research Vol 16(2) Apr 1972, 115-122.
  • Mikhail, A. A. (1973). Stress and ulceration in the glandular and nonglandular portions of the rat's stomach: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 85(3) Dec 1973, 636-642.
  • Milby, J. B. (1972). The effects of SDELTA duration on behavioral contrast: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association Vol 7(Pt 2) 1972, 747-748.
  • Millenson, J. R., & de Villiers, P. A. (1972). Motivational properties of conditioned suppression: Learning and Motivation Vol 3(2) May 1972, 125-137.
  • Millenson, J. R., & Dent, J. G. (1971). Habituation of conditioned suppression: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 23(1) Feb 1971, 126-134.
  • Millenson, J. R., & Hendry, D. P. (1967). Quantification of Response Suppression in Conditioned Anxiety Training: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 21(3) 1967, 242-252.
  • Millenson, J. R., & Leslie, J. (1974). The conditioned emotional response (CER) as a baseline for the study of anti-anxiety drugs: Neuropharmacology Vol 13(1) Jan 1974, 1-9.
  • Miller, R. R., Ott, C. A., Daniel, D., & Berk, A. M. (1976). ECS-induced amnesia and recovery of memory for classically conditioned fear in the rat: Physiological Psychology Vol 4(1) Mar 1976, 57-60.
  • Miller, S., Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1982). Comparison of various flooding procedures in reducing fear and in extinguishing jump-up avoidance responding: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 10(3) Aug 1982, 390-400.
  • Mineka, S. (1979). The role of fear in theories of avoidance learning, flooding, and extinction: Psychological Bulletin Vol 86(5) Sep 1979, 985-1010.
  • Mineka, S., Cook, M., & Miller, S. (1984). Fear conditioned with escapable and inescapable shock: Effects of a feedback stimulus: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 10(3) Jul 1984, 307-323.
  • Mineka, S., & Gino, A. (1979). Dissociative effects of different types and amounts of nonreinforced CS exposure on avoidance extinction and the CER: Learning and Motivation Vol 10(2) May 1979, 141-160.
  • Mineka, S., & Gino, A. (1980). Dissociation between conditioned emotional response and extended avoidance performance: Learning and Motivation Vol 11(4) Nov 1980, 476-502.
  • Mintz, M., & Wang-Ninio, Y. (2001). Two-stage theory of conditioning: Involvement of the cerebellum and the amygdala: Brain Research Vol 897(1-2) Apr 2001, 150-156.
  • Mirza, N. R., Bright, J. L., Stanhope, K. J., Wyatt, A., & Harrington, N. R. (2005). Lamotrigine has an anxiolytic-like profile in the rat conditioned emotional response test of anxiety: A potential role for sodium channels? : Psychopharmacology Vol 180(1) Jun 2005, 159-168.
  • Miyashita, T. (1971). Proper control procedure in the "on-the-base-line" type of CER experiment: Japanese Psychological Research Vol 13(4) Dec 1971, 176-182.
  • Miyashita, T., & Imada, H. (1971). Difficult discrimination and discrimination reversal in CER: Japanese Psychological Research Vol 13(2) Jul 1971, 92-96.
  • Mogenson, G. J. (1959). Conditioned responses to cortical stimulation with the use of two different instrumental techniques: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 52(4) Aug 1959, 497-500.
  • Molino, A. (1975). Sparing of function after infant lesions of selected limbic structures in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 89(8) Oct 1975, 868-881.
  • Monastra, V. J. (1978). Reacquisition of conditioned suppression to visual and auditory stimuli after extinction to the stimuli individually or in compound: An investigation of the theoretical and therapeutic implications of the Rescorla-Wagner Learning Theory: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Monastra, V. J., & Sisemore, D. A. (1978). Reacquisition of a conditioned emotional response to visual and auditory stimuli following simple or compound extinction procedures: An investigation of theoretical and therapeutic implications of the Rescorla-Wagner learning theory: Psychological Reports Vol 43(3, Pt 1) Dec 1978, 839-845.
  • Mongeau, R., De Oca, B. M., Fanselow, M. S., & Marsden, C. A. (1998). Differential effects of neurokinin-1 receptor activation in subregions of the periaqueductal gray matter on conditional and unconditional fear behaviors in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 112(5) Oct 1998, 1125-1135.
  • Monti, P. M. (1975). Residual fear of the CS as a function of response prevention after avoidance or classical-defensive conditioning in the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Monti, P. M., & Smith, N. F. (1976). Erratum to Monti and Smith: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 105(3) Sep 1976, 293.
  • Monti, P. M., & Smith, N. F. (1976). Residual fear of the conditioned stimulus as a function of response prevention after avoidance or classical defensive conditioning in the rat: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 105(2) Jun 1976, 148-162.
  • Moran, P. M., & Moser, P. C. (1992). MDL 73,147EF, a 5-HT-sub-3 antagonist, facilitates latent inhibition in the rat: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 42(3) Jul 1992, 519-522.
  • Morgan, M. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (1999). Contribution of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats: Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Vol 72(3) Nov 1999, 244-251.
  • Mormede, P., & Dantzer, R. (1977). Effects of dexamethasone on fear conditioning in pigs: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 21(2) Oct 1977, 225-235.
  • Mormede, P., & Dantzer, R. (1978). Pituitary-adrenal influences on avoidance behavior of pigs: Hormones and Behavior Vol 10(3) Jun 1978, 285-297.
  • Morris, H. V., Dawson, G. R., Reynolds, D. S., Atack, J. R., & Stephens, D. N. (2006). Both alpha 2 and alpha 3 GABA-sub(A) receptor subtypes mediate the anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepine site ligands in the conditioned emotional response paradigm: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 23(9) May 2006, 2495-2504.
  • Morris, R. G. (1974). Pavlovian conditioned inhibition of fear during shuttlebox avoidance behavior: Learning and Motivation Vol 5(4) Nov 1974, 424-447.
  • Morrow, B. A., Elsworth, J. D., Zito, C., & Roth, R. H. (1999). Biochemical and behavioral anxiolytic-like effects of R(+)HA-966 at the level of the ventral tegmental area in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 143(3) Apr 1999, 227-234.
  • Morten Stormark, K., & Hugdahl, K. (1997). Conditioned emotional cueing of spatial attentional shifts in a go/no-go RT task: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 27(3) Dec 1997, 241-248.
  • Mowrer, R. R. (1987). Latent inhibition of contextual stimuli reduces the US preexposure effect in rats: Psychological Record Vol 37(2) Spr 1987, 239-245.
  • Moyer, S. M. (1977). Stimulus intensity effects and second-order response acquisition in Pavlovian fear conditioning: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Mustaca, A. E., Martinez, C., & Papini, M. R. (2000). Surprising nonreward reduces aggressive behavior in rats: International Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 13(1-2) 2000, 91-100.
  • Nader, K., & LeDoux, J. (1999). The dopaminergic modulation of fear: Quinpirole impairs the recall of emotional memories in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 113(1) Feb 1999, 152-165.
  • Nageishi, Y., & Imada, H. (1974). Suppression of licking behavior in rats as a function of predictability of shock and probability of conditioned-stimulus-shock pairings: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 87(6) Dec 1974, 1165-1173.
  • Nail-Boucherie, K., Dourmap, N., Jaffard, R., & Costentin, J. (2000). Contextual fear conditioning is associated with an increase of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus of rat: Cognitive Brain Research Vol 9(2) Mar 2000, 193-197.
  • Nakaya, T. (1980). Comparison of detention procedure with removal procedure during intertrial intervals in classical fear conditioning: Japanese Journal of Psychology Vol 51(3) Aug 1980, 160-163.
  • Nathan, M. A., & Smith, O. A., Jr. (1968). Differential Conditional Emotional and Cardiovascular Responses: a Training Technique for Monkeys: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11(1) 1968, 77-82.
  • Newton, P. M., Orr, C. J., Wallace, M. J., Kim, C., Shin, H.-S., & Messing, R. O. (2004). Deletion of N-Type Calcium Channels Alters Ethanol Reward and Reduces Ethanol Consumption in Mice: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 24(44) 2004, 9862-9869.
  • Norman, C., & Cassaday, H. J. (2004). CER to discrete and contextual stimuli: Effects of stimulus modality depend on strain of rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 82(4) Sep 2004, 611-619.
  • Ohad, D., Lubow, R. E., Weiner, I., & Feldon, J. (1987). The effects of amphetamine on blocking: Psychobiology Vol 15(2) Jun 1987, 137-143.
  • Ohman, A., Fredrikson, M., & Hugdahl, K. (1978). Towards an experimental model for simple phobic reactions: Behavioural Analysis & Modification Vol 2(2) Feb 1978, 97-114.
  • Ohman, A., & Soares, J. J. F. (1998). Emotional conditioning to masked stimuli: Expectancies for aversive outcomes following nonrecognized fear-relevant stimuli: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 127(1) Mar 1998, 69-82.
  • O'Tuathaigh, C. P., & Moran, P. M. (2004). The effect of sulpiride on amphetamine-induced disruption of overshadowing in the rat: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 28(8) Dec 2004, 1249-1253.
  • Owen, E. H., Christensen, S. C., Paylor, R., & Wehner, J. M. (1997). Identification of quantitative trait loci involved in contextual and auditory-cued fear conditioning in BXD recombinant inbred strains: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 111(2) Apr 1997, 292-300.
  • Owen, J. W. (1976). An analysis of the fear reduction produced by warning signal termination, feedback signal onset, and both events in combination: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Owen, J. W., Cicala, G. A., & Herdegen, R. T. (1978). Fear inhibition and species specific defense reaction termination may contribute independently to avoidance learning: Learning and Motivation Vol 9(3) Aug 1978, 297-313.
  • Pacitti, W. A. (1978). Facilitation of fear reduction following electrical stimulation of the brain in rats: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Paikova, L. N. (1973). Bioelectrical and vegetative components of conditioned reflexes of the "negative-emotional type." Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti Vol 23(3) May-Jun 1973, 517-522.
  • Palfai, T., & Albala, B. (1976). Time-dependent performance impairments produced by Metrazol: Amnesia or nonspecific drug effect? : Behavioral Biology Vol 17(4) Aug 1976, 453-461.
  • Parker, B. K., Barker, D. L., & Topping, J. (1971). The differential effects of timeout and shock on DRL responding in the CER paradigm: Psychonomic Science Vol 22(3) Feb 1971, 133-135.
  • Parkinson, S. R. (1968). Sensory Preconditioning of a Conditioned Emotional Response: Psychonomic Science Vol 11(3) 1968, 119.
  • Paterson, A., Whiting, P. J., Gray, J. A., Flint, J., & Dawson, G. R. (2001). Lack of consistent behavioural effects of Maudsley reactive and non-reactive rats in a number of animal tests of anxiety and activity: Psychopharmacology Vol 154(4) Apr 2001, 336-342.
  • Paul, D. B., & Blumenthal, A. L. (1989). On the trail of Little Albert: Psychological Record Vol 39(4) Fal 1989, 547-553.
  • Paunovic, N. (2002). Prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC) as a treatment for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression in an adult survivor of repeated child sexual and physical abuse: Clinical Case Studies Vol 1(2) Apr 2002, 148-169.
  • Pearce, J. M., & Dickinson, A. (1975). Pavlovian countercondition: Changing the suppressive properties of shock by association with food: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 1(2) Apr 1975, 170-177.
  • Peper, M., & Karcher, S. (2001). Differential conditioning to facial emotional expressions: Effects of hemispheric asymmetries and CS identification: Psychophysiology Vol 38(6) Nov 2001, 936-950.
  • Pert, A., & Avis, H. H. (1974). Dissociation between scopolamine and mecamylamine during fear conditioning in rats: Physiological Psychology Vol 2(2) Jun 1974, 111-116.
  • Petrovich, G. D., Scicli, A. P., Thompson, R. F., & Swanson, L. W. (2000). Associative fear conditioning of enkephalin mRNA levels in central amygdalar neurons: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 114(4) Aug 2000, 681-686.
  • Pezze, M. A., Bast, T., & Feldon, J. (2003). Significance of dopamine transmission in the rat medial prefrontal cortex for conditioned fear: Cerebral Cortex Vol 13(4) Apr 2003, 371-380.
  • Pezze, M. A., Feldon, J., & Murphy, C. A. (2002). Increased conditioned fear response and altered balance of dopamine in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens during amphetamine withdrawal: Neuropharmacology Vol 42(5) Apr 2002, 633-643.
  • Pfautz, P. L., Donegan, N. H., & Wagner, A. R. (1978). Sensory preconditioning versus protection from habituation: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 4(3) Jul 1978, 286-295.
  • Phillips, R. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (1995). Lesions of the fornix but not the entorhinal or perirhinal cortex interfere with contextual fear conditioning: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 15(7, Pt 2) Jul 1995, 5308-5315.
  • Pinel, J. P., & Mucha, R. F. (1973). Incubation and Kamin effects in the rat: Changes in activity and reactivity after footshock: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 84(3) Sep 1973, 661-668.
  • Popik, R. S., Stern, S. D., & Frey, P. W. (1979). Second-order conditioning: Different outcomes in fear and eyelid conditioning: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 7(3) Aug 1979, 355-359.
  • Post, R. M., Rubinow, D. R., & Ballenger, J. C. (1986). Conditioning and sensitisation in the longitudinal course of affective illness: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 149 Aug 1986, 191-201.
  • Proctor, S., & Malloy, T. E. (1971). Cognitive control of conditioned emotional responses: An extension of behavior therapy to include the experimental psychology of cognition: Behavior Therapy Vol 2(3) Jul 1971, 294-306.
  • Provost, S. C. (1990). Excitatory and inhibitory backward conditioning in the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Quinsey, V. L., & Varney, G. W. (1976). Modification of preference in a concurrent schedule by aversive conditioning: An analog study: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 7(2) Feb 1976, 211-213.
  • Rachman, S., & Lopatka, C. (1986). Do fears summate? III: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 24(6) 1986, 653-660.
  • Ralston, S. L. (1981). Schooling as means of enhancing the ability of fish to respond to environmental stimuli: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ramsey, R. W. (1978). Emotional training as an adjunct to assertive training: Behavioral Engineering Vol 4(4) 1978, 97-101.
  • Rand, G. V., Sloane, H. N., & Dobson, W. R. (1971). Some variables affecting conditioned suppression in humans: Behavior Therapy Vol 2(4) Oct 1971, 554-559.
  • Randich, A., & LoLordo, V. M. (1979). Associative and nonassociative theories of the UCS preexposure phenomenon: Implications for Pavlovian conditioning: Psychological Bulletin Vol 86(3) May 1979, 523-548.
  • Randich, A., & LoLordo, V. M. (1979). Preconditioning exposure to the unconditioned stimulus affects the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response: Learning and Motivation Vol 10(3) Aug 1979, 245-277.
  • Randich, A., Smith, I. M., & LoLordo, V. M. (1979). Pituitary-adrenal influences on the acquisition of excitatory and inhibitory conditioned responses in rats: Physiological Psychology Vol 7(1) Mar 1979, 75-83.
  • Rappaport, M. E. (1977). Pre-exposure effects in sensory preconditioning: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Rasbury, W. C. (1971). The effects of varying degrees of shock predictability on variable-interval performance for food reinforcement: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Regan, M., & Howard, R. (1995). Fear conditioning, preparedness, and the contingent negative variation: Psychophysiology Vol 32(3) May 1995, 208-214.
  • Reiter, L. A., & deVellis, B. M. (1976). Conditioned suppression in humans produced by a human stimulus: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 34(2) Aug 1976, 223-227.
  • Remington, R. E., & Strongman, K. T. (1970). Instruction-dependent facilitation during a pretimeout stimulus in human subjects: Psychonomic Science Vol 20(6) Sep 1970, 348-349.
  • Repa, J. C., Muller, J., Apergis, J., Desrochers, T. M., Zhou, Y., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001). Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and storage of memory: Nature Neuroscience Vol 4(7) Jul 2001, 724-731.
  • Rescorla, R. A. (1967). Inhibition of Delay in Pavlovian Fear Conditioning: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 64(1) Aug 1967, 114-120.
  • Rescorla, R. A., & Heth, C. D. (1975). Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes Vol 1(1) Jan 1975, 88-96.
  • Rezk Gomez, M. (1979). The application of the experimental behavior analysis to the study of innate conduct: Imprinting: Aprendizaje y Comportamiento Vol 2(1-2) 1979, 109-121.
  • Riccio, D. C., & Thach, J. S., Jr. (1966). Rotation as an aversive stimulus for rats: Psychonomic Science Vol 5(7) 1966, 267-268.
  • Richardson, R., Duffield, T. Q., Bailey, G. K., & Westbrook, R. F. (1999). Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned context: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 27(4) Nov 1999, 399-415.
  • Richardson, R., Ebner, D. L., & Riccio, D. C. (1981). Effects of delayed testing on passive avoidance of conditioned fear stimuli in young rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 18(4) Oct 1981, 211-214.
  • Richardson, R., Paxinos, G., & Lee, J. (2000). The ontogeny of conditioned odor potentiation of startle: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 114(6) Dec 2000, 1167-1173.
  • Rizley, R. C., & Rescorla, R. A. (1972). Associations in second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 81(1) Oct 1972, 1-11.
  • Roberts, A. C., & Wallis, J. D. (2000). Inhibitory control and affective processing in the prefrontal cortex: Neuropsychological studies in the common marmoset: Cerebral Cortex Vol 10(3) Mar 2000, 252-262.
  • Rodriguez, G., & Alonso, G. (2004). Latent inhibition as a function of US intensity in a two-stage CER procedure: Psicologica Vol 25(2) 2004, 207-216.
  • Rogan, M. T., Staubli, U. V., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997). Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala: Nature Vol 390(6660) Dec 1997, 604-607.
  • Rogan, M. T., Staubli, U. V., & LeDoux, J. E. (1998). "Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala": Erratum: Nature Vol 391(6669) Feb 1998, 818.
  • Rogers, J. D. (1973). Stimulus intensity and trace intervals in sensory preconditioning using the CER: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 1(2) Feb 1973, 107-109.
  • Rose, P. J. (1983). "Preparedness" and classical conditioning components of fear responses in agoraphobics: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Rosellini, R. A., DeCola, J. P., & Warren, D. A. (1986). The effect of feedback stimuli on contextual fear depends upon the length of the minimum intertrial interval: Learning and Motivation Vol 17(3) Aug 1986, 229-242.
  • Rosellini, R. A., & Terris, W. (1976). Fear as a discriminative stimulus for an appetitive instrumental response: Learning and Motivation Vol 7(3) Aug 1976, 327-339.
  • Ross, N., & Monti, J. M. (1971). Effects of haloperidol, trifluperidol, nitrazepam and chlordiazepoxide upon conditioned midbrain behavioral responses: Psychopharmacologia Vol 22(1) 1971, 31-44.
  • Rudy, J. W. (1994). Ontogeny of context-specific latent inhibition of conditioned fear: Implications for configural associations theory and hippocampal formation development: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 27(6) Sep 1994, 367-379.
  • Rudy, J. W. (1996). Postconditioning isolation disrupts contextual conditioning: An experimental analysis: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 110(2) Apr 1996, 238-246.
  • Ruthrich, H., Dorochow, W., Pohle, W., Ruthrich, H.-L., & et al. (1987). Colchicine-induced lesion of rat hippocampal granular cells prevents conditioned active avoidance with perforant path stimulation as conditioned stimulus, but not conditioned emotion: Physiology & Behavior Vol 40(2) 1987, 147-154.
  • Sachs, D. A., & Keller, T. (1972). Intensity and temporal characteristics of the CER paradigm with humans: Journal of General Psychology Vol 86(2) Apr 1972, 181-188.
  • Sachs, D. A., Martin, D. W., & Moyer, P. N. (1977). A limited capacity information processing interpretation of conditioned emotional responding: Journal of General Psychology Vol 97(2) Oct 1977, 211-218.
  • Sachs, D. A., & May, J. G., Jr. (1967). Conditional Emotional Response with Humans: the Effect of a Variable Interstimulus Interval Using a Trace Conditioning Paradigm: Psychonomic Science Vol 9(6) 1967, 343-344.
  • Sachs, D. H. (1975). Conditioning of affect to a neutral stimulus: Number of trials: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 40(3) Jun 1975, 895-901.
  • Sanchez, C. J., & Sorg, B. A. (2001). Conditioned fear stimuli reinstate cocaine-induced conditioned place preference: Brain Research Vol 908(1) Jul 2001, 86-92.
  • Sandin, B., & Chorot, P. (1989). The incubation theory of fear/anxiety: Experimental investigation in a human laboratory model of Pavlovian conditioning: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 27(1) 1989, 9-18.
  • Sanford, L. D., Fang, J., & Tang, X. (2003). Sleep after differing amounts of conditioned fear training in BALB/cJ mice: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 147(1-2) Dec 2003, 193-202.
  • Sanger, D. J., & Joly, D. (1985). Anxiolytic drugs and the acquisition of conditioned fear in mice: Psychopharmacology Vol 85(3) Mar 1985, 284-288.
  • Sanger, D. J., & Joly, D. (1986). Zimelidine does not antagonise the effects of alcohol or diazepam on the acquisition of conditioned fear in mice: Neuropsychobiology Vol 15(1) May 1986, 29-33.
  • Sanger, D. J., Joly, D., & Zivkovic, B. (1986). Effects of zolpidem, a new imidazopyridine hypnotic, on the acquisition of conditioned fear in mice: Comparison with triazolam and CL 218,872: Psychopharmacology Vol 90(2) Sep 1986, 207-210.
  • Santini, E., Muller, R. U., & Quirk, G. J. (2001). Consolidation of extinction learning involves transfer from NMDA-independent to NMDA-dependent memory: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 21(22) Nov 2001, 9009-9017.
  • Sara, S. J. (1984). Forgetting of a conditioned emotional response and its alleviation by pretest amphetamine: Physiological Psychology Vol 12(1) Mar 1984, 17-22.
  • Sargent, D. M. (1986). Blocking in second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Sartory, G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1978). Fear conditioning and extinction in rats at different times of day: Journal of General Psychology Vol 99(1) Jul 1978, 87-92.
  • Sato, T., & Murai, N. (1966). The experimental study of the hunger therapy: II. Effect of starvation upon retention of conditioned emotional response: Tohoku Psychologica Folia 24(3-4) 1966, 99-103.
  • Saulskaya, N., & Marsden, C. A. (1995). Extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens during a conditioned emotional response in the rat: Brain Research Vol 698(1-2) Nov 1995, 114-120.
  • Saulskaya, N. B., & Gorbachevskaya, A. I. (1997). Conditioned dopamine release in the n. accumbens in rats with lesions of the hippocampal formation: Rossiyskiy Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal im I M Sechenova Vol 83(1-2) Jan-Feb 1997, 76-82.
  • Saul'skaya, N. B., & Gorbachevskaya, A. I. (1999). The role of the hippocampal formation in controlling GABA release in the nucleus accumbens during an emotional conditioned response: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol 29(4) Jul-Aug 1999, 461-466.
  • Saul'skaya, N. B., & Marsden, C. A. (1996). Participation of the glutamatergic input of the nucleus accumbens in the regulation of the synaptic release of dopamine during associative learning: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol 26(2) Mar-Apr 1996, 174-181.
  • Saul'skaya, N. B., & Marsden, C. A. (1998). gamma -Aminobutric acid levels in the intercellular space in the nucleus accumbens of the rats brain during a nociceptive conditioned response: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol 28(1) Jan-Feb 1998, 60-64.
  • Scallet, A. C. (1982). Effects of conditioned fear and environmental novelty on plasma !b-endorphin in the rat: Peptides Vol 3(2) Mar-Apr 1982, 203-206.
  • Schafe, G. E., Nader, K., Blair, H. T., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001). Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: A cellular and molecular perspective: Trends in Neurosciences Vol 24(9) Sep 2001, 540-546.
  • Schauz, C., & Koch, M. (2000). Blockade of NMDA receptors in the amygdala prevents latent inhibition of fear-conditioning: Learning & Memory Vol 7(6) Nov-Dec 2000, 393-399.
  • Schneider, F., Habel, U., Kessler, C., Posse, S., Grodd, W., & Muller-Gartner, H.-W. (2000). Functional imaging of conditioned aversive emotional responses in antisocial personality disorder: Neuropsychobiology Vol 42(4) Nov 2000, 192-201.
  • Schnur, P., & Lubow, R. E. (1976). Latent inhibition: The effects of ITI and CS intensity during preexposure: Learning and Motivation Vol 7(4) Nov 1976, 540-550.
  • Schopper, A. W. (1973). In search of conditioned emotional responding in humans: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Schwartz, T. S. (1982). The influence of negative (inoculative) contingencies on the extinction of a human conditioned emotional response: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Schweitzer, L., & Green, L. (1982). Reevaluation of things past: A test of the "retrospection hypothesis" using a CER procedure with rats: Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science Vol 17(2) Apr-Jun 1982, 62-68.
  • Sears, R. J. (1978). An automated runway: Responding without postreinforcement goal tracking: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 10(3) Jun 1978, 404-408.
  • Seger, K. A., & Scheuer, C. (1977). The informational properties of S1, S2, and the S1-S2 sequence on conditioned suppression: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 5(1) Feb 1977, 39-41.
  • Seligman, M. E. (1967). The Disruptive Effects of Unpredictable Shock: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Seligman, M. E. (1971). Phobias and preparedness: Behavior Therapy Vol 2(3) Jul 1971, 307-320.
  • Senkowski, P. C., & Vogel, V. A. (1976). Effects of number of CS-US pairings on the strength of conditioned frustration in rats: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 4(4) Nov 1976, 421-426.
  • Shafer, S. W., & Stephens, M. W. (1974). Emotionality, conditioned helplessness, and escape conditioning: Psychological Reports Vol 35(3) Dec 1974, 1051-1056.
  • Shalyapina, V. G., Rybnikova, E. A., Rakitskaya, V. V., & Turkina, E. V. (2000). Dopaminergic mechanisms of neostriatum in the regulation of adaptive behavior by corticoliberin: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Vol 30(2) Mar-Apr 2000, 147-152.
  • Sherman, J. E. (1978). Simultaneous fear conditioning: A comparison with forward procedures: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Sherman, J. E. (1978). US inflation with trace and simultaneous fear conditioning: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 6(4) Nov 1978, 463-468.
  • Shimoff, E. H. (1972). Measurement of behavioral effects of the CER procedure: Psychological Reports Vol 30(1) Feb 1972, 67-71.
  • Shipley, R. H. (1974). Extinction of conditioned fear in rats as a function of several parameters of CS exposure: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 87(4) Oct 1974, 699-707.
  • Singh, S. D. (1959). Conditioned emotional response in the rat: I. Constitution and situational determinants: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 52(5) Oct 1959, 574-578.
  • Skinner, N. F. (1974). Comment on Sachs and May's paper on the conditioned emotional response with humans: Psychological Reports Vol 34(3, Pt 2) Jun 1974, 1069-1070.
  • Slaughter, J. S. (1972). Effects on avoidance performance of vagal stimulation during previous fear conditioning: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Smith, J. H. (1968). The First Lie: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 31(1) 1968, 61-68.
  • Smoski, M. J., & Bachorowski, J.-A. (2003). Antiphonal laughter between friends and strangers: Cognition & Emotion Vol 17(2) Mar 2003, 327-340.
  • Snedden, D. S., Spevack, A. A., & Thompson, W. R. (1971). Conditioned and unconditioned suppression as a function of age in rats: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 25(4) Aug 1971, 313-322.
  • Sotty, F., Sandner, G., & Gosselin, O. (1996). Latent inhibition in conditioned emotional response: C-fos immunolabelling evidence for brain areas involved in the rat: Brain Research Vol 737(1-2) Oct 1996, 243-254.
  • Spevack, A. A., Campbell, C. T., & Drake, L. (1975). Effect of amygdalectomy on habituation and CER in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 15(2) Aug 1975, 199-207.
  • Springer, A. D. (1975). Vulnerability of skeletal and autonomic manifestations of a CER to the amnesic effects of ECS: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Staats, A. W., & Hammond, O. W. (1972). Natural words as physiological conditioned stimuli: Food-word-elicited salivation and deprivation effects: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 96(1) Nov 1972, 206-208.
  • Stanhope, K. J., & Dourish, C. T. (1996). Effects of 5-HT-sub(1A ) receptor agonists, partial agonists and a silent antagonist on the performance of the conditioned emotional response test in the rat: Psychopharmacology Vol 128(3) Dec 1996, 293-303.
  • Stebbins, W. C., & Smith, O. A. (1964). Cardiovascular concomitants of the conditioned emotional response in the monkey: Science 144(Whole No 3620) 1964, 881-882.
  • Stephens, D. N., Brown, G., Duka, T., & Ripley, T. L. (2001). Impaired fear conditioning but enhanced seizure sensitivity in rats given repeated experience of withdrawal from alcohol: European Journal of Neuroscience Vol 14(12) Dec 2001, 2029-2031.
  • Stephens, D. N., Tonkiss, J., & Wearden, J. H. (1982). Differences between rats undernourished preweaning, and controls in learning about a redundant stimulus during acquisition of a conditioned emotional response: Physiology & Behavior Vol 28(1) Jan 1982, 95-101.
  • Stiedl, O., Birkenfeld, K., Palve, M., & Spiess, J. (2000). Impairment of conditioned contextual fear of C57BL/6J mice by intracerebral injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist APV: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 116(2) Dec 2000, 157-168.
  • Stock, H. S. (1996). Sex differences and conditioned fear-induced enhancement of morphine analgesia. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Stutz, R. M. (1971). Stimulus generalization within the limbic system: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Suiter, R. D. (1971). Blocking of a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Suiter, R. D., & LoLordo, V. M. (1971). Blocking of inhibitory Pavlovian conditioning in the conditioned emotional response procedure: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 76(1) Jul 1971, 137-144.
  • Surwit, R. S. (1973). The anticipatory modification of the conditioning of a fear response in humans: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Svendsrod, R., & Ursin, H. (1974). A factor-analytic study of the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 87(6) Dec 1974, 1174-1179.
  • Szakmary, G. A. (1977). A note regarding conditioned attention theory: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 9(2) Feb 1977, 142-144.
  • Szakmary, G. A. (1977). Second-order conditioning of the conditioned emotional response: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Szakmary, G. A. (1979). Second-order conditioning of the conditioned emotional response: Some methodological considerations: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 7(2) May 1979, 181-184.
  • Tait, R. W., Black, M., Katz, M., & Suboski, M. D. (1972). Discriminative sensory preconditioning: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 26(2) Jun 1972, 201-205.
  • Tait, R. W., Simon, E., & Suboski, M. D. (1971). "Partial reinforcement" in sensory preconditioning with rats: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 25(6) Dec 1971, 427-435.
  • Tamai, N., & Nakajima, S. (2000). Renewal of formerly conditioned fear in rats after extensive extinction training: International Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 13(3-4) 2000, 137-146.
  • Tapp, J. T. (1964). Strain differences in the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 57(3) Jun 1964, 464-465.
  • Teichner, W. H., Beals, J., & Giambalvo, V. (1973). Conditioned vasomotor response: Thermoregulatory effects: Psychophysiology Vol 10(3) May 1973, 238-243.
  • Testa, T. J. (1976). Comments on: Residual fear of the conditioned stimulus as a function of response prevention after avoidance or classical defensive conditioning in the rat: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Vol 105(2) Jun 1976, 163-168.
  • Thomas, D. A., & Riccio, D. C. (1979). Forgetting of a CS attribute in a conditioned suppression paradigm: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 7(2) May 1979, 191-195.
  • Thompson, C. I., Brannon, A. J., & Heck, A. L. (2003). Emotional fever after habituation to the temperature-recording procedure: Physiology & Behavior Vol 80(1) Oct 2003, 103-108.
  • Thompson, H. S. (1984). The effects of context, preexposure and conditioning UCS intensities on CER acquisition and extinction in albino rats: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Thornton, J. W. (1971). Learned helplessness in humans: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Thornton, J. W., & Jacobs, P. D. (1971). Learned helplessness in human subjects: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 87(3) Mar 1971, 367-372.
  • Tolliver, G. A., Sadeghi, K. G., & Samson, H. H. (1988). Suppressed ethanol intake by CER following the sucrose-fading initiation procedure: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 31(4) Dec 1988, 949-952.
  • Toomey, G. L., & Sidman, M. (1970). An experimental analogue of the anxiety-stuttering relationship: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research Vol 13(1) Mar 1970, 122-129.
  • Toufexis, D. J., Rochford, J., & Walker, C.-D. (1999). Lactation-induced reduction in rats' acoustic startle is associated with changes in noradrenergic neurotransmission: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 113(1) Feb 1999, 176-184.
  • Towey, J. P. (1975). CER in rats modulated by correlations between unavoidable shock and three antecedent conditioned stimuli: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Trimble, K. M., Bell, R., & King, D. J. (1997). Enhancement of latent inhibition in the rat by the antipsychotic agent remoxipride: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 56(4) Apr 1997, 809-816.
  • Tsuchiya, K., Inoue, T., & Koyama, T. (1996). Effect of repeated methamphetamine pretreatment on freezing behavior induced by conditioned fear stress: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 54(4) Aug 1996, 687-691.
  • Tyler, J. D. (1974). Extinction of conditioned fear: A test of Wolpe's reciprocal inhibiton hypothesis: Journal of General Psychology Vol 91(1) Jul 1974, 127-137.
  • Umemoto, M., Murai, Y., Kodama, M., & Kido, R. (1970). Neuronal discharge patterns in conditioned emotional response: Brain Research Vol 24(2) 1970, 347-351.
  • Umemoto, M., & Olds, M. E. (1975). Effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and chlorpromazine on conditioned emotional behaviour and conditioned neuronal activity in limbic, hypothalamic and geniculate regions: Neuropharmacology Vol 14(5-6) May-Jun 1975, 413-425.
  • Ungiadze, A. A. (1970). Elaboration of the conditioned reaction of fear on the basis of hippocampal stimulation: Sak'art'velos SSR Mets'nierebat'a Akademiis Moambe Vol 57(1) Jan 1970, 169-172.
  • Van Dam, D., D'Hooge, R., Hauben, E., Reyniers, E., Gantois, I., Bakker, C. E., et al. (2000). Spatial learning, contextual fear conditioning and conditioned emotional response in Fmr 1 knockout mice: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 117(1-2) Dec 2000, 127-136.
  • Van Dam, D., D'Hooge, R., Hauben, E., Reyniers, E., Gantois, I., Bakker, C. E., et al. (2001). "Spatial learning, contextual fear conditioning and conditioned emotional response in Fmr 1 knockout mice": Erratum: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 126(1-2) Nov 2001, 219.
  • Van der Molen, G. M., Van den Hout, M. A., Merckelbach, H., Van Dieren, A. C., & et al. (1989). The effect of hypocapnia on extinction of conditioned fear responses: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 27(1) 1989, 71-77.
  • Vaughan, K. B., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1980). Vicarious instigation and conditioning of facial expressive and autonomic responses to a model's expressive display of pain: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 38(6) Jun 1980, 909-923.
  • Venn, J. R. (1971). The vicarious conditioning of emotional responses in nursery school children: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Venn, J. R., & Short, J. G. (1973). Vicarious classical conditioning of emotional responses in nursery school children: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 28(2) Nov 1973, 249-255.
  • Viaud, M. D., & White, N. M. (1989). Dissociation of visual and olfactory conditioning in the neostriatum of rats: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 32(1) Feb 1989, 31-42.
  • Vilyunas, V. K. (1988). Specifics of the processes of motivational conditioning in the human mind: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta - Seriya 14: Psikhologiya No 2 1988, 25-32.
  • Vouimba, R. M., Garcia, R., & Jaffard, R. (1998). Opposite effects of lateral septal LTP and lateral septal lesions on contextual fear conditioning in mice: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 112(4) Aug 1998, 875-884.
  • Vouimba, R.-M., Garcia, R., Baudry, M., & Thompson, R. F. (2000). Potentiation of conditioned freezing following dorsomedial prefrontal cortex lesions does not interfere with fear reduction in mice: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 114(4) Aug 2000, 720-724.
  • Wagner, A. R., Siegel, L. S., & Fein, G. G. (1967). Extinction of Conditioned Fear as a Function of Percentage of Reinforcement: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 63(1) Feb 1967, 160-164.
  • Walker, D. L., & Davis, M. (2000). Involvement of NMDA receptors within the amygdala in short- versus long-term memory for fear conditioning as assessed with fear-potentiated startle: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 114(6) Dec 2000, 1019-1033.
  • Walker, D. L., & Davis, M. (2002). Light-enhanced startle: Further pharmacological and behavioral characterization: Psychopharmacology Vol 159(3) Jan 2002, 304-310.
  • Walker, D. L., Ressler, K. J., Lu, K.-T., & Davis, M. (2002). Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 22(6) Mar 2002, 2343-2351.
  • Wallace, K. J., & Rosen, J. B. (2001). Neurotoxic lesions of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala decrease conditioned fear but not unconditioned fear of a predator odor: Comparison with electrolytic lesions: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 21(10) May 2001, 3619-3627.
  • Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2000). Conditioned emotional reactions: American Psychologist Vol 55(3) Mar 2000, 313-317.
  • Weinberger, N. M. (1995). Retuning the brain by fear conditioning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Weiner, I., & Feldon, J. (1994). The latent inhibition model of schizophrenic attention disorder and of antipsychotic drug action: Comment on Dunn, Atwater and Kilts: Psychopharmacology Vol 116(3) Nov 1994, 379-380.
  • Weiner, I., Feldon, J., & Ziv-Harris, D. (1987). Early handling and latent inhibition in the conditioned suppression paradigm: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 20(2) Mar 1987, 233-240.
  • Weiner, I., Hairston, I., Shayit, M., Feldman, G., Joel, D., & Feldon, J. (1998). Strain differences in latent inhibition: Psychobiology Vol 26(1) Mar 1998, 57-64.
  • Weiner, I., Izraeli-Telerant, A., & Feldon, J. (1987). Latent inhibition is not affected by acute or chronic administration of 6 mg/kg dl-amphetamine: Psychopharmacology Vol 91(3) Mar 1987, 345-351.
  • Weiner, I., Lubow, R. E., & Feldon, J. (1984). Abolition of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by chronic amphetamine in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 83(2) May 1984, 194-199.
  • Weiner, I., Lubow, R. E., & Feldon, J. (1988). Disruption of latent inhibition by acute administration of low doses of amphetamine: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 30(4) Aug 1988, 871-878.
  • Weiner, I., Tarrasch, R., & Feldon, J. (1995). Basolateral amygdala lesions do not disrupt latent inhibition: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 72(1-2) Dec 1995, 73-81.
  • Weiner, I., Traub, A., Rawlins, J. N. P., Smith, A. D., & et al. (1995). The sigma ligand BMY-14802 as a potential antipsychotic: Evidence from the latent inhibition model in rats: Behavioural Pharmacology Vol 6(1) Jan 1995, 46-54.
  • Weldin, G. H. (1976). Artifacts in paradoxical enhancement of conditioned fear: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Welgan, P. R., & Fazio, A. F. (1973). Conditioning of depressive responses: Social Behavior and Personality Vol 1(1) 1973, 88-92.
  • White, N. M., & Messier, C. (1988). Effects of adrenal demedullation on the conditioned emotional response and on the memory improving action of glucose: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 102(4) Aug 1988, 499-503.
  • White, N. M., & Viaud, M. (1991). Localized intracaudate dopamine D2 receptor activation during the post-training period improves memory for visual or olfactory conditioned emotional responses in rats: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 55(3) May 1991, 255-269.
  • Williams, G. J. (1961). The effect of electroconvulsive shock on an instrumental conditioned emotional response ("conflict"): Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 54(6) Dec 1961, 633-637.
  • Williams, G. J. (1963). The effect of varying the interval between conflict training and electroconvulsive shock on an instrumental conditioned emotional response: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 56(1) Feb 1963, 129-131.
  • Wilson, C. E. (1971). Effects of post-trial caudate stimulation on the conditioned emotional response: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Wilson, L. M. (1975). The acquisition and extinction of active avoidance responding: A developmental analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Wilson, L. M., & Riccio, D. C. (1973). CS familiarization and conditioned suppression in weanling and adult albino rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 1(3) Mar 1973, 184-186.
  • Winocur, G. (1997). Hippocampal lesions alter conditioning to conditional and contextual stimuli: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 88(2) Nov 1997, 219-229.
  • Wolfle, T. L. (1971). The motivational properties of electrical stimulation in dorsal tegmentum of the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Wolz, J. P., Hurst, D. L., Sherr, A. P., & Spear, N. E. (1979). Stimulus and procedural determinants of the forgetting of conditioned fear: American Journal of Psychology Vol 92(2) Jun 1979, 307-321.
  • Woods, A. M., & Bouton, M. E. (2006). D-Cycloserine Facilitates Extinction but Does Not Eliminate Renewal of the Conditioned Emotional Response: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 120(5) Oct 2006, 1159-1162.
  • Yagi, K., Onaka, T., & Yoshida, A. (1998). Role of NMDA receptors in the emotional memory associated with neuroendocrine responses to conditioned fear stimuli in the rat: Neuroscience Research Vol 30(3) Mar 1998, 279-286.
  • Yaginuma, S., & Iwahara, S. (1972). Retrograde effects of electroconvulsive shock upon conditioned emotional responses in rats: Annual of Animal Psychology Vol 22(1) Nov 1972, 1-8.
  • Yela Bernabe, J. R., Gomez Martinez, M. A., & Salgado Ruiz, A. (2001). Predictability effects upon chronic learned helplessness: Psicothema Vol 13(4) Nov 2001, 592-597.
  • Yeo, A. (1976). The acquisition of conditioned emotional response as a function of intertrial interval: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 28(3) Aug 1976, 449-458.
  • Yoshioka, M., Matsumoto, M., Togashi, H., & Saito, H. (1995). Effects of conditioned fear stress on 5-HT release in the rat prefrontal cortex: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 51(2-3) Jun-Jul 1995, 515-519.
  • Young, A. G., & Galluscio, E. H. (1971). Recovery from ECS-produced amnesia: Psychonomic Science Vol 22(3) Feb 1971, 149-151.
  • Young, B. J., & Leaton, R. N. (1994). Fear potentiation of acoustic startle stimulus-evoked heart rate changes in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 108(6) Dec 1994, 1065-1079.
  • Young, E. A., Owen, E. H., Meiri, K. F., & Wehner, J. M. (2000). Alterations in hippocampal GAP-43 phosphorylation and protein level following contextual fear conditioning: Brain Research Vol 860(1-2) Mar 2000, 95-103.
  • Young, S. L., Bohenek, D. L., & Fanselow, M. S. (1994). NMDA processes mediate anterograde amnesia of contextual fear conditioning induced by hippocampal damage: Immunization against amnesia by context preexposure: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 108(1) Feb 1994, 19-29.
  • Zafiropoulou, M., & Pappa, E. (2002). The role of preparedness and social environment in developing social phobia: Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society Vol 9(3) Sep 2002, 365-377.
  • Zelhart, P. F. (1972). Conditioned reinforcement based on shock termination: Journal of General Psychology Vol 86(1) Jan 1972, 131-139.
  • Zhang, W.-N., Bast, T., & Feldon, J. (2001). The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats: Different anterograde amnesias of fear after infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate or its noncompetitive antagonist MK-801 into the ventral hippocampus: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 126(1-2) Nov 2001, 159-174.
  • Zielinski, K., & Jakubowska, E. (1977). Auditory intensity generalization after CER differentiation training: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 37(3) 1977, 191-205.
  • Zielinski, K., Walasek, G., Werka, T., Wesierska, M., & et al. (1993). Effects of partial lesion of dorsal hippocampal afferent and GM1 ganglioside treatment on conditioned emotional response and hippocampal afferent markers in rats: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 55(1) May 1993, 77-84.
  1. Carlson, Neil (2010). Psychology the Science of Behaviour [4th Canadian ed.], 423, Toronto, On. Canada: Pearson Canada Inc..
Advertisement