Psychology Wiki
Register
(New page: {{existswp}})
 
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{existswp}}
+
{{BioPsy}}
  +
  +
  +
  +
'''Cobalt''' ({{pronEng|ˈkoʊbɒlt}}) is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey [[metal]], a [[chemical element]] with symbol '''Co'''. It is found in various [[ore]]s, and is used in the preparation of [[magnetism|magnetic]], wear-resistant, and high-strength [[alloy]]s. Its [[chemical compound|compound]]s are used in the production of [[ink]]s, [[paint]]s, and [[varnish]]es.
  +
  +
== Notable characteristics ==
  +
[[Image:Cobalt_06.jpg‎ |thumb|left|An electron beam melted sample of cobalt metal made by Kaistar R&D]]
  +
Cobalt is a silver or gray ferromagnetic metal. Pure cobalt is not found in nature, but compounds of cobalt occur naturally in many forms. Small amounts of it are found in most rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals. It is an element of atomic number 27. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per [[atom]]. In nature, it is frequently associated with [[nickel]], and both are characteristic ingredients of [[meteoric iron]]. [[Mammals]] require small amounts of cobalt which is the basis of [[Cyanocobalamin|vitamin B{{ssub|12}}]]. [[Cobalt-60]], an artificially produced [[radioactive isotope]] of cobalt, is an important [[radioactive tracer]] and [[cancer]]-treatment agent. Cobalt has a [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|relative permeability]] two thirds that of iron. [[Metallic]] cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two [[crystallographic structure]]s [[Hexagonal_close_packed|hcp]] and [[Face-centered cubic|fcc]] with a [[transition]] temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K. Cobalt has a hardness of 5.5 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
  +
  +
  +
==Isotopes==
  +
{{main|Isotopes of cobalt}}
  +
Naturally occurring cobalt is "monoisotopic", i.e. only one [[isotope]] is stable: <sup>59</sup>Co. 22 [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized with the most stable being <sup>60</sup>Co with a [[half-life]] of 5.2714 years, <sup>57</sup>Co with a half-life of 271.79 days, <sup>56</sup>Co with a half-life of 77.27 days, and <sup>58</sup>Co with a half-life of 70.86 days. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 18 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 [[meta state]]s, all of which have half-lives less than 15 minutes.
  +
  +
The isotopes of cobalt range in [[atomic weight]] from 50 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (<sup>50</sup>Co) to 73 u (<sup>73</sup>Co). The primary [[decay mode]] for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope, <sup>59</sup>Co, is [[electron capture]] and the primary mode of decay for those of greater than 59 atomic mass units is [[beta decay]]. The primary [[decay product]]s before <sup>59</sup>Co are element 26 ([[iron]]) isotopes and the primary products after are element 28 ([[nickel]]) [[isotopes]].
  +
  +
====Cobalt radioisotopes in medicine ====
  +
[[Cobalt-60 (isotope)|Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or <sup>60</sup>Co)]] is a [[radioactive]] metal that is used in [[radiation therapy|radiotherapy]]. It produces two [[gamma ray]]s with energies of 1.17 [[MeV]] and 1.33 [[MeV]]. The <sup>60</sup>Co source is about 2 [[centimetre|cm]] in [[diameter]] and as a result produces a [[geometric]] [[penumbra]], making the edge of the [[radiation]] field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with [[radiation protection]]. The <sup>60</sup>Co source is useful for about 5 years but even after this point is still very [[radioactive]], and so cobalt machines have fallen from favor in the Western world where [[linacs]] are common.
  +
  +
Cobalt-57 (Co-57 or <sup>57</sup>Co) is a [[radioactive]] metal that is used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin B{{ssub|12}} uptake. It is useful for the [[Schilling's test]].<ref>[http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/physics/isotopes/Co/Co57/uses.html JPNM Physics Isotopes] </ref>
  +
  +
== Occurrence ==
  +
[[Image:Cobalt OreUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Cobalt ore]]
  +
[[Image:2005cobalt (mined).PNG|thumb|right|Cobalt output in 2005]]
  +
[[Image:Cobalt - world production trend.svg|thumb|World production trend]]
  +
Cobalt is not found as a [[native metal]] but generally found in the form of [[ore]]s. Cobalt is usually not mined alone, and tends to be produced as a [[by-product]] of [[nickel]] and [[copper]] mining activities. The main ores of cobalt are [[cobaltite]], [[erythrite]], [[glaucodot]], and [[skutterudite]].
  +
  +
In 2005, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] was the top producer of cobalt with almost 40% world share followed by Canada, Zambia, Russia, Brazil and Cuba, reports the [[British Geological Survey]].
  +
  +
== Compounds ==
  +
There is a wide variety of cobalt compounds. The +2 and +3 [[oxidation state]]s are most prevalent, however cobalt(I) complexes are also fairly common. Cobalt(II) salts form the red-pink [Co(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> complex in aqueous solution. Adding excess chloride will also change the colour from pink to blue, due to the formation of [CoCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>. Cobalt oxides are [[antiferromagnetic]] at low [[temperature]]: CoO ([[Neel temperature]] 291 K) and Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (Neel temperature: 40 K), which is analogous to [[magnetite]] (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states. The oxide Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is probably unstable; it has never been synthesized. Other than Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and the brown fluoride CoF<sub>3</sub> (which is instantly [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] in water), all compounds containing cobalt in the +3 oxidation state are stabilized by complex ion formation.
  +
; see also [[:Category:Cobalt compounds]]
  +
  +
== Biological role ==
  +
Cobalt in small amounts is essential to many living [[organism]]s, including [[humans]]. Having 0.13 to 0.30 mg/kg of cobalt in soils markedly improves the health of [[grazing]] animals. Cobalt is a central component of the [[vitamin]] [[cobalamin]], or [[Cyanocobalamin|vitamin B{{ssub|12}}]].
  +
  +
== Precautions ==
  +
Although cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amounts, at higher levels of exposure it shows [[mutagenic]] and [[carcinogenic]] effects similar to [[nickel#Precautions|nickel]].<ref>[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s048zcob.pdf]</ref>
  +
  +
[[Cobalt-60 (isotope)|<sup>60</sup>Co]] is a high-energy [[gamma ray]] emitter. Acute high-dose exposures to the gamma emissions, such as can occur when irradiation equipment is inadvertently diverted into scrap, can cause severe burns and death. Extended exposures increase the risk of morbidity or mortality from cancer.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9501E7D71338F932A35756C0A962948260 The Juarez accident]</ref>
  +
  +
==References==
  +
*Babb, T. L., Mitchell, A. G., & Crandall, P. H. (1974). Fastigiobulbar and dentatothalamic influences on hippocampal cobalt epilepsy in the cat: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 36(2) Feb 1974, 141-154.
  +
*Bourg, W. J., Nation, J. R., & Clark, D. E. (1985). The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on passive-avoidance performance in the adult rat: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 23(6) Nov 1985, 527-530.
  +
*Canfield, J. G., & Rose, G. J. (1996). Hierarchical sensory guidance of Mauthner-mediated escape responses in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and cichlids (Haplochromis burtoni): Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol 48(3) Sep 1996, 137-156.
  +
*Colasanti, B. K., Kosa, J. E., & Craig, C. R. (1975). Appearance of wet dog shake behavior during cobalt experimental epilepsy in the rat and its suppression by reserpine: Psychopharmacologia Vol 44(1) 1975, 33-36.
  +
*Cunningham, T. J. (1976). Early eye removal produces excessive bilateral branching in the rat: Application of cobalt filling method: Science Vol 194(4267) Nov 1976, 857-859.
  +
*Czarnota, M., Whitman, D., & Berman, R. (1998). Activity and passive-avoidance learning in cobalt-injected rats: International Journal of Neuroscience Vol 93(1-2) 1998, 29-34.
  +
*Dong, C.-j., McReynolds, J. S., & Qian, H.-h. (1990). Time-dependent differential effects of cobalt ions on rod- and cone-driven responses in the isolated frog retina: Visual Neuroscience Vol 4(4) Apr 1990, 359-365.
  +
*Finch, D. M. (1975). Visual evoked potential correlates of epilepsy in the cobalt focus of rat neocortex: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  +
*Galbraith, R. A., Furukawa, M., & Li, M. (2006). Possible role of creatine concentrations in the brain in regulating appetite and weight: Brain Research Vol 1101(1) Jul 2006, 85-91.
  +
*Hamann, S. R., Holtman, J. R., & Martin, W. R. (1992). Analgesic actions of local anesthetics and cobalt chloride in the rat brain stem: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 43(3) Nov 1992, 925-927.
  +
*Harlow, H. F., Schlitz, K. A., & Settlage, P. H. (1955). Effect of cortical implanatations of radioactive cobalt on learned behavior of rhesus monkeys: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 48(5) Oct 1955, 432-436.
  +
*Hartman, E. R., Colasanti, B. K., & Craig, C. R. (1974). Epileptogenic properties of cobalt and related metals applied directly to cerebral cortex of rat: Epilepsia Vol 15(1) Mar 1974, 121-129.
  +
*Jansen, H. M. L., Van Der Naalt, J., Van Zomeren, A. H., Paans, A. M. L., & et al. (1996). Cobalt-55 positron emission tomography in traumatic brain injury: A pilot study: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol 60(2) Feb 1996, 221-224.
  +
*Nation, J. R., Bourgeois, A. E., Clark, D. E., & Hare, M. F. (1983). The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on behavior and metallothionein levels in the adult rat: Neurobehavioral Toxicology & Teratology Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 1983, 9-15.
  +
*Pearl, G. S., & Anderson, K. V. (1975). Use of cobalt impregnation as a method of identifying mammalian neural pathways: Physiology & Behavior Vol 15(5) Nov 1975, 619-622.
  +
*Settlage, P. H., & Bogumill, G. P. (1955). Use of radioactive cobalt for the production of brain lesions in animals: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 48(3) Jun 1955, 208-210.
  +
*Shibuya, M., & et al. (1978). Cobalt injections into the substantia nigra of the rat: Effects on behavior and dopamine metabolism in the striatum: Experimental Neurology Vol 58(3) Feb 1978, 486-499.
  +
*Turner, M. B., Corp, E. S., & Galbraith, R. A. (1994). Lack of NPY-induced feeding in cobalt protoporphyrin-treated rats is a postreceptor defect: Physiology & Behavior Vol 56(5) Nov 1994, 1009-1014.
  +
*Van Gelder, N. M. (1972). Antagonism by taurine of cobalt induced epilepsy in cat and mouse: Brain Research Vol 47 1972, 157-165.
  +
  +
  +
  +
== External links ==
  +
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/26.html National Pollutant Inventory - Cobalt fact sheet]
  +
* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Co/key.html WebElements.com &ndash; Cobalt]
  +
* [http://www.caro-acro.ca/caro/educ/publ/vig/vignettes/cobalt/Interactions.pdf London celebrates 50 years of Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy ]
  +
*[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/27.html Los Alamos National Laboratory: Cobalt]
  +
<references/>
  +
  +
  +
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
  +
[[Category:Cobalt|*]]
  +
[[Category:Dietary minerals]]
  +
[[Category:Metallic elements]]
  +
  +
  +
<!-- interwiki
  +
  +
[[af:Kobalt]]
  +
[[ar:كوبالت]]
  +
[[az:Kobalt]]
  +
[[bn:কোবাল্ট]]
  +
[[be:Кобальт]]
  +
[[bs:Kobalt]]
  +
[[bg:Кобалт]]
  +
[[ca:Cobalt]]
  +
[[cs:Kobalt]]
  +
[[co:Cobaltu]]
  +
[[da:Kobolt]]
  +
[[de:Cobalt]]
  +
[[et:Koobalt]]
  +
[[el:Κοβάλτιο]]
  +
[[es:Cobalto]]
  +
[[eo:Kobalto]]
  +
[[eu:Kobalto]]
  +
[[fa:کبالت]]
  +
[[fr:Cobalt]]
  +
[[fur:Cobalt]]
  +
[[ga:Cóbalt]]
  +
[[gl:Cobalto (elemento)]]
  +
[[ko:코발트]]
  +
[[hy:Կոբալտ]]
  +
[[hi:कोबाल्ट]]
  +
[[hr:Kobalt]]
  +
[[io:Kobalto]]
  +
[[id:Kobal]]
  +
[[is:Kóbolt]]
  +
[[it:Cobalto]]
  +
[[he:קובלט]]
  +
[[sw:Kobalti]]
  +
[[ku:Kobalt]]
  +
[[la:Cobaltum]]
  +
[[lv:Kobalts]]
  +
[[lb:Kobalt]]
  +
[[lt:Kobaltas]]
  +
[[jbo:ridjinme]]
  +
[[hu:Kobalt]]
  +
[[mk:Кобалт]]
  +
[[ml:കൊബാള്‍ട്ട്]]
  +
[[mr:कोबाल्ट]]
  +
[[nl:Kobalt]]
  +
[[ja:コバルト]]
  +
[[no:Kobolt]]
  +
[[nn:Kobolt]]
  +
[[oc:Cobalt]]
  +
[[uz:Kobalt]]
  +
[[pl:Kobalt]]
  +
[[pt:Cobalto]]
  +
[[ro:Cobalt]]
  +
[[ru:Кобальт]]
  +
[[simple:Cobalt]]
  +
[[sk:Kobalt]]
  +
[[sl:Kobalt]]
  +
[[sr:Кобалт]]
  +
[[sh:Kobalt]]
  +
[[fi:Koboltti]]
  +
[[sv:Kobolt]]
  +
[[th:โคบอลต์]]
  +
[[vi:Coban]]
  +
[[tg:Кобалт]]
  +
[[tr:Kobalt]]
  +
[[uk:Кобальт]]
  +
[[zh:钴]]
  +
-->
  +
{{enWP|Cobalt}}

Revision as of 23:09, 27 February 2008

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)



Cobalt (pronounced /ˈkoʊbɒlt/) is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal, a chemical element with symbol Co. It is found in various ores, and is used in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys. Its compounds are used in the production of inks, paints, and varnishes.

Notable characteristics

File:Cobalt 06.jpg

An electron beam melted sample of cobalt metal made by Kaistar R&D

Cobalt is a silver or gray ferromagnetic metal. Pure cobalt is not found in nature, but compounds of cobalt occur naturally in many forms. Small amounts of it are found in most rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals. It is an element of atomic number 27. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. In nature, it is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt which is the basis of vitamin B12. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K. Cobalt has a hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.[How to reference and link to summary or text]


Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of cobalt

Naturally occurring cobalt is "monoisotopic", i.e. only one isotope is stable: 59Co. 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 60Co with a half-life of 5.2714 years, 57Co with a half-life of 271.79 days, 56Co with a half-life of 77.27 days, and 58Co with a half-life of 70.86 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 18 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states, all of which have half-lives less than 15 minutes.

The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u (50Co) to 73 u (73Co). The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope, 59Co, is electron capture and the primary mode of decay for those of greater than 59 atomic mass units is beta decay. The primary decay products before 59Co are element 26 (iron) isotopes and the primary products after are element 28 (nickel) isotopes.

Cobalt radioisotopes in medicine

Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or 60Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. The 60Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiation field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection. The 60Co source is useful for about 5 years but even after this point is still very radioactive, and so cobalt machines have fallen from favor in the Western world where linacs are common.

Cobalt-57 (Co-57 or 57Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin B12 uptake. It is useful for the Schilling's test.[1]

Occurrence

File:Cobalt OreUSGOV.jpg

Cobalt ore

File:2005cobalt (mined).PNG

Cobalt output in 2005

File:Cobalt - world production trend.svg

World production trend

Cobalt is not found as a native metal but generally found in the form of ores. Cobalt is usually not mined alone, and tends to be produced as a by-product of nickel and copper mining activities. The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, and skutterudite.

In 2005, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was the top producer of cobalt with almost 40% world share followed by Canada, Zambia, Russia, Brazil and Cuba, reports the British Geological Survey.

Compounds

There is a wide variety of cobalt compounds. The +2 and +3 oxidation states are most prevalent, however cobalt(I) complexes are also fairly common. Cobalt(II) salts form the red-pink [Co(OH2)6]2+ complex in aqueous solution. Adding excess chloride will also change the colour from pink to blue, due to the formation of [CoCl4]2-. Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature: CoO (Neel temperature 291 K) and Co3O4 (Neel temperature: 40 K), which is analogous to magnetite (Fe3O4), with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states. The oxide Co2O3 is probably unstable; it has never been synthesized. Other than Co3O4 and the brown fluoride CoF3 (which is instantly hydrolyzed in water), all compounds containing cobalt in the +3 oxidation state are stabilized by complex ion formation.

see also Category:Cobalt compounds

Biological role

Cobalt in small amounts is essential to many living organisms, including humans. Having 0.13 to 0.30 mg/kg of cobalt in soils markedly improves the health of grazing animals. Cobalt is a central component of the vitamin cobalamin, or vitamin B12.

Precautions

Although cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amounts, at higher levels of exposure it shows mutagenic and carcinogenic effects similar to nickel.[2]

60Co is a high-energy gamma ray emitter. Acute high-dose exposures to the gamma emissions, such as can occur when irradiation equipment is inadvertently diverted into scrap, can cause severe burns and death. Extended exposures increase the risk of morbidity or mortality from cancer.[3]

References

  • Babb, T. L., Mitchell, A. G., & Crandall, P. H. (1974). Fastigiobulbar and dentatothalamic influences on hippocampal cobalt epilepsy in the cat: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 36(2) Feb 1974, 141-154.
  • Bourg, W. J., Nation, J. R., & Clark, D. E. (1985). The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on passive-avoidance performance in the adult rat: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 23(6) Nov 1985, 527-530.
  • Canfield, J. G., & Rose, G. J. (1996). Hierarchical sensory guidance of Mauthner-mediated escape responses in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and cichlids (Haplochromis burtoni): Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol 48(3) Sep 1996, 137-156.
  • Colasanti, B. K., Kosa, J. E., & Craig, C. R. (1975). Appearance of wet dog shake behavior during cobalt experimental epilepsy in the rat and its suppression by reserpine: Psychopharmacologia Vol 44(1) 1975, 33-36.
  • Cunningham, T. J. (1976). Early eye removal produces excessive bilateral branching in the rat: Application of cobalt filling method: Science Vol 194(4267) Nov 1976, 857-859.
  • Czarnota, M., Whitman, D., & Berman, R. (1998). Activity and passive-avoidance learning in cobalt-injected rats: International Journal of Neuroscience Vol 93(1-2) 1998, 29-34.
  • Dong, C.-j., McReynolds, J. S., & Qian, H.-h. (1990). Time-dependent differential effects of cobalt ions on rod- and cone-driven responses in the isolated frog retina: Visual Neuroscience Vol 4(4) Apr 1990, 359-365.
  • Finch, D. M. (1975). Visual evoked potential correlates of epilepsy in the cobalt focus of rat neocortex: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Galbraith, R. A., Furukawa, M., & Li, M. (2006). Possible role of creatine concentrations in the brain in regulating appetite and weight: Brain Research Vol 1101(1) Jul 2006, 85-91.
  • Hamann, S. R., Holtman, J. R., & Martin, W. R. (1992). Analgesic actions of local anesthetics and cobalt chloride in the rat brain stem: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 43(3) Nov 1992, 925-927.
  • Harlow, H. F., Schlitz, K. A., & Settlage, P. H. (1955). Effect of cortical implanatations of radioactive cobalt on learned behavior of rhesus monkeys: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 48(5) Oct 1955, 432-436.
  • Hartman, E. R., Colasanti, B. K., & Craig, C. R. (1974). Epileptogenic properties of cobalt and related metals applied directly to cerebral cortex of rat: Epilepsia Vol 15(1) Mar 1974, 121-129.
  • Jansen, H. M. L., Van Der Naalt, J., Van Zomeren, A. H., Paans, A. M. L., & et al. (1996). Cobalt-55 positron emission tomography in traumatic brain injury: A pilot study: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol 60(2) Feb 1996, 221-224.
  • Nation, J. R., Bourgeois, A. E., Clark, D. E., & Hare, M. F. (1983). The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on behavior and metallothionein levels in the adult rat: Neurobehavioral Toxicology & Teratology Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 1983, 9-15.
  • Pearl, G. S., & Anderson, K. V. (1975). Use of cobalt impregnation as a method of identifying mammalian neural pathways: Physiology & Behavior Vol 15(5) Nov 1975, 619-622.
  • Settlage, P. H., & Bogumill, G. P. (1955). Use of radioactive cobalt for the production of brain lesions in animals: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 48(3) Jun 1955, 208-210.
  • Shibuya, M., & et al. (1978). Cobalt injections into the substantia nigra of the rat: Effects on behavior and dopamine metabolism in the striatum: Experimental Neurology Vol 58(3) Feb 1978, 486-499.
  • Turner, M. B., Corp, E. S., & Galbraith, R. A. (1994). Lack of NPY-induced feeding in cobalt protoporphyrin-treated rats is a postreceptor defect: Physiology & Behavior Vol 56(5) Nov 1994, 1009-1014.
  • Van Gelder, N. M. (1972). Antagonism by taurine of cobalt induced epilepsy in cat and mouse: Brain Research Vol 47 1972, 157-165.


External links


This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).