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Latin = nucleus caudatus |
  
Latin = nucleus caudatus |
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Caption = Two views of a model of the [[striatum]]: A, lateral aspect; B, [[medial]] aspect. |
  
 
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Image2 = Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg |
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Caption2 = Horizontal section, [[basal ganglia]] is blue |
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Caption2 = Transverse Cut of Brain (Horizontal Section), [[basal ganglia]] is blue |
 
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MeshNumber = A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.184 |
  
MeshNumber = A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.184 |
 
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The '''caudate nucleus''' is a telencephalic [[nucleus (neuroanatomy)|nucleus]], one of the input nuclei of the [[basal ganglia]] involved with control of voluntary movement in the [[brain]].
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The '''caudate nucleus''' is a [[nucleus (neuroanatomy)|nucleus]] located within the [[basal ganglia]] of the [[brain]]s of many animal species. The caudate, originally thought to primarily be involved with control of voluntary movement, is now known to be an important part of the brain's learning and memory system.
   
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There is a caudate nucleus on each side of the brain, each a C-shape structure with a wider ''head'' at the front, tapering to a ''body'' and a ''tail''.
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==Anatomy==
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The caudate nuclei are located near the center of the brain, sitting astride the thalamus. There is a caudate nucleus within each [[Cerebral_hemispheres|hemisphere]] of the brain. Individually, they resemble a C-shape structure with a wider ''head'' at the front, tapering to a ''body'' and a ''tail''.
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(Sometimes a part of the caudate nucleus is referred to as ''genu'' <ref>E. H. Yeterian, D. N. Pandya, "Corticostriatal connections of extrastriate visual areas in rhesus monkeys," ''[[The Journal of Comparative Neurology]]'' <b>352</b>(3):436-457, 1995. PMID: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7706560&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_docsum 7706560]</ref>).
   
 
The head and body of the caudate nucleus form the part of the floor of the anterior horn of the [[lateral ventricle]]. After the body travels briefly towards the back of the head, the tail curves back toward the anterior, forming the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. This means that a coronal (on the same plane as the [[face]]) section that cuts through the tail will also cross the body (or head) of the caudate nucleus.
  
The head and body of the caudate nucleus form the part of the floor of the anterior horn of the [[lateral ventricle]]. After the body travels briefly towards the back of the head, the tail curves back toward the anterior, forming the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. This means that a coronal (on the same plane as the [[face]]) section that cuts through the tail will also cross the body (or head) of the caudate nucleus.
   
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The caudate nucleus is related anatomically to a number of other structures. It is separated from the [[lenticular nucleus]] (made up of the [[globus pallidus|globus pallidum]] and the [[putamen]]) by the [[internal capsule]]. Together the caudate and putamen form the [[striatum]].
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The caudate nucleus is related anatomically to a number of other structures. It is separated from the [[lenticular nucleus]] (made up of the [[globus pallidus|globus pallidus]] and the [[putamen]]) by the anterior limb of the [[internal capsule]]. Together the caudate and putamen form the dorsal [[striatum]].
   
 
==Neurochemistry==
  
==Neurochemistry==
 
The caudate nucleus is highly innervated by [[dopamine]] [[neurons]]. These neurons originate mainly from the [[ventral tegmental area]] (VTA) and the [[substantia nigra|substantia nigra pars compacta]] (SN). There are also additional inputs from various [[association cortex|association cortices]].
  
The caudate nucleus is highly innervated by [[dopamine]] [[neurons]]. These neurons originate mainly from the [[ventral tegmental area]] (VTA) and the [[substantia nigra|substantia nigra pars compacta]] (SN). There are also additional inputs from various [[association cortex|association cortices]].
   
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==Caudate Function==
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==Physiology==
   
 
===Learning and Memory===
  
===Learning and Memory===
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===Language Comprehension===
  
===Language Comprehension===
 
The left caudate in particular has been suggested to have a relationship with the [[thalamus]] that governs the comprehension and articulation of words as they are switched between languages. <ref> [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9304-how-bilingual-brains-switch-between-tongues.html "How bilingual brains switch between tongues" at newscientist.com]</ref> <ref> [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5779/1537?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT "Language Control in the Bilingual Brain " at sciencemag.org]</ref>
  
The left caudate in particular has been suggested to have a relationship with the [[thalamus]] that governs the comprehension and articulation of words as they are switched between languages. <ref> [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9304-how-bilingual-brains-switch-between-tongues.html "How bilingual brains switch between tongues" at newscientist.com]</ref> <ref> [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5779/1537?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT "Language Control in the Bilingual Brain " at sciencemag.org]</ref>
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===Threshold control===
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Brain contains large collections of neurons reciprocally connected by [[excitatory synapses]], thus forming large network of elements with [[positive feedback]]. It is difficult to see, how such a system can operate without some mechanism to prevent explosive activation. There is some indirect evidence<ref>Braitenberg V. (1984)Vehicles. Experiments in synthetic psychology.</ref>, that caudate may perform this regulatory role by measuring the general activity of [[cerebral cortex]] and controlling the [[threshold potential]].
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===Role in Human Love===
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Recently, scientists have discovered the function of caudate in humans falling in [[love]]. When a group of college students were shown a photo of their beloved, both the caudate and the [[ventral tegmentum|ventral tegmental]] areas lit up. These [[MRI]] brain scans suggest that the ventral tegmental floods the caudate with dopamine when falling in love. <ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/02/14/love.science/index.html</ref>
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===Role in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder===
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It has been theorized that the caudate nucleus may be dysfunctional in persons with [[Obsessive compulsive disorder]], in that it may perhaps be unable to properly regulate the transmission of information regarding worrying events or ideas between the [[thalamus]] and the [[Orbitofrontal cortex]].
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A [[neuroimaging]] study with [[positron emission tomography]] found that the right caudate nucleus had the largest change in glucose metabolism after patients had been treated with [[paroxetine]].<ref>{{Cite journal
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| author = Elsebet S. Hansen, Steen Hasselbalch, Ian Law; [[Tom G. Bolwig]]
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| title = The caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Reduced metabolism following treatment with paroxetine: a PET study
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| journal = [[International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology]]
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| volume = 5
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| issue = 1
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| pages = 1&nbsp;10
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| year = [[2002]]
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| pmid = 12057027
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| doi = 10.1017/S1461145701002681
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}}</ref>
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==Additional images==
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<gallery>
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Image:Hippocampus (brain).jpg|Diagram of hippocampus
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Image:Gray565.png|Velum interpositum.
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Image:Gray678.png|Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
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Image:Gray682.png|Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
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Image:Gray683.png|Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
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Image:Gray684.png|Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
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Image:Gray685.png|Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
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Image:Gray689.png|Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
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Image:Gray691.png|Dissection of brain-stem. Dorsal view.
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Image:Gray716.png|Dissection showing the ventricles of the brain.
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Image:Gray717.png|Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons.
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Image:Gray718.png|Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle.
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Image:Gray723.png|Coronal section of lateral and third ventricles.
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Image:Gray730.png|Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe.
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Image:Gray737.png|Central part and anterior and posterior cornua of lateral ventricles exposed from above.
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Image:Gray741.png|Two views of a model of the striatum: A, lateral aspect; B, mesal aspect.
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Image:Gray743.png|Coronal section through anterior cornua of lateral ventricles.
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Image:Gray744.png|Coronal section of brain through anterior commissure.
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Image:Gray749.png|Coronal section of inferior horn of lateral ventricle.
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</gallery>
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== References ==
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{{Reflist}}
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== References ==
  
== References ==
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{{Prosencephalon}}
  
{{Prosencephalon}}
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[[Category:Basal ganglia]]
 
[[Category:Cerebrum]]
  
[[Category:Cerebrum]]
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[[Category:Language comprehension]]
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[[Category:Neurophysiology of love]]
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[[Category:Neurophysiology of OCD]]
   
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Latest revision as of 17:07, January 15, 2008

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Brain: Caudate nucleus
[[Image:{{{Image}}}|250px|center|]]
{{{Caption}}}
Telencephalon-Horiconatal
Transverse Cut of Brain (Horizontal Section), basal ganglia is blue
Latin nucleus caudatus
[[List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy:{{{GraySubject}}}#Gray.27s_page_.23|Gray's]] subject #{{{GraySubject}}}
Part of
Components
Artery
Vein
BrainInfo/UW hier-208
MeSH A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.184

The caudate nucleus is a nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. The caudate, originally thought to primarily be involved with control of voluntary movement, is now known to be an important part of the brain's learning and memory system.

Contents

AnatomyEdit

The caudate nuclei are located near the center of the brain, sitting astride the thalamus. There is a caudate nucleus within each hemisphere of the brain. Individually, they resemble a C-shape structure with a wider head at the front, tapering to a body and a tail. (Sometimes a part of the caudate nucleus is referred to as genu [1]).

The head and body of the caudate nucleus form the part of the floor of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. After the body travels briefly towards the back of the head, the tail curves back toward the anterior, forming the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. This means that a coronal (on the same plane as the face) section that cuts through the tail will also cross the body (or head) of the caudate nucleus.

The caudate nucleus is related anatomically to a number of other structures. It is separated from the lenticular nucleus (made up of the globus pallidus and the putamen) by the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Together the caudate and putamen form the dorsal striatum.

NeurochemistryEdit

The caudate nucleus is highly innervated by dopamine neurons. These neurons originate mainly from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN). There are also additional inputs from various association cortices.

PhysiologyEdit

Learning and MemoryEdit

Historically, the basal ganglia as a whole has been implicated in higher-order motor control (eg, [2]). More recently, it has been demonstrated that the caudate is highly involved in learning and memory [3], particularly regarding feedback processing [4]. In general, it has been demonstrated that neural activity will be present within the caudate while an individual is receiving feedback.

Language ComprehensionEdit

The left caudate in particular has been suggested to have a relationship with the thalamus that governs the comprehension and articulation of words as they are switched between languages. [5] [6]

Threshold controlEdit

Brain contains large collections of neurons reciprocally connected by excitatory synapses, thus forming large network of elements with positive feedback. It is difficult to see, how such a system can operate without some mechanism to prevent explosive activation. There is some indirect evidence[7], that caudate may perform this regulatory role by measuring the general activity of cerebral cortex and controlling the threshold potential.

Role in Human LoveEdit

Recently, scientists have discovered the function of caudate in humans falling in love. When a group of college students were shown a photo of their beloved, both the caudate and the ventral tegmental areas lit up. These MRI brain scans suggest that the ventral tegmental floods the caudate with dopamine when falling in love. [8]

Role in Obsessive Compulsive DisorderEdit

It has been theorized that the caudate nucleus may be dysfunctional in persons with Obsessive compulsive disorder, in that it may perhaps be unable to properly regulate the transmission of information regarding worrying events or ideas between the thalamus and the Orbitofrontal cortex.

A neuroimaging study with positron emission tomography found that the right caudate nucleus had the largest change in glucose metabolism after patients had been treated with paroxetine.[9]

Additional imagesEdit

References Edit

  1. ↑ E. H. Yeterian, D. N. Pandya, "Corticostriatal connections of extrastriate visual areas in rhesus monkeys," The Journal of Comparative Neurology 352(3):436-457, 1995. PMID: 7706560
  2. ↑ Wilson SAK. 1912. An experimental research into the anatomy of the corpus striatum. Brain 36:427-92
  3. ↑ Graybiel AM (2005) The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it. Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:638-644.
  4. ↑ Packard MG, Knowlton BJ (2002) Learning and memory functions of the Basal Ganglia. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:563-593.
  5. ↑ "How bilingual brains switch between tongues" at newscientist.com
  6. ↑ "Language Control in the Bilingual Brain " at sciencemag.org
  7. ↑ Braitenberg V. (1984)Vehicles. Experiments in synthetic psychology.
  8. ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/02/14/love.science/index.html
  9. ↑ Elsebet S. Hansen, Steen Hasselbalch, Ian Law; Tom G. Bolwig (2002). The caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Reduced metabolism following treatment with paroxetine: a PET study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 5 (1): 1 10.


References Edit


External linksEdit

Telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) - edit

primary sulci/fissures: medial longitudinal, lateral, central, parietoöccipital, calcarine, cingulate

frontal lobe: precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, 4), precentral sulcus, superior frontal gyrus (6, 8), middle frontal gyrus (46), inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, 44-pars opercularis, 45-pars triangularis), prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47)

parietal lobe: postcentral sulcus, postcentral gyrus (1, 2, 3, 43), superior parietal lobule (5), inferior parietal lobule (39-angular gyrus, 40), precuneus (7), intraparietal sulcus

occipital lobe: primary visual cortex (17), cuneus, lingual gyrus, 18, 19 (18 and 19 span whole lobe)

temporal lobe: transverse temporal gyrus (41-42-primary auditory cortex), superior temporal gyrus (38, 22-Wernicke's area), middle temporal gyrus (21), inferior temporal gyrus (20), fusiform gyrus (36, 37)

limbic lobe/fornicate gyrus: cingulate cortex/cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), posterior cingulate (23, 31),
isthmus (26, 29, 30), parahippocampal gyrus (piriform cortex, 25, 27, 35), entorhinal cortex (28, 34)

subcortical/insular cortex: rhinencephalon, olfactory bulb, corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum, ependyma, internal capsule, corona radiata, external capsule

hippocampal formation: dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum

basal ganglia: striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen), lentiform nucleus (putamen, globus pallidus), claustrum, extreme capsule, amygdala, nucleus accumbens

Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.

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