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===Synthesis=== |
===Synthesis=== |
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| − | Dopamine was the first catecholamine to be synthesized. Norepinephrine and epinephrine, in turn, are derived from further modifications of dopamine. |
+ | Dopamine was the first catecholamine to be synthesized. Norepinephrine and epinephrine, in turn, are derived from further modifications of dopamine. |
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| − | Has anyone made a connection between Dopamine and the hormone that |
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| − | breast feeding mothers have? My granddaughter has this hormone but she |
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| − | has never been pregnant and is a young girl of 16. She now has early |
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| − | physocis. My train of thought was, breast feeding/post natal |
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| − | depression/anxiety and wondered if there was a connection as somewhere I |
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| − | <nowiki> </nowiki>read a connection between producing too much of this stuff and dopamine |
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| − | <nowiki> </nowiki>receptors. Excuse my lack of the proper medical language; I am just a |
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| − | concerned grandmother. Any info would be greatly received. |
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[[Image:Catecholamines biosynthesis.svg|thumb|400px|center|Catecholamine synthesis.]] |
[[Image:Catecholamines biosynthesis.svg|thumb|400px|center|Catecholamine synthesis.]] |
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Catecholamine synthesis is inhibited by ''alpha-Methyltyrosine'', by inhibiting tyrosine-3 monooxygenase.<ref>[http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/alpha_methyltyrosine.htm wrongdiagnosis.com] - Description of Alpha-Methyltyrosine</ref> |
Catecholamine synthesis is inhibited by ''alpha-Methyltyrosine'', by inhibiting tyrosine-3 monooxygenase.<ref>[http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/alpha_methyltyrosine.htm wrongdiagnosis.com] - Description of Alpha-Methyltyrosine</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 12:41, 28 September 2015
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Catecholamines are sympathomimetic[1] "fight-or-flight" hormones that are released by the adrenal glands in response to stress.[2] They are part of the sympathetic nervous system.
They are called catecholamines because they contain a catechol group, and are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.[3]. Some of them are biogenic amines. Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50% bound to plasma proteins, so they circulate in the bloodstream.
The most abundant catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine, all of which are produced by phenylalanine and tyrosine. Tyrosine is created from phenylalanine by hydroxylation by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (tyrosine is also ingested directly from dietary protein). Tyrosine is then sent to catecholamine-secreting neurons. Here, many kinds of reactions convert it to dopamine, to norepinephrine, and eventually to epinephrine.[4] Catecholamines are hormones that are released by the adrenal glands in situations of stress such as psychological stress or low blood sugar levels.[5]
Production
Location
Catecholamines are produced mainly by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine, which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the brainstem: the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.
Synthesis
Dopamine was the first catecholamine to be synthesized. Norepinephrine and epinephrine, in turn, are derived from further modifications of dopamine.
Catecholamine synthesis.
Catecholamine synthesis is inhibited by alpha-Methyltyrosine, by inhibiting tyrosine-3 monooxygenase.[6]
Function
Modality
Two catecholamines, norepinephrine and dopamine, act as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and as hormones in the blood circulation. The catecholamine norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system but is also present in the blood (mostly through "spillover" from the synapses of the sympathetic system).
High catecholamine levels in blood are associated with stress, which can be induced from psychological reactions or environmental stressors such as elevated sound levels, intense light, or low blood sugar levels.
Extremely high levels of catecholamine (also known as catecholamine toxicity) can occur in central nervous system trauma due to stimulation and/or damage of nuclei in the brainstem, in particular those nuclei affecting the sympathetic nervous system. In emergency medicine, this occurrence is widely known as catecholamine dump.
Extremely high levels of catecholamine can also be caused by neuroendocrine tumors in the adrenal medulla, a treatable condition known as pheochromocytoma.
Effects
Catecholamines cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for physical activity (fight-or-flight response). Some typical effects are increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and a general reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. Some drugs, like tolcapone (a central COMT-inhibitor), raise the levels of all the catecholamines.
Structure
Catecholamines have the distinct structure of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups, an intermediate ethyl chain, and a terminal amine group.
Degradation
They have a half-life of approximately a few minutes when circulating in the blood.
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is the main enzyme responsible for degradation of catecholamines.
Methamphetamine and MAOIs bind in order for MAOs to inhibit their action of breaking down catecholamines. This is primarily the reason why the effects of amphetamines have a longer lifespan than those of cocaine and other substances. Amphetamines not only cause a release of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine into the blood stream but also keep it working there for a long time.
See also
- Adrenergic drugs
- Catechol-O-methyl transferase
- Decarboxylase inhibitors
- Dopamine antagonists
- Hormone
- Julius Axelrod
- Methyldopa
- Phenethylamines
- Steroid hormone
- Peptide hormone
- Sympathomimetics
- Vanillyl mandelic acid
References
- ↑ Template:DorlandsDict
- ↑ University of California, San Diego, Health Library, catecholamines.
- ↑ Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed, 137–8, Sinauer Associates.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ "Hypoglycemia" by Ronald Hoffman, M.D., July 1999, The Holistic M.D.
- ↑ wrongdiagnosis.com - Description of Alpha-Methyltyrosine
External links
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